外交语言中语用模糊策略探析
|
摘要
外交是外交是国家在国际关系方面的活动。作为外交工作的载体,外交语言有着不同于一般语一言的特殊之处,其中最大的特征就是模糊手段的运用。外交语言常常用于宣示立场、发布公告、公布会谈结果、回答敏感性问题以及缓和外交气氛等方面。作为一种交际策略,语用模糊以其简洁性、灵活性和概括性的特点恰好符合外交语言的要求,以求达到最佳交际效果,从而最大限度地维护国家尊严和利益。本文从认知语用学角度,采用定性分析的方法,运用顺应—关联论,探析外交语言中语用模糊的产生和人们对其的理解。外交语言中的语用模糊策略不是一个静止的观念,而是一个动态的、人际间的活动,是交际参与者对语境的动态理解和对语义的动态顺应的过程。该研究的目的是提高人们认识语言模糊性的意识,找到能够全面阐释外交模糊语产生和理解的理论,以及外交模糊语在交际中产生的作用。本文包括以下五章：第一章简要介绍语用模糊策略是一种很普遍的语言现象,广泛运用于各种文体,在外交语言中更是屡见不鲜,并介绍了研究问题,目的和方法。第二章作者在梳理国内外对模糊语、外交语言和外交中的模糊语研究成果的基础上,阐释了本文中外交语言、语用模糊策略等术语的内涵。第三章辩证地剖析了关联理论和顺应论的,在此基础上阐释了最新的认知语用观的顺应—关联理论。第四章从认知的角度重点分析四个方面的问题。首先,认知语境在外交家的模糊语言的产生和理解中起着举足轻重的作用,外交家可以利用自己的认知语境增加、减少和改变认知假设来达到重构认知假设,灵活回答交际参与者提出来的问题。其次,作者分析了语言选择和语境互现的相互顺应。然后阐释了外交语言中的语用模糊策略的理解也是一个动态的过程。最后指出模糊语的选择是表面的现象,是顺应了讲话人的物质世界、社会世界和心理世界等认知语境的结果,这也正是语用模糊的顺应性。第五章对论文研究的重要意义做了小结,并指出其不足和有助于今后研究的建议。总之,此研究从顺应一关联模式探析外交语言中的语用模糊策略,是一次具有理论和现实的意义的尝试。研究发现：认知语用学的顺应一关联模式能更好的阐释外交模糊语言的产生和理解机制,对如何正确理解和使用外交语言,成功地进行外交活动有一定的实践指导意义；对外语教学、跨文化交际者的语言认知和推理能力的提高具有重要的作用。
The diplomacy is the activities between countries. As the carrier of diplomacy, diplomatic language differs form other general languages with its unique feature of pragmatic vagueness strategy. Diplomatic language is usually employed to state diplomatic stance, publicize announcement, release the outcome of talks, answer sensitive questions and create harmonious diplomatic atmosphere. With the features of terseness, flexibility and generality, pragmatic vagueness strategy perfectly meets the demand of diplomatic language and achieves the best communicative effects. From the cognitive pragmatic point of view, the present research makes a qualitative analysis of how the pragmatic vagueness is produced and interpreted by employing the newly-established Adaptation-relevance Model. According to the model, language use is an adaptation process for the seek of optimal relevance. Precisely speaking, the speaker's task is make sure that the interpretation he intends to convey is consistent with the principle of relevance; otherwise, he runs the risk of not being properly understood. The hearer's task is to find the interpretation which is consistent with the principle of relevance; otherwise, he runs the risk of misunderstanding the utterance or not understanding it at all. The process of adaptation-relevance is a dynamic interadaptation between linguistic and contextual choices on both the production and interpretation sides. This research is to raise the awareness of vagueness in human language; to explain the generation and the interpretation of vagueness in diplomatic language from the perspective of cognitive pragmatics and dig out the functions which vagueness can perform in communication. This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter briefly introduces pragmatic vagueness, a very common language phenomenon, which is widely used in different language styles, including diplomatic language. Then the introduction of the research questions, objectives and method are followed. Chapter two is the literature review. On the basis of respective analysis of vagueness language and the vagueness in diplomatic language, the author specifies the notions of two terms:diplomatic language and pragmatic vagueness strategy. Chapter three expounds the theoretical framework of the thesis:the Adaptation-relevance Model. This theory is developed on the basis of Relevance Theory and Adaptation Theory and regarded as the best theory that has been found so far to analyze the pragmatic vagueness strategy. Chapter four emphasized four important aspects from cognitive perspective. Firstly, cognitive context plays an essential role in the generation and interpretation of diplomat's vagueness. The diplomats can make use of their existed cognitive context to extend, reduce, and change the cognitive presumption in order to reconstruct the cognition presumption, and flexibly answer the question proposed by the communication participants. Then, the author explains the inter-adaptation between linguistic behavior and Contextual Correlates. Next to the last, the interpretation of speaker's meaning is also a dynamic process. Finally, the author argues the linguistic choice of vagueness is just a superficial phenomenon and the result of the utterer's adaptation to his physical, social and psychological world. Chapter five concludes the significance of this study, and points out the thesis's limitations and lists suggestions for further research. In a word, this research analyzes the pragmatic vagueness strategy in diplomatic language by Adaptation-relevance Model, which is of theoretical and practical significance. The research indicates that Adaptation-relevance Model is the most suitable one to elaborate the generation and interpretation of vagueness in diplomatic language. It is of great significance to ensure successful diplomatic activities, facilitate foreign language teaching and cultivate cross-cultural competence.
