基于Web的远程教学系统的研究与设计
摘要
近年来，随着计算机网络技术的发展和信息时代的来临，基于网络的远程教学系统在教学领域中异军突起，成为我国各高校竞相研究和发展的一个重要方面。这种教学系统是以计算机网络为基础的教学系统，实现一种随时随地的、交互性强并且内容最新的教学方法。
与传统的教学模式与手段相比，基于网络的远程教学系统不仅摆脱了传统教学的地域和空间的限制，使身处异地的教师与学生之间通过现代通讯网络即可进行“面对面”地实时交流，而且摆脱了教室缺乏、听众有限、地域限制等苦恼，使教学资源能够得以充分的利用和优化。另一方面，现代社会信息发达，人不可能在传统教学中学到全部完整的知识，人们需要在职教育和终生学习，而这种学习的特点又不是传统教学能满足的，因此发展基于网络的远程教学是我国教育事业发展的必由之路。
为此，本文在对基于网络的远程教学活动的特点进行了分析和研究的基础上，提出了一种基于Web的、个性化的远程教学系统的设计方案。
本文共分五部分。第一部分简述了远程教学的概念和实现模式，讨论了基于Web的远程教学与传统教学的区别，分析了目前远程教学系统的优越性和普遍存在的问题。
第二部分从分析基于Internet的远程教学的特点入手，对远程教学活动中教师和学生的特点进行了总结，对教学内容的设计方法、教学方式的选择以及教学的诊断与评价模型进行了较为深入的探讨，提出了异步与同步相结合的、基于学生个人能力的远程教学方式。
第三部分依据远程教学活动的特点，结合提出的教学方式，设计了基于Web的、个性化的远程教学系统的功能模型，讨论了系统功能模型的设计目标，分析了优化系统性能的方法，介绍了系统实现中的关键技术。
第四部分论述了系统功能模型中授课子系统的设计原理——windowsMedia Service技术，介绍了该技术的应用框架和系统构成，并基于WindowsMedia Service技术，提出并分析了授课子系统的体系结构和功能。
第五部分讨论了系统功能模型中学习子系统的结构模型，分析了基于学生个人能力的学习模块的教学指导策略和实现过程，以及该实现过程中应注
意的若干问题及其相应的解诀方法。同时，还较为详尽的介绍了使用
NetMeeting实现学习辅助工具（视频交流）的方法。
In late years, the distance education system based on Internet is developing quickly in the area of education with the development of the technologies of Internet and the coming of information times, which has become the important direction of the study in civil universities. This distance education system is based on the Internet and realizes an interactive method of education by which the users can study the newest contents of education at any time and at any place.
Compared with tradition education, the distance education system based on Internet gets out of the limitations in site and time of the tradition education, which can make it possible that the teachers and students can intercourse face-to-face by up-to-date technologies of Internet. Furthermore, this system throws off the woes in the lack of classrooms, the limitations of the students' quantity and the limitations of education site, which can make full use of and privilege the education resources. On the other hand, people can't get the integrated knowledge by the tradition education in the developed information society. People need a mode of the education which can provides the continual study without resignation. But the tradition education can't meet this need, the distance education is bound to be the road during the development of the civil education.
This paper not only studies the characteristics of the activities in the distance education, but also provides a distance-education system model, which is based on Web and users' personalities.
This paper includes five parts. In the first part, the conception and models of the distance education are simply introduced. The differences between the distance education and the tradition education are discussed. The advantages and the problems of the distance-education system are analyzed.
In the second part, the teachers and students' characteristics of the distance education, the methods of education-contents design, the choices of education mode as well as the diagnosis and evaluation model of the distance education are
studied according to the characteristics of the distance-education activities. The asynchronous and synchronous mode of the education based on the capabilities of the students is provided.
In the third part, a functional model of the distance education system based on Web and users' personalities is designed according to the characteristics of the distance-education activities and the education mode provided in the second part of this paper. The goals of this model in design are discussed. The methods used to make the system work better are analyzed. The key technologies adopted in this system are introduced.
In the forth part, the design principle adopted in the giving-lesson sub-system
in the functional model---Windows Media Service are discussed. The
application framework and system constitution of Windows Media Service are introduced. The system architecture and functions of this sub-system are provided and analyzed.
In last part, the structure model of the learning sub-system in the functional model is discussed. The guidance of education in the learning module which is based on the students' personalities, the realization of the guidance, the problems in the realization and the solutions of these problems are analyzed. Moreover, the technology adopted by the tool(the video intercourse)which is used to help user study is introduced.
