半固态Al-4Cu-Mg合金变形时的微观组织演化
|
摘要
合金在半固态变形时内部的微观组织会经历一系列动态变化，微观组织的变化又会影响材料的变形过程，最终影响变形后工件的性能。正确理解变形工艺对微观组织的影响，探讨变形过程的微观机理，并建立变形过程中的微观组织演化模型，可以为制定合理的变形工艺提供理论与实验依据，并为发展半固态成形技术奠定基础。
本文研究了应变诱发熔化激活法制备的半固态Al-4Cu-Mg合金的半固态压缩变形过程。采用热模拟压缩实验和定量金相技术分析了变形工艺参数(包括变形温度、变形程度和应变速率)对材料内部微观组织参数(晶粒等效直径和分形维数)的影响，对比了半固态变形与高温变形微观组织的异同以及供应态合金与半固态合金变形的异同。通过对变形后试样的TEM和SEM观察，初步研究了半固态变形机理，并研究了变形中产生的孔洞、液相宏观偏析、成分偏析等缺陷的形成规律。
最后，结合模糊数学和神经网络理论的优点，建立了Al-4Cu-Mg合金半固态变形过程中微观组织演化的模糊神经网络模型，并对该模型的可靠性进行了测试。测试结果表明：该模糊神经网络模型计算精度高，晶粒等效直径的计算误差在10％以内，分形维数的计算误差在15％以内。运用此模型计算了Al-4Cu-Mg合金半固态变形过程中的微观组织参数，计算结果与实验结果吻合。
During the semi-solid forming, the microstructure in materials undergoes a series of dynamic changes, which will affect the deformation behavior of materials and servicing properties of workpieces. To understand the effects of process parameters on microstructure variables, and explore the deformation mechanism and establish the model for microstructural evolution in the semi-solid forming can provide the theoretical and technological foundation for optimizing the process parameters and developing the semi-solid technique.
Effect of the process parameters, including deformation temperature, height reduction and strain rate, on microstructure variables, including the grain size and the fractal dimension, has been investigated by the isothermal compression and quantitative metallography examination. The distinctions of microstructure between the semi-solid forming and high temperature deformation of the Al-4Cu-Mg alloy as received and semi-solid Al-4Cu-Mg alloy has been investigated. Meanwhile, the semi-solid deformation mechanism has been investigated by TEM and SEM, and the defective structure, including cavity, liquid phase segregation and constituent segregation, has been investigated.
In the end, integrating the advantages of the fuzzy set and the artificial neural network theory, a microstructural evolution model during the semi-solid forming has been established according to the experimental results. Meanwhile, the present model is checked. The comparison of the calculated results with the experimental of the test samples shows that the maximun error of grain size is less than 10%, and which of fractal dimension is less than 15%. The microstructural variables of Al-4Cu-Mg alloy has been calculated during semi-solid forming.
本文研究了应变诱发熔化激活法制备的半固态Al-4Cu-Mg合金的半固态压缩变形过程。采用热模拟压缩实验和定量金相技术分析了变形工艺参数(包括变形温度、变形程度和应变速率)对材料内部微观组织参数(晶粒等效直径和分形维数)的影响，对比了半固态变形与高温变形微观组织的异同以及供应态合金与半固态合金变形的异同。通过对变形后试样的TEM和SEM观察，初步研究了半固态变形机理，并研究了变形中产生的孔洞、液相宏观偏析、成分偏析等缺陷的形成规律。
最后，结合模糊数学和神经网络理论的优点，建立了Al-4Cu-Mg合金半固态变形过程中微观组织演化的模糊神经网络模型，并对该模型的可靠性进行了测试。测试结果表明：该模糊神经网络模型计算精度高，晶粒等效直径的计算误差在10％以内，分形维数的计算误差在15％以内。运用此模型计算了Al-4Cu-Mg合金半固态变形过程中的微观组织参数，计算结果与实验结果吻合。
During the semi-solid forming, the microstructure in materials undergoes a series of dynamic changes, which will affect the deformation behavior of materials and servicing properties of workpieces. To understand the effects of process parameters on microstructure variables, and explore the deformation mechanism and establish the model for microstructural evolution in the semi-solid forming can provide the theoretical and technological foundation for optimizing the process parameters and developing the semi-solid technique.
Effect of the process parameters, including deformation temperature, height reduction and strain rate, on microstructure variables, including the grain size and the fractal dimension, has been investigated by the isothermal compression and quantitative metallography examination. The distinctions of microstructure between the semi-solid forming and high temperature deformation of the Al-4Cu-Mg alloy as received and semi-solid Al-4Cu-Mg alloy has been investigated. Meanwhile, the semi-solid deformation mechanism has been investigated by TEM and SEM, and the defective structure, including cavity, liquid phase segregation and constituent segregation, has been investigated.