The diplomacy is the activities between countries. As the carrier of diplomacy, diplomatic language differs form other general languages with its unique feature of pragmatic vagueness strategy. Diplomatic language is usually employed to state diplomatic stance, publicize announcement, release the outcome of talks, answer sensitive questions and create harmonious diplomatic atmosphere. With the features of terseness, flexibility and generality, pragmatic vagueness strategy perfectly meets the demand of diplomatic language and achieves the best communicative effects. From the cognitive pragmatic point of view, the present research makes a qualitative analysis of how the pragmatic vagueness is produced and interpreted by employing the newly-established Adaptation-relevance Model. According to the model, language use is an adaptation process for the seek of optimal relevance. Precisely speaking, the speaker's task is make sure that the interpretation he intends to convey is consistent with the principle of relevance; otherwise, he runs the risk of not being properly understood. The hearer's task is to find the interpretation which is consistent with the principle of relevance; otherwise, he runs the risk of misunderstanding the utterance or not understanding it at all. The process of adaptation-relevance is a dynamic interadaptation between linguistic and contextual choices on both the production and interpretation sides. This research is to raise the awareness of vagueness in human language; to explain the generation and the interpretation of vagueness in diplomatic language from the perspective of cognitive pragmatics and dig out the functions which vagueness can perform in communication. This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter briefly introduces pragmatic vagueness, a very common language phenomenon, which is widely used in different language styles, including diplomatic language. Then the introduction of the research questions, objectives and method are followed. Chapter two is the literature review. On the basis of respective analysis of vagueness language and the vagueness in diplomatic language, the author specifies the notions of two terms:diplomatic language and pragmatic vagueness strategy. Chapter three expounds the theoretical framework of the thesis:the Adaptation-relevance Model. This theory is developed on the basis of Relevance Theory and Adaptation Theory and regarded as the best theory that has been found so far to analyze the pragmatic vagueness strategy. Chapter four emphasized four important aspects from cognitive perspective. Firstly, cognitive context plays an essential role in the generation and interpretation of diplomat's vagueness. The diplomats can make use of their existed cognitive context to extend, reduce, and change the cognitive presumption in order to reconstruct the cognition presumption, and flexibly answer the question proposed by the communication participants. Then, the author explains the inter-adaptation between linguistic behavior and Contextual Correlates. Next to the last, the interpretation of speaker's meaning is also a dynamic process. Finally, the author argues the linguistic choice of vagueness is just a superficial phenomenon and the result of the utterer's adaptation to his physical, social and psychological world. Chapter five concludes the significance of this study, and points out the thesis's limitations and lists suggestions for further research. In a word, this research analyzes the pragmatic vagueness strategy in diplomatic language by Adaptation-relevance Model, which is of theoretical and practical significance. The research indicates that Adaptation-relevance Model is the most suitable one to elaborate the generation and interpretation of vagueness in diplomatic language. It is of great significance to ensure successful diplomatic activities, facilitate foreign language teaching and cultivate cross-cultural competence.
引文
[1]Burns, L. C. Vagueness Language[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Teaching Press, 2000.
[2]Channell Joanna. Vague Language[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2000.
[3]He Ziran. Notes on Pragmatics[M]. Nan Jing:Nan Jing Normal University Press. Hillsdale,1982. NJ:Albex,2006:83-97.
[4]Huang Jinqi. What Is Diplomacy—Bilingual Course [M]. Beijing:World Affairs Press, 2004.
[5]Lakoff, G. Hedges. A study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts [J]. Journal of Philosophical Logic,1973:458-508.