与传统的教学模式与手段相比，基于网络的远程教学系统不仅摆脱了传统教学的地域和空间的限制，使身处异地的教师与学生之间通过现代通讯网络即可进行“面对面”地实时交流，而且摆脱了教室缺乏、听众有限、地域限制等苦恼，使教学资源能够得以充分的利用和优化。另一方面，现代社会信息发达，人不可能在传统教学中学到全部完整的知识，人们需要在职教育和终生学习，而这种学习的特点又不是传统教学能满足的，因此发展基于网络的远程教学是我国教育事业发展的必由之路。
为此，本文在对基于网络的远程教学活动的特点进行了分析和研究的基础上，提出了一种基于Web的、个性化的远程教学系统的设计方案。
本文共分五部分。第一部分简述了远程教学的概念和实现模式，讨论了基于Web的远程教学与传统教学的区别，分析了目前远程教学系统的优越性和普遍存在的问题。
第二部分从分析基于Internet的远程教学的特点入手，对远程教学活动中教师和学生的特点进行了总结，对教学内容的设计方法、教学方式的选择以及教学的诊断与评价模型进行了较为深入的探讨，提出了异步与同步相结合的、基于学生个人能力的远程教学方式。
第三部分依据远程教学活动的特点，结合提出的教学方式，设计了基于Web的、个性化的远程教学系统的功能模型，讨论了系统功能模型的设计目标，分析了优化系统性能的方法，介绍了系统实现中的关键技术。
第四部分论述了系统功能模型中授课子系统的设计原理——windowsMedia Service技术，介绍了该技术的应用框架和系统构成，并基于WindowsMedia Service技术，提出并分析了授课子系统的体系结构和功能。
第五部分讨论了系统功能模型中学习子系统的结构模型，分析了基于学生个人能力的学习模块的教学指导策略和实现过程，以及该实现过程中应注
意的若干问题及其相应的解诀方法。同时，还较为详尽的介绍了使用
NetMeeting实现学习辅助工具（视频交流）的方法。
In late years, the distance education system based on Internet is developing quickly in the area of education with the development of the technologies of Internet and the coming of information times, which has become the important direction of the study in civil universities. This distance education system is based on the Internet and realizes an interactive method of education by which the users can study the newest contents of education at any time and at any place.
Compared with tradition education, the distance education system based on Internet gets out of the limitations in site and time of the tradition education, which can make it possible that the teachers and students can intercourse face-to-face by up-to-date technologies of Internet. Furthermore, this system throws off the woes in the lack of classrooms, the limitations of the students' quantity and the limitations of education site, which can make full use of and privilege the education resources. On the other hand, people can't get the integrated knowledge by the tradition education in the developed information society. People need a mode of the education which can provides the continual study without resignation. But the tradition education can't meet this need, the distance education is bound to be the road during the development of the civil education.
This paper not only studies the characteristics of the activities in the distance education, but also provides a distance-education system model, which is based on Web and users' personalities.
This paper includes five parts. In the first part, the conception and models of the distance education are simply introduced. The differences between the distance education and the tradition education are discussed. The advantages and the problems of the distance-education system are analyzed.
In the second part, the teachers and students' characteristics of the distance education, the methods of education-contents design, the choices of education mode as well as the diagnosis and evaluation model of the distance education are
studied according to the characteristics of the distance-education activities. The asynchronous and synchronous mode of the education based on the capabilities of the students is provided.
In the third part, a functional model of the distance education system based on Web and users' personalities is designed according to the characteristics of the distance-education activities and the education mode provided in the second part of this paper. The goals of this model in design are discussed. The methods used to make the system work better are analyzed. The key technologies adopted in this system are introduced.
In the forth part, the design principle adopted in the giving-lesson sub-system
in the functional model---Windows Media Service are discussed. The
application framework and system constitution of Windows Media Service are introduced. The system architecture and functions of this sub-system are provided and analyzed.
In last part, the structure model of the learning sub-system in the functional model is discussed. The guidance of education in the learning module which is based on the students' personalities, the realization of the guidance, the problems in the realization and the solutions of these problems are analyzed. Moreover, the technology adopted by the tool(the video intercourse)which is used to help user study is introduced.
引文
[1]彭艺，李一民．远程教学综述．云南民族学院学报(自然科学版)，2000．9：(1)：57—59
[2]谢建光．IP组播在远程教学上的设计与实现：[硕士学位论文]．武汉：武汉理工大学信息工程学院，2001
[3]侯冬玲．国内网校调研报告．http://www.online-edu.org/
[4]项国雄，杨志珍．网络教学不简单．hnp://www.online-edu.com/
[5]顾萍．网络教学模式特点与高校教师角色特征分析．http://www.online—edu.org/
[6]桂芳，吴杰，张世永．基于Web的远程教学系统参考模型研究．计算机工程，2000．26(12)：14-15
[7]Vouk M A, Bitzer D L, Klevans R L. Workflow and End-user Quality of Service Issues inWeb-based Education. IEEE Transacations on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 1999, 11(4):357
[8]Learning Technology System Architecture. IEEE org, 1998-05-21
[9]黄晓橹，陈思敏，卞玉存等．教学点播(EOD)的SOCP子空间模型与实现．计算机工程与应用，2001(22)：158-162
[10]杨德华．基于Internet远程教学系统模型与开发技术．计算机应用研究．2000(8)：40-43
[11]沈华平，库俊国，吴杰等．基于多层C／S结构的标准网上虚拟学校的研究和设计．计算机工程与应用，2001(2)：23-25
[12]IEEE LTSC. Draft Standard for Computer-managed Instruction. 1999
[13]IEEE LTSC. Learning Object Metadata Working Draft Document 3. 1999-11-27
[14]Elliotte Rusty Harold. XML Extensible Markup Language. IDG Books Worldwide,Inc.