In the end, integrating the advantages of the fuzzy set and the artificial neural network theory, a microstructural evolution model during the semi-solid forming has been established according to the experimental results. Meanwhile, the present model is checked. The comparison of the calculated results with the experimental of the test samples shows that the maximun error of grain size is less than 10%, and which of fractal dimension is less than 15%. The microstructural variables of Al-4Cu-Mg alloy has been calculated during semi-solid forming.
引文
1 I. J.波尔米尔．轻合金．陈昌麒，邹愉译．北京：国防工业出版社，1998．
2 邢淑仪，王世宏．铝合金和钛合金．北京：机械工业出版社，1987．
3 D. H. Kirkwood. Semisolid metal processing. International Materials Reviews, 1994, 39: 173～189.
4 M. C. Flemings. Behavior of metal alloys in the semi-solid state. Metallurgical Transactions, 1991, 22A: 957～981.
5 S. B. Brown, M. C. Flemings. Net-shape forming via semi-solid processing. Advanced Materials & Process, 1993, 143: 36～40.
6 谢水生，黄声宏．半固态金属加工技术及其应用．北京：冶金工业出版社，1999．
7 D. B. Spencer, R. Mehrabian, M. C. Flemings. Rehological behavior of Sn-15pct Pb in the recrystallization range. Metallurgical Transactions, 1972, 3: 1925～1932.
8 D. H. Kirkwood. European trends in semi-solid processing. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Tokyo, Japan, 1994: 19～26.
9 G. Chiarmetta. Thixoforming of automobile components. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Sheffield, England, 1996: 203～207.
10 蒋鹏，贺小毛，张秀峰．半固态金属成形技术的研究概况．塑性工程学报，1998，5(3)：1～7．
11 毛卫民，赵爱民，钟雪友．半固态金属成形应用的新进展与前景展望．特种铸造及有色合金，1998，(6)：33～36．
12 罗守靖，田文彤，谢水生等．半固态加工技术及应用．中国有色金属学报，2000，10(6)：765～772．
13 M. C. Flemings, R. G. Riek, K. P. Young. Rheocasting. Materials Science and Engineering, 1976, 25: 103～117.
14 R. F. Decker, R. D. Camaban, R. Vining, E. Eldener. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Sheffield, England, 1996: 221～224.
15 T. Idegomori, H. Hirono, O. Ito, S. Kimishima, K. Mizoue. The manufacturing of automobile parts using semi-solid metal processing. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Golden, USA, 1998: 71～78.
16 W. G. Cho, C. C. Kang. Mechanical properties and their microstructure evaluation in the thixoforming process of semi-solid aluminum alloys. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2000, 105(3): 269～277.
17 叶春生，潘冶，范红征等．半固态加工工艺在汽车制造业中的应用与发展．汽车工艺与材料，2000，12：1～4．
18 W. S. Walter. Semi-solid forging replace casting. Advanced Materials & Process, 1993, (6): 29～30.
19 C. G. Kang, J. S. Choi, D. W. Kang. A filling analysis of the forging process of semi-solid aluminum materials considering solidification phenomena. Joumal of Materials Processing Technology, 1998, 73: 289～302.
20 C. G. Kang, J. H. Yoon, Y. H. Seo. The upsetting behavior of semi-solid aluminum material fabricated by a mechanical stirring process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1997, 66: 30～38.
21 J. C. Choi, H. J. Park, B. M. Lee. Finite element analysis of compression holding step in semi-solid forging and experimen confirmation. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1998, 80～81: 450～457.
22 C. G. Kang, Y. D. Kim, S. W. Lee. A Coupled solidfication analysis of materials and cooling roller in direct rolling process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1997, 66: 277～286.
23 S. Yoshihiro. Production of aluminum-silicon alloy sheet by means of melt direct rolling. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Tokyo, Japan, 1994: 369～380.
24 K. Miwa, S. Kawamura. Semi-solid extrusion forming process of stainless steel.
Proceeding of the 6th International Conference on the Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites, Torino, Italy, 2000: 279～282.
25 S. Abdelfattah, M. Robelet, A. Rassili. Thixoforming of steels inductive reheating and basic investigation. Proceeding of the 6th International Conference on the Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites, Torino, Italy, 2000: 283～288.
26 J. H. Hwang, D. C. Ko, G. S. Min. Finite element simulation and experiment for extrusion of semi-solid Al2024. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2000, 40: 1311～1328.
