无线传感器网络广播路由及定位技术研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Networks, WSNs)作为微机电系统技术、无线通信技术和微电子技术相结合的产物,是一种全新的数据采集和处理技术。它由集成有传感器、微处理器和无线通信模块的微小节点通过自组织的方式构成,借助节点内置的各种形式的传感器,协同地实时采集和处理各种监测对象的信息,并通过无线和多跳接力的通信方式,将信息呈送终端用户。无线传感器网络具有部署方便、容错和数据准确等特点,可应用于军事、交通、环境检测等诸多领域,引起了人们广泛关注。
无线传感器网络的研究面临着大量的理论和技术难题。这主要是因为无线传感器节点数量众多,单个节点成本低、体积小,在能量、计算能力以及通信带宽等方面性能都非常有限。目前对无线传感器网络的研究主要集中在网络拓扑结构控制、路由协议、MAC层协议、节点定位、目标跟踪、时间同步、数据融合、能量管理等领域。
本文主要研究无线传感器网络广播路由和节点定位问题。广播是一类实现单点发送、全网接收的路由协议。广播可以采用简单的泛洪方式实现,但无控制的泛洪会给造成网络风暴问题。由于传感器网络节点数量庞大,能量十分有限,广播风暴问题造成的危害尤其突出。因此,能量高效的广播协议设计被列入本文研究的一个重点。节点定位是无线传感器网络的一个关键问题,在诸如战场侦察、交通管理和环境监测等众多应用中,都需要确定节点位置。若没有位置信息,传感器节点所采集的数据几乎不具有实用价值。传感器节点资源受限使得定位变得非常困难。现有定位算法的主要缺点是：定位精度不高或者依赖密集分布信标节点。
本文取得的主要研究成果如下：
(1)针对广播风暴问题提出了一种基于1跳邻节点地理位置信息的能量高效的广播路由协议。其基本原理是利用虚拟的、近似的正六边形栅格引导随机分布的无线传感器网络泛洪过程,位于或最接近栅格顶点的节点才会被选择为后继转发节点。本协议采用分布式算法计算后继转发节点,不需源节点获取全局信息,也不需事先在特定位置部署节点。仿真结果表明,与现有的广播协议相比,本协议能够极大地减少转发节点数量,适合于大规模网络。
(2)提出了利用分支限界的思想建立最多叶子最短生成树来引导广播操作的算法。该算法充分利用了节点可能被同层转发节点或下层转发节点覆盖的情况,可以高效地削减冗余转发节点。分析和仿真结果表明,与基于分层的广播算法相比,本文所提出基于分支限界法的广播算法具有更低的转发比,能更有效地节省带宽和能量资源。本算法为集中式算法,适合于无法获取准确节点位置信息的小规模网络。
(3)针对网络节点定位过程提出了一种信标节点发现协议和一种能量高效的信标节点发射功率调整策略,信标节点通过逐步增大发射功率,直到收到未知节点应答来确定最佳的发射半径。通过建模分析得到了信标节点平均能量消耗与调节次数之间的关系。数值分析表明,通过选择合适的调节次数该策略能显著节省能量。
(4)自主设计了一套基于测距的无线传感器网络定位系统NanoLoS (Nano Location System),提出了基于RSSI(接收信号强度指示)与TDOA(信号到达时间差)的混合测距加权定位算法,解决单纯依靠TDOA测距容易造成信标节点数量不足的问题。该算法根据测距精度不同对测距结果进行加权校正的处理,仿真实验表明,通过选择合适的加权值可以大大降低采用RSSI测距方式对定位精度产生的不利影响。
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), made by the convergence of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, wireless communications and digital electronics, is a novel technology to acquire and process information. It is composed of a large number of miniature sensor nodes which collaboratively monitor target field and delivery information to observers hop by hop. Compared to traditional sensors, WSN poses unique advantages such as rapid deployment, fault tolerance and accurate data acquirision.
There are many theoretical and technical challenges in WSNs for that it consists of a large number of nodes which are small-sized, low-cost, and battery-powered, with limited computation and communication abilities. The hot research topics in WSNs include topology control, routing protocols, MAC protocols, localization, object tracking, time synchronization, data aggregation and energy management.