[15]毛一梅．网络教学模式研究与实施对策．http//www.online-edu.org/
[16]袁伟，陈源，余必胜．现代高等教育远程教学模式的思考．http://www.online-edu.com/
[17]高京．基于Web的CSCW系统与远程教育．http://www.ccw.com.cn/
[18]吴继耘，何丕廉，孟昭鹏等．Internet上个性化智能导航学习．计算机研究，2000(10)：102-104
[19]长武生．远程学习系统中知识点网络导航模型的设计与实现[D]．天津大学硕士论文
[20]A Report by the University Grants Committee, Chapter26: Present and Future Teaching Methodologies
[21]Timothy K shih. The Design and Implementation of a Document Database[J]. 0-7695-0353-5/99 1999 IEEE
[22]Mandl H, Lesgold A Learning Issues for Intelligent Tutoring Systems[J]. Springer, 1988
[23]王陆，冯红，张昆琪．远程教学／学习系统中的诊断与评价模型．计算机工程与应用，2001(22)：166-168
[24]Taylor J A. Self Test: a Flexible Self Assessment Package for Distance and Other Learner[J]. Computer&Education, 1998.31:329-328
[25]Cox K,Clark D. The Use of Formative Quizzes for Deep Learning[J]. Computers Educ. 1998.30(3/4): 157-167
[26]Judy A B, Tolmie C J, Johan P P. Magix-An ICAE System for Problem-Based Learning[J]. Computer&Education, 1999.32:65-81
[27]周学海，周立，龚育昌．自适应超媒体技术及其在智能化CAI中的应用．计算机工程与应用，2001(2)：102-104
[28]现代远程教育资源建设技术规范说明
[29]舒蓓，申瑞民，王加俊．个性化的远程学习模型．计算机工程与应用，2001(9)：90-92
[30]Ruimin Shen, Qijun Wang. A Distance-Learning Model Base on Web Mining[J]. Shanhai Jiaotong University Computer Dept. Of Science and Technology
[31]王昌达，詹永照．基于Client／Server的CAI课件系统的设计与实现．计算机工程．2000．26(1)：53-55
[32]马莉．基于Internet远程课程考试系统．计算机工程与应用，2001(22)：32-34
[33]易开祥、胡敏、杨建、石教英．基于B／S模式的信息系统研究与设计．计算机工程．2000．8
[34]李香敏，刘杰，魏志宏等．用ASP轻松开发Web网站．北京：北京希望出版社，2000：5-10
[35]赵成，彭来献，张学平．基于Web的网上教学系统的设计和实现．军事通讯技术，2000．6：30-33
[36]翁晓霞、江源、廖光裕．开发基于Web的远程教学系统的关键技术比较．计算机工程与应用．2000(2)：83-86
[37]梁晋，彭波，梁峰等．Windows流技术与远程教育设计．小型微型计算机系统，2000．21(10)：1108-1111
[38]林世洪，郝建英，郭玉成等．流媒体技术在多媒体远程教学支撑环境系统中的应用．hnp://www.online-edu.com/
[39]刘洁．多媒体远程教育技术的发展现状及问题初探．电化教育研究，2000．8
[40]Windows 2000应用案例：Media Service应用远程教育．http://www.cmr.com
[41]陈红，何贵增．Netshow服务器辅助课件点播．计算机工程，2000年增刊
[42]Microsoft Windows Media Service.http://www.microsoft.com/
[43]许曰滨，程亮，何力勤等．ASP网络编程实例．北京：人民邮电出版社，2001：210-237
[44]Microsoft Windows NetMeeting 3 Resource Kit. http://www.microsoft.com/
[2]谢建光．IP组播在远程教学上的设计与实现：[硕士学位论文]．武汉：武汉理工大学信息工程学院，2001
[3]侯冬玲．国内网校调研报告．http://www.online-edu.org/
[4]项国雄，杨志珍．网络教学不简单．hnp://www.online-edu.com/
[5]顾萍．网络教学模式特点与高校教师角色特征分析．http://www.online—edu.org/
[6]桂芳，吴杰，张世永．基于Web的远程教学系统参考模型研究．计算机工程，2000．26(12)：14-15
[7]Vouk M A, Bitzer D L, Klevans R L. Workflow and End-user Quality of Service Issues inWeb-based Education. IEEE Transacations on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 1999, 11(4):357
[8]Learning Technology System Architecture. IEEE org, 1998-05-21
[9]黄晓橹，陈思敏，卞玉存等．教学点播(EOD)的SOCP子空间模型与实现．计算机工程与应用，2001(22)：158-162
[10]杨德华．基于Internet远程教学系统模型与开发技术．计算机应用研究．2000(8)：40-43
[11]沈华平，库俊国，吴杰等．基于多层C／S结构的标准网上虚拟学校的研究和设计．计算机工程与应用，2001(2)：23-25
[12]IEEE LTSC. Draft Standard for Computer-managed Instruction. 1999
[13]IEEE LTSC. Learning Object Metadata Working Draft Document 3. 1999-11-27
[14]Elliotte Rusty Harold. XML Extensible Markup Language. IDG Books Worldwide,Inc.