27 A. K. Dahle, D. H. Stjohn. Rheological behaviour of the mushy zone and its effect on the formation of casting defects during solidification. Acta Materialia, 1998, 47: 31～41.
28 V. O. Abramov, O. V. Abramov, B. B. Straumal et al. Hypereutectic Al-Si based alloys with a thixotropic microstructure produced by ultrasonic treatment. Materials and Design, 1997, 18: 323～326.
29 S. Nobuhiro, N. Takeyoshi, O. Teruyki. The development of joint parts for automobile body by thixocasting. JSAE Review, 2001, 22: 29～38.
30 H. Lehuy, J. Masoulove, J. Blain. Rheological behavior and microstructure of stir-casting Zn-Al alloys. Journal of Materials Science, 1985, 20(1): 105～113.
31 D. H. Kirkwood. Semi-solid processing of alloys. Casting Technology, 1989, 1: 367～370.
32 M. Kiuchi, S. Sugiyama. A new process to manufacture semi-solid metals. Cast Technology, 1985, 4: 47～52.
33 C. Vives. Elaboration of semi-solid alloys by means of new electromagnetic rheocasting processes. Metallurgical Transaction, 1992, 23B: 189～205.
34 G. H. Nickodemus, G. M. Wang, M. L. Tims, J. J. Fisher, J. J. Cardareila. Rheology of Materials for semi-solid metal working applications. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Golden, USA, 1998: 29～34.
35 N. Aoyagi, Y. Kojima. Production process and microstructure of aluminum alloy foams by semi-solid stirring method. Proceedings of the 5th International
Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Golden, USA, 1998: 449～456.
36 K. P. Young, C. P. Kynka, J. A. Courtois. U. S. Patent 4415374, 1983.
37 E. R. Cau, M. H. Robert. Obtention of Rheocasting structures of M-2 and 308-L stainless steel by SIMA. Proceeding of the 2nd intemational conference on the semi-solid processing of alloys and composites, Cambridge, USA, 1992: 119～129.
38 J. C. Choi, H. J. Park. Microstructural characteristics of aluminum 2024 by cold working in the SIMA process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1998, 82: 107～116.
39 S. Lee, J. Lee, Y. Lee. Characterization of Al 7075 alloys after cold working and heating in the semi-solid temperature range. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2001, 111: 42～47.
40 E. Tzimas, A. Zavaliangos. A comparative characterization of near-equiaxed microstructures as produced by spray casting, magnetohydrodynamic casting and the stress induced, melt activated process. Materials Science and Engineering, 2000, A289: 217～227.
41 陈体军，郝远，陆松等．ZA27合金在SIMA处理过程中形变量和等温温度对组织的影响．金属热处理学报，2000，21(1)：26～31．
42 刘昌明，邹茂华，章宗和等．形变诱导法半固态加热工艺参数对LY12合金组织和晶粒尺寸的影响．中国有色金属学报，2002，12(3)：436～441．
43 谢辉，许丽君，袁中岳等．预变形及液固两相区等温处理对ZA27合金铸态组织的影响．中国有色金属学报，2001，11(1)：47～50．
44 朱鸣芳，苏华钦．预变形量和半固态等温温度对触变组织的影响．铸造，1996，1：8～10．
45 S. Ashoke. Evolution of microstructure of Cu-4wt%Zr alloy formed by spray casting. International Joumal of Rapid Solidification, 1995, 7: 283～288.
46 S. Annararapu, R. D. Doherty. Inhibited coarsening of solid-liquid microstructures in spray casting at high volume fraction of solid. Acta Metallurgica, 1995, 43: 3207～3215.
47 E. Tzimas, A. Zavaliangos, A. Lawley. Mechanical behavior of spray cast alloys in the semisolid regime under unconstrained compression. Light Metals, 1996: 799～803.
48 M. Kiuchi, S. Sugiyama. Characterization of semi-solid alloys made by SCR-process. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Sheffield, England, 1996: 197～201.
49 管仁国，陈彦博，刘相华等．采用SRS技术制备A2017半固态合金与连续扩展成形．东北大学学报，2002，23(7)：679～682．
50 刘丹，崔建忠．无搅拌制浆新技术——液相线铸造．铸造技术，1998，6：44～46．
51 刘丹，崔建忠，夏克农．液相线铸造铝合金2618显微组织．东北大学学报，1999，20(2)：173～176．
52 崔建忠，路贵民，刘丹等．半固态浆制备技术新进展．哈尔滨工业大学学报，2000，32(4)：24～26．
53 R. M. K. Young, T. W. Clyne. A Powder-based approach to semisolid processing of metals for fabrication of die-casting and composites. Journal Materials and Science, 1986, 21: 1057～1069.