This dissertation aims at studying broadcast routing and localization problems in WSNs. Broadcast is used for one-to-all message delivery and can be simply implemented with the flooding operation. However, uncontrolled flooding will cause so-called Broadcast Storm Problem, which is especially harmful for WSNs due to its large number of nodes and resource-constrained characters. Localization is another key technique of WSNs. Many of its applications such as battlefield reconnaissance, traffic management and environment monitoring depend on nodes'position information. Without position information, the data acquired by sensor nodes are useless.
The major works and contributions of this dissertation include:
(1) An energy-efficient broadcast routing protocol called vertex forwarding is proposed, which minimizes the flooding traffic by using location information of 1-hop neighbor nodes. Vertex forwarding works as if there is a hexagonal grid in the network to guide the flooding. Only the vertices located at or nearest to the vertices of the grid should be nominated to forward the message. A distributed algorithm is provided to find the forwarding nodes. Simulation results show that this scheme is so efficient that it is almost able to reduce the number of forwarding nodes to the lower bound.
(2) The drawbacks of the node layering based broadcast schemes are analyzed, and then an energy-efficient broadcast routing protocol based on the branch and bound algorithm is proposed. In this algorithm, the broadcast routing is determined by the shortest spanning tree with the maximum number of leaves. Analysis and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve a lower forwarding ratio compared with the node layering based protocols, while keeping the number of layers at the same level; therefore, the proposed algorithm can save more energy and bandwidth resource.
(3)A beacon discovery protocol is designed that helps the unknown nodes find the beacons nearby for WSN localization. Then an energy efficient scheme is presented that for the beacons receiving the request from the unknown node to adjust the proper transmission range. The relationship between the mean energy consumption and the number of adjustments is obtained by the mathematical model and analysis. Numerical results show that great energy saving is achieved when the optimal number of adjustments are made.
(4)A range-based WSN localization system is designed and implemented. To solve the problem of insufficient beacon nodes caused by the short scope of TDOA range technology, a hybrid localization algorithm is presented that combines RSSI and TDOA range technologies. Moreover, a weighted correction scheme is proposed, and simulation results show that this correction scheme with proper weight values is able to reduce the RSSI's adverse effects on localization results efficiently.
无线传感器网络的研究面临着大量的理论和技术难题。这主要是因为无线传感器节点数量众多,单个节点成本低、体积小,在能量、计算能力以及通信带宽等方面性能都非常有限。目前对无线传感器网络的研究主要集中在网络拓扑结构控制、路由协议、MAC层协议、节点定位、目标跟踪、时间同步、数据融合、能量管理等领域。
本文主要研究无线传感器网络广播路由和节点定位问题。广播是一类实现单点发送、全网接收的路由协议。广播可以采用简单的泛洪方式实现,但无控制的泛洪会给造成网络风暴问题。由于传感器网络节点数量庞大,能量十分有限,广播风暴问题造成的危害尤其突出。因此,能量高效的广播协议设计被列入本文研究的一个重点。节点定位是无线传感器网络的一个关键问题,在诸如战场侦察、交通管理和环境监测等众多应用中,都需要确定节点位置。若没有位置信息,传感器节点所采集的数据几乎不具有实用价值。传感器节点资源受限使得定位变得非常困难。现有定位算法的主要缺点是：定位精度不高或者依赖密集分布信标节点。
本文取得的主要研究成果如下：
(1)针对广播风暴问题提出了一种基于1跳邻节点地理位置信息的能量高效的广播路由协议。其基本原理是利用虚拟的、近似的正六边形栅格引导随机分布的无线传感器网络泛洪过程,位于或最接近栅格顶点的节点才会被选择为后继转发节点。本协议采用分布式算法计算后继转发节点,不需源节点获取全局信息,也不需事先在特定位置部署节点。仿真结果表明,与现有的广播协议相比,本协议能够极大地减少转发节点数量,适合于大规模网络。
(2)提出了利用分支限界的思想建立最多叶子最短生成树来引导广播操作的算法。该算法充分利用了节点可能被同层转发节点或下层转发节点覆盖的情况,可以高效地削减冗余转发节点。分析和仿真结果表明,与基于分层的广播算法相比,本文所提出基于分支限界法的广播算法具有更低的转发比,能更有效地节省带宽和能量资源。本算法为集中式算法,适合于无法获取准确节点位置信息的小规模网络。
(3)针对网络节点定位过程提出了一种信标节点发现协议和一种能量高效的信标节点发射功率调整策略,信标节点通过逐步增大发射功率,直到收到未知节点应答来确定最佳的发射半径。通过建模分析得到了信标节点平均能量消耗与调节次数之间的关系。数值分析表明,通过选择合适的调节次数该策略能显著节省能量。
(4)自主设计了一套基于测距的无线传感器网络定位系统NanoLoS (Nano Location System),提出了基于RSSI(接收信号强度指示)与TDOA(信号到达时间差)的混合测距加权定位算法,解决单纯依靠TDOA测距容易造成信标节点数量不足的问题。该算法根据测距精度不同对测距结果进行加权校正的处理,仿真实验表明,通过选择合适的加权值可以大大降低采用RSSI测距方式对定位精度产生的不利影响。
