南京市城市道路绿地植物群落结构分析及景观优化研究
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摘要
随着经济社会的不断发展,道路绿地不但要满足人们视觉上景观的美感,更要发挥出植物群落的生态效益。本研究以南京城市道路绿地植物群落为研究对象。研究区域包括南京市城市道路绿化率大于40%、道路绿化宽度大于5米的交通道路绿地、街旁绿地、沿路带状公园的道路绿地,涉及南京市七个主城区、23条干道,选择了45个具代表性的植物群落样地。通过对样地植物群落的组成成分、群落类型、生态结构、物种多样性等的比较分析,对南京城市道路绿地的15个典型植物群落选用10个评价因子用层次分析法从景观质量和生态效益两个要素上进行综合评价,结合调查的道路绿地植物群落,选择了10个典型群落绘制植物配置平面图,从群落结构和群落景观效果等方面,分析植物群落配置应用的合理性。在此基础上,对现有城市道路绿地植物群落提出进一步优化的措施。其研究结果如下:
(1)在调研的南京城市道路绿地植物群落45个样地中,共有植物59科96属133种,分别占江苏省城市园林绿化适生植物科的54.1%,属的27.7%,种的15.7%。其中,乔木26科、45属、69种,灌木19科、26属、34种,草本植物13科、19属、21种,藤本植物5科6属9种。属江苏地区地带性乡土植物的有46种,占调查样地植物种数的34.6%,由此可见,南京道路绿地植物群落的植物种类丰富度及地带性特征不甚突出。
(2)南京道路绿地的植物群落类型多样,45个样地中出现的植物群落类型有5个,其中针阔混交型(占53.3%),常绿落叶阔叶混交型(占26.7%),落叶阔叶型(占13.3%);常绿阔叶型(占4.5%),落叶针叶型(占2.2%)。植物群落类型呈现丰富性,且混交型植物群落占明显优势。
(3)在调查的45个样地中植物群落结构多以乔、灌、草为主的复合群落,其中乔灌木种类比2:1,数量比1:3.8,常绿落叶乔木、灌木种类比分别为1:1.3、1.2:1,常绿落叶数量比1:0.65,常绿、落叶乔木、灌木数量比分别为1:2.3、4.1:1。道路绿地植物群落结构呈现丰富性。
(4)从道路绿地植物观赏性调查来看,观形类和观花类植物占明显优势,达71.9%之多。其中观形类占43.8%、观花类28.1%、观果植物10.4%、色叶植物17.7%。已应用的观形、观花植物品种较为丰富,相对色叶植物的种类较少。因此,可以通过适量增加色叶植物等来提升城市道路彩化、美化之效果。
(5)调查样地中的69种乔木树种,出现频度最高的是悬铃木和香樟,均为42%,其次是水杉、桂花、雪松。在34种灌木中,运用频率高的主要集中在少数几个植物种类上,如海桐频度为64%、红花檵木58%、小叶女贞49%,植物多样性存在一定的局限性。
(6)根据南京样地群落调查数据计算出各群落的丰富度和多样性指数可以看出道路绿地植物群落样地的物种丰富度和多样性指数都比较高。绿地的群落类型和结构也比较多样,群落中物种比较丰富。调查的45个道路绿地植物群落乔、灌层物种丰富度平均为4.800,Margalef物种丰富度指数平均为0.997,生态优势度Simpson指数平均为0.712,Shannon-Wienner指数平均为1.348,优势种群的生态优势度Berger-Parker指数平均为0.356。道路植物群落由于区域、功能、建成时期和管护措施不同,群落样地多样性指数也有一定的差异,但九十年代前与九十后建成的道路绿地丰富度指数上并没有明显的差异。
(7)在对15个具有典型性的植物群落景观综合评价中,综合评价Ⅰ级景观只占33%、Ⅱ级占47%、Ⅲ级景观占20%。可见南京城市道路绿地植物群落景观整体水平并不高,特别是一些新建的植物群落的物种丰富度、植物群落结构、乔木灌木与常绿与落叶植物的配比结构等都需要进行合理的设计。通过对5个综合评价为Ⅰ级植物群落结构的分析得出:在乔木层中常绿与落叶植物种类比在1:1-1:2;数量比在1:1-1:2.5,乔木与灌木的种类比为1:0.5-1:1.5;数量比为1:2-1:4。乔木与灌木层的平均丰富度为7.000和6.400;Gleason指数的平均值为1.268和0.968;Margalef物种丰富度指数的平均值为1.688和0.720;Simpson指数的平均值为0.844和0.669;Shannon-Wienner指数的平均值为1.870和1.279;Berger-Parker指数的平均值为0.260和0.422。
(8)优化城市绿地群落结构途径:要丰富现有植物种类、增加乡土植物的应用、增加观赏性植物的多样性;参照南京城市道路绿地综合评价为Ⅰ级的植物群落结构,调整常绿落叶树种、乔灌木的数量配比;注重城市道路绿地生物多样性保护;因地制宜的进行植物群落景观设计等。
With the development of our society and economic, urban road greenbelt need to be satisfied with aesthetic landscape, and we also need to have satisfactory ecological benefit from the plant communities. This paper takes the plant communities on urban road greenbelt of Nanjing for study. The research include the greenbelt of road traffic system, the greenbelt of Linear Park along the truck and greenbelt beside streets, whose width of Green band are more than 5 meter wide and Green rate of road are more than 40 percent in Nanjing city. The investigation contains seven main city zone of Nanjing, 23 urban trunk roads, and 45 samples of typical plant communities.