54 R. M. K. Young, T. W. Clyne. A powder mixing and preheating route to slurry production for semisolid die casting. Powder Metallurgy, 1986, 29(3): 195～199.
55 V. I. Dobatkin, G. I. Eskin. Ingots of aluminum alloys with nondendritic structure produced by ultrasonic treatment for deformation in the semi-solid state. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Sheffield, England, 1996: 193～196.
56 G. Hirt, M. Zillgen, R. Cremer et al. Recent advances in thixoforming to produce near net shape components. Proceedings of the 1st CIDCC. Beijing, P. R. China. April, 1997: 259～266
57 潘冶等，半固态铁基合金的研究进展．现代铸铁，1998，3：18～21．
58 朱鸣芳，苏华钦，高志强．半固态等温处理制备粒状组织ZA12合会的研究．铸造，1996，4：1～5．
59 田文彤，罗守靖，路贵民．半固态加工Al-Zn-Mg合金的组织演化．特种铸造及有色合金，2002，1：6～7．
60 杨雄飞，康永林，宋仁伯等．60Si2Mn半固态压缩变形组织演变．中国有色金属学报，2000，10(S1)：120～125．
61 B. L. Vaandrager, G. M. Pharr. Compressive cheep of copper containing a liquid bismuth intergranular phase. Acta Matall, 1989, 37(4): 1057～1066.
62 M. S. Lewandowski, R. A. Overfelt. High temperature deformation behavior of solid and semi-solid alloy 718. Acta Mater, 1999, 47(18): 4695～4710.
63 H. J. McQueen, J. J. Jonas. Recent advances in hot working: Fundamental dynamic softening mechanics. J. Appl. Metal Working, 1984, 3(3): 233～241.
64 H. J. McQueen, J. J. Jonas. Role of the dynamic and static softening mechanisms in multistage hot working. J. Appl. Metal Working, 1985, 3(4): 410～420.
65 C. M. Sellars, J. A. Whiteman. Computer modeling of hot working processes. Materials Science and Technology, 1985, 1: 325～332.
66 C. M. Sellars and J. A. Whiteman. Recrystallization and grain growth in hot rolling. Materials Science and Technology, 1978, 13(3): 187～194.
67 H. Yada and T. Senuma. Resistance to hot deformation of steel. J. JSTP, 1986, 27: 33～44.
68 R. Kopp, K. Karnhausen and M. M. de Souza. Numerical simulation method for designing thermomechanical treatment, illustrated by bar Rolling scand. J. Metal, 1991, 20: 351～363.
69 江海涛．半固态Al-4Cu-Mg合金的制备及微观组织演化研究．西安：西北工业大学博士学位论文，2004．
70 Haitao Jiang, Yalin Lu, Weichao Huang et al. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the semisolid Al-4Cu-Mg alloy. Materials Characterization, 2003, 51: 1～10.
71 Haitao Jiang, Xiaoli Li, Aiming Xiong, Miaoquan Li, Fabrication and Microstructure Evolution of Semi-solid Al-4Cu-Mg Alloy by SIMA, Journal of Materials Engineering & Performance, 2003, 12: 249～253.
72 郭均，丁志勇，谢水生等．半固态AL-6.6％Si合金的变形行为．中国有色金属学报，2000，10(S1)：115～119．
73 屠世润，高越等编译．金相原理与实践．北京：机械工业出版社，1986．
74 上海市机械制造工艺研究所主编．定量金相分析．上海：上海科学技术文献出版社，1983．
75 刘雪梅．组织演变模型及其在钛合金高温变形中的应用．西安：西北工业大学硕士学位论文。1999．
76 Chan Choi Jae, Jin Park Hyung, Mok Lee Byung. Finite element analysis of compression holding step in semi-solid forging and experimental confirmation. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1998, (80-81): 450～457.
77 C. E Chen, C.-Y. A. Tsao, Semi-solid deformation of non-dendritic structures-Ⅰ. Phenomenological behavior. Acta Mater, 1997, 45(5): 1955～1968.
78 杨全，张真．金属凝固与铸造过程数值模拟．杭州：浙江大学出版社，1996．
79 万菊林，孙新军，顾家琳等．Al-Cu-Mg-Zn-Cr合金热扭转变形中的连续动态再结晶机理．金属学报，1999，35(10)：1031-1035．
80 沈健．AA7005铝合金的热加工变形特性．中国有色金属学报，2001，11(4)：593～597．
81 胡德林．金属学原理．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1995．
82 肖纪美．合金能量学—合金能量的关系、计算和应用．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1985．
83 金相图谱编写组．变形铝合金金相图谱．北京：冶金工业出版社，1975．
84 Y. Satio. Modeling of microstructural evolution in thermomechanical processing of structural steels. Materials Science and Technology, 1997, 233: 134～145.