[6]Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics [M].London:Longman,1983.
[7]McCawley, J. D. Everything that Linguists Have Always Wanted to Know about Logic but Were Ashamed to Ask [M].Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1981.
[8]Mey, J.L. Pragmatics:An Introduction[M], Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2001:76-140.
[9]Moxey, L. M.&A. J. Sanford. Communicating Quantities:A Psychological Perspective[M]. Hove, UK:Lawrence Erlbaum,1993.
[10]Sperber D.&Wilson D. Relevance:Cognition and Communication[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 1986.
[11]Sperber, Dan &Wilson Derider. Relevance:Communication and Cognition [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Blackwell Publishers Ltd,2001.
[12]Markkanen,R; Schroder,H Hedging and Discourse:Approaches to the Analysis of a Pragmatic Phenomenon in Academic Texts[J] New York:Walter de Gruyter,1997.
[13]Rosch, E. Cognition and Categorization [M]. New York:Lawrence Erlbaum,1978.
[14]Verschueren J. Pragmatics as a theory of linguistics Adaptation [M]. Antwerp:International Pragmatics Association,1987:52.
[15]Verschueren J. Understanding Pragmatics[M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
[17]Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy Sets. Information and Control 8:338-53.
[18]陈意德.论模糊修辞与其语用功能,天津外国语学院学报[J],2001(2)：27-30.
[19]陈春,宋曦.试析外交语言中语用含糊的特点[J].重庆工商学院学报,2005(1)：111-113.
[20]郭鸿,彭晓东.外交英语[M].北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社,1999.
[21]何自然.模糊限制语与言语交际[J].外国语,1985(5)：27-31.
[22]何自然.认知语用学—言语交际的认知研究[M].上海：上海外语教育出版,2006.
[23]胡庚申,王静二.中外记者招待会用语特征分析[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版,2001(3)：83-87.
[24]黄强,梁颖.外交模糊语言的语用分析[J].长春师范学院院报,2004(7)：119-122.
[25]怀秀凤.从外交礼仪看文化差异对非言语行为的影响[J].滁州学院学报,2006(8)：45-51.
[26]金桂华.杂谈外交语言[J].外交学院学报,2003(1)：78-82.
[27]林波,王文斌.从认知交际看语用模糊[J].外语与外语教学,2003(8)：6-P.10.
[28]零宏惠.外交模糊辞令的语用分析[J].高教论坛,2004(10)：137-142.
[29]李佐文.模糊限制语的人际功能[J].天津外国语学院学报,2001(3)：1-3.
[30]李颖.论政治外交场合模糊语言的功能及运用[J].华中师范大学,2003(2)：25.
[31]刘纯豹.英语委婉语词典[M],江苏：江苏教育出版社,1996.
[32]马莉.英语语音的模仿、能力及范型选择[J].商丘师范学院学报,2003(2)：148-149.
[33]冉永平.言语交际的顺应一关联性分析[J].外语学刊,2004(2)：28-33.
[34]沈家煊.“有界”与“无界”[J].中国语文,1995(5)：367-380.
[35]邵有学.语用含糊的生成和理解[J].外语与外语教学,2006(9)：21-23
[36]王寅.语义理论与语言教学[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社,2001.
[37]魏在江.从外交语言看语用含糊[J].外语学刊,2006(2)：45-51.
[38]伍谦光.语义学导论[M].长沙：湖南教育出版社,1988.
[39]吴世雄,陈维振.中国模糊语言学：回顾与前瞻[J],外语教学与研究,2001(1)：7-14.
[40]伍铁平.模糊语言学[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社,1999.
[41]吴勇.论外交辞令中的模糊策略[J].山东外语教学,2003(3)：68-71
[42]杨平.关联—顺应模式[J].外国语,2001(6)：21-28.
[43]杨贤玉,彭家玉.论模糊词语在日常口语体中的文化功能[J].天津外国语学院学报,2001(2)：2-33.
[44]尹王安.顺应一关联连续体下的语境及语义动态性分析[J].语言教学与研究,2007(2)：2-77.
[45]俞建村.模糊语言在新闻中的运用[J].上海大学学报,2000,(7)：92-96.
[46]邹建华.外交部发言人揭秘[M].北京：世界知识出版社,2005.
[47]张乔.模糊语义学[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,1998.http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/ http://www.white house.Gov
[2]Channell Joanna. Vague Language[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2000.
[3]He Ziran. Notes on Pragmatics[M]. Nan Jing:Nan Jing Normal University Press. Hillsdale,1982. NJ:Albex,2006:83-97.