[15]毛一梅．网络教学模式研究与实施对策．http//www.online-edu.org/
[16]袁伟，陈源，余必胜．现代高等教育远程教学模式的思考．http://www.online-edu.com/
[17]高京．基于Web的CSCW系统与远程教育．http://www.ccw.com.cn/
[18]吴继耘，何丕廉，孟昭鹏等．Internet上个性化智能导航学习．计算机研究，2000(10)：102-104
[19]长武生．远程学习系统中知识点网络导航模型的设计与实现[D]．天津大学硕士论文
[20]A Report by the University Grants Committee, Chapter26: Present and Future Teaching Methodologies
[21]Timothy K shih. The Design and Implementation of a Document Database[J]. 0-7695-0353-5/99 1999 IEEE
[22]Mandl H, Lesgold A Learning Issues for Intelligent Tutoring Systems[J]. Springer, 1988
[23]王陆，冯红，张昆琪．远程教学／学习系统中的诊断与评价模型．计算机工程与应用，2001(22)：166-168
[24]Taylor J A. Self Test: a Flexible Self Assessment Package for Distance and Other Learner[J]. Computer&Education, 1998.31:329-328
[25]Cox K,Clark D. The Use of Formative Quizzes for Deep Learning[J]. Computers Educ. 1998.30(3/4): 157-167
[26]Judy A B, Tolmie C J, Johan P P. Magix-An ICAE System for Problem-Based Learning[J]. Computer&Education, 1999.32:65-81
[27]周学海，周立，龚育昌．自适应超媒体技术及其在智能化CAI中的应用．计算机工程与应用，2001(2)：102-104
[28]现代远程教育资源建设技术规范说明
[29]舒蓓，申瑞民，王加俊．个性化的远程学习模型．计算机工程与应用，2001(9)：90-92
[30]Ruimin Shen, Qijun Wang. A Distance-Learning Model Base on Web Mining[J]. Shanhai Jiaotong University Computer Dept. Of Science and Technology
[31]王昌达，詹永照．基于Client／Server的CAI课件系统的设计与实现．计算机工程．2000．26(1)：53-55
[32]马莉．基于Internet远程课程考试系统．计算机工程与应用，2001(22)：32-34
[33]易开祥、胡敏、杨建、石教英．基于B／S模式的信息系统研究与设计．计算机工程．2000．8
[34]李香敏，刘杰，魏志宏等．用ASP轻松开发Web网站．北京：北京希望出版社，2000：5-10
[35]赵成，彭来献，张学平．基于Web的网上教学系统的设计和实现．军事通讯技术，2000．6：30-33
[36]翁晓霞、江源、廖光裕．开发基于Web的远程教学系统的关键技术比较．计算机工程与应用．2000(2)：83-86
[37]梁晋，彭波，梁峰等．Windows流技术与远程教育设计．小型微型计算机系统，2000．21(10)：1108-1111
[38]林世洪，郝建英，郭玉成等．流媒体技术在多媒体远程教学支撑环境系统中的应用．hnp://www.online-edu.com/
[39]刘洁．多媒体远程教育技术的发展现状及问题初探．电化教育研究，2000．8
[40]Windows 2000应用案例：Media Service应用远程教育．http://www.cmr.com
[41]陈红，何贵增．Netshow服务器辅助课件点播．计算机工程，2000年增刊
[42]Microsoft Windows Media Service.http://www.microsoft.com/
[43]许曰滨，程亮，何力勤等．ASP网络编程实例．北京：人民邮电出版社，2001：210-237
[44]Microsoft Windows NetMeeting 3 Resource Kit. http://www.microsoft.com/