85 S. C. Medeiros, Y. Prasad, W. G. Frazier et al. Microstructural modeling of metadynamic recrystallizaion in hot working of IN 718 superalloy. Materials Science and Engineering, 2000, 293A: 198～207.
86 窦晓峰，鹿守理，赵辉．Q235钢动态再结晶模型的建立．北京科技大学报，1998，20(5)：467～470．
87 赵辉，鹿守理，窦晓峰等．低碳钢轧后冷却过程中的晶粒长大模型．钢铁，
1999，34(2)：51～53．
88 孙雷剑．基于神经网络的微合金钢热轧奥氏体晶粒尺寸及流变应力模型的研究．材料科学与工艺，2000，8(4)：16～21．
89 李立新，孙瑞峰，汪凌云．含硼微合金钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸神经网络模型．特殊钢，2002，23(2)：28～29．
90 杨旗，罗子健，刘东．应用模糊数学预测变形高温合金锻件晶粒度．中国机械工程，1999，10(7)：832～834．
91 Miaoquan Li, Xuemei Liu, Aiming Xiong et al. Modeling of microstructure during hot working process by ANN. ICMAT, Science Press, New York, 1999: 1342～1345.
92 Miaoquan Li, Dunjun Chen, Aiming Xiong et al. An adaptive prediction model of grain size for the forging of Ti-6Al-4V alloy based on fuzzy neural networks. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2002, 123: 377～381.
93 Miaoquan Li, Aiming Xiong, Weichao Huang. Microstructural evolution and modelling of the hot compression of a TC6 titanium alloy. Materials Characterization, 2003, 49: 203～209.
94 Miaoquan Li, Aiming Xiong. New model of microstructural evolution during isothermal forging of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Materials Science and Technology, 2002, 18(2): 212～214.
95 B. Widrow and M. A. Lehr. 30 years of adaptive neural networks: perceptron, madaline and backpropagation. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1990, 78(9): 1415～1442.
96 王士同．神经模糊系统及其应用．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1999．
97 Y. C. Lee, C. H. Hwang, Y. P. Shih. A combined approach to fuzzy model identification. IEEE Transactions on System Man and Cybernetics, 1994, 24(5): 736～744.
98 C. F. Juang, C. T. Lin. A on-line self-constructing neural fuzzy inference network for system modeling. IEEE Transactions on System, 1998, 6(2): 12～32.
2 邢淑仪，王世宏．铝合金和钛合金．北京：机械工业出版社，1987．
3 D. H. Kirkwood. Semisolid metal processing. International Materials Reviews, 1994, 39: 173～189.
4 M. C. Flemings. Behavior of metal alloys in the semi-solid state. Metallurgical Transactions, 1991, 22A: 957～981.
5 S. B. Brown, M. C. Flemings. Net-shape forming via semi-solid processing. Advanced Materials & Process, 1993, 143: 36～40.
6 谢水生，黄声宏．半固态金属加工技术及其应用．北京：冶金工业出版社，1999．
7 D. B. Spencer, R. Mehrabian, M. C. Flemings. Rehological behavior of Sn-15pct Pb in the recrystallization range. Metallurgical Transactions, 1972, 3: 1925～1932.
8 D. H. Kirkwood. European trends in semi-solid processing. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Tokyo, Japan, 1994: 19～26.
9 G. Chiarmetta. Thixoforming of automobile components. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Sheffield, England, 1996: 203～207.
10 蒋鹏，贺小毛，张秀峰．半固态金属成形技术的研究概况．塑性工程学报，1998，5(3)：1～7．
11 毛卫民，赵爱民，钟雪友．半固态金属成形应用的新进展与前景展望．特种铸造及有色合金，1998，(6)：33～36．
12 罗守靖，田文彤，谢水生等．半固态加工技术及应用．中国有色金属学报，2000，10(6)：765～772．
13 M. C. Flemings, R. G. Riek, K. P. Young. Rheocasting. Materials Science and Engineering, 1976, 25: 103～117.
14 R. F. Decker, R. D. Camaban, R. Vining, E. Eldener. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Sheffield, England, 1996: 221～224.
15 T. Idegomori, H. Hirono, O. Ito, S. Kimishima, K. Mizoue. The manufacturing of automobile parts using semi-solid metal processing. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Golden, USA, 1998: 71～78.