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), made by the convergence of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, wireless communications and digital electronics, is a novel technology to acquire and process information. It is composed of a large number of miniature sensor nodes which collaboratively monitor target field and delivery information to observers hop by hop. Compared to traditional sensors, WSN poses unique advantages such as rapid deployment, fault tolerance and accurate data acquirision.
There are many theoretical and technical challenges in WSNs for that it consists of a large number of nodes which are small-sized, low-cost, and battery-powered, with limited computation and communication abilities. The hot research topics in WSNs include topology control, routing protocols, MAC protocols, localization, object tracking, time synchronization, data aggregation and energy management.
This dissertation aims at studying broadcast routing and localization problems in WSNs. Broadcast is used for one-to-all message delivery and can be simply implemented with the flooding operation. However, uncontrolled flooding will cause so-called Broadcast Storm Problem, which is especially harmful for WSNs due to its large number of nodes and resource-constrained characters. Localization is another key technique of WSNs. Many of its applications such as battlefield reconnaissance, traffic management and environment monitoring depend on nodes'position information. Without position information, the data acquired by sensor nodes are useless.
The major works and contributions of this dissertation include:
(1) An energy-efficient broadcast routing protocol called vertex forwarding is proposed, which minimizes the flooding traffic by using location information of 1-hop neighbor nodes. Vertex forwarding works as if there is a hexagonal grid in the network to guide the flooding. Only the vertices located at or nearest to the vertices of the grid should be nominated to forward the message. A distributed algorithm is provided to find the forwarding nodes. Simulation results show that this scheme is so efficient that it is almost able to reduce the number of forwarding nodes to the lower bound.
(2) The drawbacks of the node layering based broadcast schemes are analyzed, and then an energy-efficient broadcast routing protocol based on the branch and bound algorithm is proposed. In this algorithm, the broadcast routing is determined by the shortest spanning tree with the maximum number of leaves. Analysis and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve a lower forwarding ratio compared with the node layering based protocols, while keeping the number of layers at the same level; therefore, the proposed algorithm can save more energy and bandwidth resource.
(3)A beacon discovery protocol is designed that helps the unknown nodes find the beacons nearby for WSN localization. Then an energy efficient scheme is presented that for the beacons receiving the request from the unknown node to adjust the proper transmission range. The relationship between the mean energy consumption and the number of adjustments is obtained by the mathematical model and analysis. Numerical results show that great energy saving is achieved when the optimal number of adjustments are made.
(4)A range-based WSN localization system is designed and implemented. To solve the problem of insufficient beacon nodes caused by the short scope of TDOA range technology, a hybrid localization algorithm is presented that combines RSSI and TDOA range technologies. Moreover, a weighted correction scheme is proposed, and simulation results show that this correction scheme with proper weight values is able to reduce the RSSI's adverse effects on localization results efficiently.
引文
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