[4]Huang Jinqi. What Is Diplomacy—Bilingual Course [M]. Beijing:World Affairs Press, 2004.
[5]Lakoff, G. Hedges. A study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts [J]. Journal of Philosophical Logic,1973:458-508.
[6]Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics [M].London:Longman,1983.
[7]McCawley, J. D. Everything that Linguists Have Always Wanted to Know about Logic but Were Ashamed to Ask [M].Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1981.
[8]Mey, J.L. Pragmatics:An Introduction[M], Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2001:76-140.
[9]Moxey, L. M.&A. J. Sanford. Communicating Quantities:A Psychological Perspective[M]. Hove, UK:Lawrence Erlbaum,1993.
[10]Sperber D.&Wilson D. Relevance:Cognition and Communication[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 1986.
[11]Sperber, Dan &Wilson Derider. Relevance:Communication and Cognition [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Blackwell Publishers Ltd,2001.
[12]Markkanen,R; Schroder,H Hedging and Discourse:Approaches to the Analysis of a Pragmatic Phenomenon in Academic Texts[J] New York:Walter de Gruyter,1997.
[13]Rosch, E. Cognition and Categorization [M]. New York:Lawrence Erlbaum,1978.
[14]Verschueren J. Pragmatics as a theory of linguistics Adaptation [M]. Antwerp:International Pragmatics Association,1987:52.
[15]Verschueren J. Understanding Pragmatics[M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
[17]Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy Sets. Information and Control 8:338-53.
[18]陈意德.论模糊修辞与其语用功能,天津外国语学院学报[J],2001(2)：27-30.
[19]陈春,宋曦.试析外交语言中语用含糊的特点[J].重庆工商学院学报,2005(1)：111-113.
[20]郭鸿,彭晓东.外交英语[M].北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社,1999.
[21]何自然.模糊限制语与言语交际[J].外国语,1985(5)：27-31.
[22]何自然.认知语用学—言语交际的认知研究[M].上海：上海外语教育出版,2006.
[23]胡庚申,王静二.中外记者招待会用语特征分析[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版,2001(3)：83-87.
[24]黄强,梁颖.外交模糊语言的语用分析[J].长春师范学院院报,2004(7)：119-122.
[25]怀秀凤.从外交礼仪看文化差异对非言语行为的影响[J].滁州学院学报,2006(8)：45-51.
[26]金桂华.杂谈外交语言[J].外交学院学报,2003(1)：78-82.
[27]林波,王文斌.从认知交际看语用模糊[J].外语与外语教学,2003(8)：6-P.10.
[28]零宏惠.外交模糊辞令的语用分析[J].高教论坛,2004(10)：137-142.
[29]李佐文.模糊限制语的人际功能[J].天津外国语学院学报,2001(3)：1-3.
[30]李颖.论政治外交场合模糊语言的功能及运用[J].华中师范大学,2003(2)：25.
[31]刘纯豹.英语委婉语词典[M],江苏：江苏教育出版社,1996.
[32]马莉.英语语音的模仿、能力及范型选择[J].商丘师范学院学报,2003(2)：148-149.
[33]冉永平.言语交际的顺应一关联性分析[J].外语学刊,2004(2)：28-33.
[34]沈家煊.“有界”与“无界”[J].中国语文,1995(5)：367-380.
[35]邵有学.语用含糊的生成和理解[J].外语与外语教学,2006(9)：21-23
[36]王寅.语义理论与语言教学[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社,2001.
[37]魏在江.从外交语言看语用含糊[J].外语学刊,2006(2)：45-51.
[38]伍谦光.语义学导论[M].长沙：湖南教育出版社,1988.
[39]吴世雄,陈维振.中国模糊语言学：回顾与前瞻[J],外语教学与研究,2001(1)：7-14.
[40]伍铁平.模糊语言学[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社,1999.
[41]吴勇.论外交辞令中的模糊策略[J].山东外语教学,2003(3)：68-71
[42]杨平.关联—顺应模式[J].外国语,2001(6)：21-28.
[43]杨贤玉,彭家玉.论模糊词语在日常口语体中的文化功能[J].天津外国语学院学报,2001(2)：2-33.
[44]尹王安.顺应一关联连续体下的语境及语义动态性分析[J].语言教学与研究,2007(2)：2-77.
[45]俞建村.模糊语言在新闻中的运用[J].上海大学学报,2000,(7)：92-96.
[46]邹建华.外交部发言人揭秘[M].北京：世界知识出版社,2005.
[47]张乔.模糊语义学[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,1998.http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/ http://www.white house.Gov