16 W. G. Cho, C. C. Kang. Mechanical properties and their microstructure evaluation in the thixoforming process of semi-solid aluminum alloys. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2000, 105(3): 269～277.
17 叶春生，潘冶，范红征等．半固态加工工艺在汽车制造业中的应用与发展．汽车工艺与材料，2000，12：1～4．
18 W. S. Walter. Semi-solid forging replace casting. Advanced Materials & Process, 1993, (6): 29～30.
19 C. G. Kang, J. S. Choi, D. W. Kang. A filling analysis of the forging process of semi-solid aluminum materials considering solidification phenomena. Joumal of Materials Processing Technology, 1998, 73: 289～302.
20 C. G. Kang, J. H. Yoon, Y. H. Seo. The upsetting behavior of semi-solid aluminum material fabricated by a mechanical stirring process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1997, 66: 30～38.
21 J. C. Choi, H. J. Park, B. M. Lee. Finite element analysis of compression holding step in semi-solid forging and experimen confirmation. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1998, 80～81: 450～457.
22 C. G. Kang, Y. D. Kim, S. W. Lee. A Coupled solidfication analysis of materials and cooling roller in direct rolling process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1997, 66: 277～286.
23 S. Yoshihiro. Production of aluminum-silicon alloy sheet by means of melt direct rolling. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Tokyo, Japan, 1994: 369～380.
24 K. Miwa, S. Kawamura. Semi-solid extrusion forming process of stainless steel.
Proceeding of the 6th International Conference on the Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites, Torino, Italy, 2000: 279～282.
25 S. Abdelfattah, M. Robelet, A. Rassili. Thixoforming of steels inductive reheating and basic investigation. Proceeding of the 6th International Conference on the Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites, Torino, Italy, 2000: 283～288.
26 J. H. Hwang, D. C. Ko, G. S. Min. Finite element simulation and experiment for extrusion of semi-solid Al2024. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2000, 40: 1311～1328.
27 A. K. Dahle, D. H. Stjohn. Rheological behaviour of the mushy zone and its effect on the formation of casting defects during solidification. Acta Materialia, 1998, 47: 31～41.
28 V. O. Abramov, O. V. Abramov, B. B. Straumal et al. Hypereutectic Al-Si based alloys with a thixotropic microstructure produced by ultrasonic treatment. Materials and Design, 1997, 18: 323～326.
29 S. Nobuhiro, N. Takeyoshi, O. Teruyki. The development of joint parts for automobile body by thixocasting. JSAE Review, 2001, 22: 29～38.
30 H. Lehuy, J. Masoulove, J. Blain. Rheological behavior and microstructure of stir-casting Zn-Al alloys. Journal of Materials Science, 1985, 20(1): 105～113.
31 D. H. Kirkwood. Semi-solid processing of alloys. Casting Technology, 1989, 1: 367～370.
32 M. Kiuchi, S. Sugiyama. A new process to manufacture semi-solid metals. Cast Technology, 1985, 4: 47～52.
33 C. Vives. Elaboration of semi-solid alloys by means of new electromagnetic rheocasting processes. Metallurgical Transaction, 1992, 23B: 189～205.
34 G. H. Nickodemus, G. M. Wang, M. L. Tims, J. J. Fisher, J. J. Cardareila. Rheology of Materials for semi-solid metal working applications. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Golden, USA, 1998: 29～34.
35 N. Aoyagi, Y. Kojima. Production process and microstructure of aluminum alloy foams by semi-solid stirring method. Proceedings of the 5th International
Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Golden, USA, 1998: 449～456.
36 K. P. Young, C. P. Kynka, J. A. Courtois. U. S. Patent 4415374, 1983.
37 E. R. Cau, M. H. Robert. Obtention of Rheocasting structures of M-2 and 308-L stainless steel by SIMA. Proceeding of the 2nd intemational conference on the semi-solid processing of alloys and composites, Cambridge, USA, 1992: 119～129.
38 J. C. Choi, H. J. Park. Microstructural characteristics of aluminum 2024 by cold working in the SIMA process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1998, 82: 107～116.
39 S. Lee, J. Lee, Y. Lee. Characterization of Al 7075 alloys after cold working and heating in the semi-solid temperature range. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2001, 111: 42～47.
40 E. Tzimas, A. Zavaliangos. A comparative characterization of near-equiaxed microstructures as produced by spray casting, magnetohydrodynamic casting and the stress induced, melt activated process. Materials Science and Engineering, 2000, A289: 217～227.
41 陈体军，郝远，陆松等．ZA27合金在SIMA处理过程中形变量和等温温度对组织的影响．金属热处理学报，2000，21(1)：26～31．
42 刘昌明，邹茂华，章宗和等．形变诱导法半固态加热工艺参数对LY12合金组织和晶粒尺寸的影响．中国有色金属学报，2002，12(3)：436～441．
43 谢辉，许丽君，袁中岳等．预变形及液固两相区等温处理对ZA27合金铸态组织的影响．中国有色金属学报，2001，11(1)：47～50．
44 朱鸣芳，苏华钦．预变形量和半固态等温温度对触变组织的影响．铸造，1996，1：8～10．
45 S. Ashoke. Evolution of microstructure of Cu-4wt%Zr alloy formed by spray casting. International Joumal of Rapid Solidification, 1995, 7: 283～288.
46 S. Annararapu, R. D. Doherty. Inhibited coarsening of solid-liquid microstructures in spray casting at high volume fraction of solid. Acta Metallurgica, 1995, 43: 3207～3215.
47 E. Tzimas, A. Zavaliangos, A. Lawley. Mechanical behavior of spray cast alloys in the semisolid regime under unconstrained compression. Light Metals, 1996: 799～803.
48 M. Kiuchi, S. Sugiyama. Characterization of semi-solid alloys made by SCR-process. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Sheffield, England, 1996: 197～201.
49 管仁国，陈彦博，刘相华等．采用SRS技术制备A2017半固态合金与连续扩展成形．东北大学学报，2002，23(7)：679～682．
50 刘丹，崔建忠．无搅拌制浆新技术——液相线铸造．铸造技术，1998，6：44～46．
51 刘丹，崔建忠，夏克农．液相线铸造铝合金2618显微组织．东北大学学报，1999，20(2)：173～176．
52 崔建忠，路贵民，刘丹等．半固态浆制备技术新进展．哈尔滨工业大学学报，2000，32(4)：24～26．
53 R. M. K. Young, T. W. Clyne. A Powder-based approach to semisolid processing of metals for fabrication of die-casting and composites. Journal Materials and Science, 1986, 21: 1057～1069.
54 R. M. K. Young, T. W. Clyne. A powder mixing and preheating route to slurry production for semisolid die casting. Powder Metallurgy, 1986, 29(3): 195～199.
55 V. I. Dobatkin, G. I. Eskin. Ingots of aluminum alloys with nondendritic structure produced by ultrasonic treatment for deformation in the semi-solid state. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Semi-solid Processing of Alloys and Composites. Sheffield, England, 1996: 193～196.
56 G. Hirt, M. Zillgen, R. Cremer et al. Recent advances in thixoforming to produce near net shape components. Proceedings of the 1st CIDCC. Beijing, P. R. China. April, 1997: 259～266
57 潘冶等，半固态铁基合金的研究进展．现代铸铁，1998，3：18～21．
58 朱鸣芳，苏华钦，高志强．半固态等温处理制备粒状组织ZA12合会的研究．铸造，1996，4：1～5．
59 田文彤，罗守靖，路贵民．半固态加工Al-Zn-Mg合金的组织演化．特种铸造及有色合金，2002，1：6～7．
60 杨雄飞，康永林，宋仁伯等．60Si2Mn半固态压缩变形组织演变．中国有色金属学报，2000，10(S1)：120～125．
61 B. L. Vaandrager, G. M. Pharr. Compressive cheep of copper containing a liquid bismuth intergranular phase. Acta Matall, 1989, 37(4): 1057～1066.
62 M. S. Lewandowski, R. A. Overfelt. High temperature deformation behavior of solid and semi-solid alloy 718. Acta Mater, 1999, 47(18): 4695～4710.
63 H. J. McQueen, J. J. Jonas. Recent advances in hot working: Fundamental dynamic softening mechanics. J. Appl. Metal Working, 1984, 3(3): 233～241.
64 H. J. McQueen, J. J. Jonas. Role of the dynamic and static softening mechanisms in multistage hot working. J. Appl. Metal Working, 1985, 3(4): 410～420.
65 C. M. Sellars, J. A. Whiteman. Computer modeling of hot working processes. Materials Science and Technology, 1985, 1: 325～332.
66 C. M. Sellars and J. A. Whiteman. Recrystallization and grain growth in hot rolling. Materials Science and Technology, 1978, 13(3): 187～194.
67 H. Yada and T. Senuma. Resistance to hot deformation of steel. J. JSTP, 1986, 27: 33～44.
68 R. Kopp, K. Karnhausen and M. M. de Souza. Numerical simulation method for designing thermomechanical treatment, illustrated by bar Rolling scand. J. Metal, 1991, 20: 351～363.
69 江海涛．半固态Al-4Cu-Mg合金的制备及微观组织演化研究．西安：西北工业大学博士学位论文，2004．
70 Haitao Jiang, Yalin Lu, Weichao Huang et al. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the semisolid Al-4Cu-Mg alloy. Materials Characterization, 2003, 51: 1～10.
71 Haitao Jiang, Xiaoli Li, Aiming Xiong, Miaoquan Li, Fabrication and Microstructure Evolution of Semi-solid Al-4Cu-Mg Alloy by SIMA, Journal of Materials Engineering & Performance, 2003, 12: 249～253.
72 郭均，丁志勇，谢水生等．半固态AL-6.6％Si合金的变形行为．中国有色金属学报，2000，10(S1)：115～119．
73 屠世润，高越等编译．金相原理与实践．北京：机械工业出版社，1986．
74 上海市机械制造工艺研究所主编．定量金相分析．上海：上海科学技术文献出版社，1983．
75 刘雪梅．组织演变模型及其在钛合金高温变形中的应用．西安：西北工业大学硕士学位论文。1999．
76 Chan Choi Jae, Jin Park Hyung, Mok Lee Byung. Finite element analysis of compression holding step in semi-solid forging and experimental confirmation. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1998, (80-81): 450～457.
77 C. E Chen, C.-Y. A. Tsao, Semi-solid deformation of non-dendritic structures-Ⅰ. Phenomenological behavior. Acta Mater, 1997, 45(5): 1955～1968.
78 杨全，张真．金属凝固与铸造过程数值模拟．杭州：浙江大学出版社，1996．
79 万菊林，孙新军，顾家琳等．Al-Cu-Mg-Zn-Cr合金热扭转变形中的连续动态再结晶机理．金属学报，1999，35(10)：1031-1035．
80 沈健．AA7005铝合金的热加工变形特性．中国有色金属学报，2001，11(4)：593～597．
81 胡德林．金属学原理．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1995．
82 肖纪美．合金能量学—合金能量的关系、计算和应用．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1985．
83 金相图谱编写组．变形铝合金金相图谱．北京：冶金工业出版社，1975．
84 Y. Satio. Modeling of microstructural evolution in thermomechanical processing of structural steels. Materials Science and Technology, 1997, 233: 134～145.
85 S. C. Medeiros, Y. Prasad, W. G. Frazier et al. Microstructural modeling of metadynamic recrystallizaion in hot working of IN 718 superalloy. Materials Science and Engineering, 2000, 293A: 198～207.
86 窦晓峰，鹿守理，赵辉．Q235钢动态再结晶模型的建立．北京科技大学报，1998，20(5)：467～470．
87 赵辉，鹿守理，窦晓峰等．低碳钢轧后冷却过程中的晶粒长大模型．钢铁，
1999，34(2)：51～53．
88 孙雷剑．基于神经网络的微合金钢热轧奥氏体晶粒尺寸及流变应力模型的研究．材料科学与工艺，2000，8(4)：16～21．
89 李立新，孙瑞峰，汪凌云．含硼微合金钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸神经网络模型．特殊钢，2002，23(2)：28～29．
90 杨旗，罗子健，刘东．应用模糊数学预测变形高温合金锻件晶粒度．中国机械工程，1999，10(7)：832～834．
91 Miaoquan Li, Xuemei Liu, Aiming Xiong et al. Modeling of microstructure during hot working process by ANN. ICMAT, Science Press, New York, 1999: 1342～1345.
92 Miaoquan Li, Dunjun Chen, Aiming Xiong et al. An adaptive prediction model of grain size for the forging of Ti-6Al-4V alloy based on fuzzy neural networks. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2002, 123: 377～381.
93 Miaoquan Li, Aiming Xiong, Weichao Huang. Microstructural evolution and modelling of the hot compression of a TC6 titanium alloy. Materials Characterization, 2003, 49: 203～209.
94 Miaoquan Li, Aiming Xiong. New model of microstructural evolution during isothermal forging of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Materials Science and Technology, 2002, 18(2): 212～214.
95 B. Widrow and M. A. Lehr. 30 years of adaptive neural networks: perceptron, madaline and backpropagation. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1990, 78(9): 1415～1442.
96 王士同．神经模糊系统及其应用．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1999．
97 Y. C. Lee, C. H. Hwang, Y. P. Shih. A combined approach to fuzzy model identification. IEEE Transactions on System Man and Cybernetics, 1994, 24(5): 736～744.
98 C. F. Juang, C. T. Lin. A on-line self-constructing neural fuzzy inference network for system modeling. IEEE Transactions on System, 1998, 6(2): 12～32.