Based on the thorough investigation and analysis, 15 typical plant communities were appraisaled on vision and ecological benefit. Secondly, 10 typical plant communities were analyzed and the ichnography of plant communities’disposal was made. In the end, based on the investigation and the result of comprehensive appraisals system, some advices were put forward to plant communities, and the ways were further discussed to build plant communities with high ecological effect. The main results are as follows:
(1)In the 45 sample of plant communities of the research, there are 133 spices belonging to 96 genera in 59 families, which occupy 15.7 percent in spices, 27.7 percent in genera, 54.1 percent of families, existing city ornamental garden plants in Jiangsu. There are 69 spices, 45genera, 26 families in arbor, 34 spices, 26 genera, 19 families in shrub, 21 spices, 19 genera, 13 families in grass plant, 9 spices, 6 genera, 5 families in liane. There are 46 zone indigenous plants belonging to Jiangsu, which is about 34.6 percent in all species of investigative range. That is not enough to express the species richness and indigenous characters in Nanjing.
(2)The type of plant communities is various in urban road greenbelt of Nanjing. There are 5 community types in sample communities of Nanjing’s road greenbelt: mixed stand of conifer and broad-leaved trees which appears regularly in all sample takes 53.3 percent in all types. And next is mixed stand of evergreen–defoliation broadleaf forest (26.7%), and defoliation-broadleaf forest (13.3%), evergreen broad-leaved forest (4.5%), deciduous conifer forest (2.2%). The types of plant communities are richness, and the type of mixed stand of plant communities is distinct.
(3)In the urban road greenbelt of Nanjing, the structure of plant communities is multiple structures combined with arbor, bush and grass on the whole. And the ratio of spices of arbor to shrub is 2:1, the ratio of their number is 1:3.8.And in arbor trees, the ratio of spices of evergreen to defoliation is 1:1.3. The ratio of number of evergreen to defoliation is 1:0.65. The structure of plant communities on urban road greenbelt are richness.
(4)From the ornamental plant survey, the plants which are domestic of shape and flower take obvious advantage to as much as 71.9 percent, colorful-leavf plants in all sample takes 17.7 percent. The plants which are viewed as fruits take 10.4 percent. Application of the plants that has ornamental flowers has more abundant than the colorful-leavf plants, so the Colorful plant species can be suitably increased the types and quantities in order to meet the urban road greenbelt to be more colorful, and receive the better effect of landscape.
(5)In the invitation inquisitional sample, The highest frequency of emergence is 42 percent that belongs to Platatnus orientalis and Cinnamomum camphora in arbor. In shrub, the application of several species is used frequently, such as Pittosporum tobira(64%), Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum (58%), Ligustrum quihoui(49%), that had a negative impact for the creation of city road and landscape features of plant diversity.
(6)The average of species abundance degree in sample communities is 4.800, the average of Margalef index is 0.997, the average of Simpson index is 0.712,the average of Shannon-Wienner index is 1.348, and the average of Berger-Parker index which reflect ecological predominance degree of preponderant species is 0.356. The diversity of diversity index is notable in sample communities for the difference of area, function and the construction time in urban road greenbelt’s plant communities. But the plant communities in the sample which were built before 1990s and after1990s have no obvious difference in diversity index.
(7)The result of the 15 comprehensive appraisals of the plant communities on Nanjing’s road greenbelt showed the GradeⅠtakes 33 percent, GradeⅡtakes 47 percent GradeⅢtakes 20 percent. It also showed that there is much need to be improved. From the analysis of comprehensive appraisals GradeⅠof the plant communities on Nanjing’s road greenbelt, in arbor trees, the ratio of spices of evergreen to defoliation is 1:1-1:2, the ratio of their number is 1:2-1:2.5. Further more, the arbor and shrubs of species abundance degree in sample communities is 7.000 and 6.400, the average of Gleason index is 1.268 and 0.968, the average of Margalef index is 1.668 and 0.720, est.
(8)The ways of optimizing the plant community structure of urban road greenbelts: to increase the present plant spices, to strengthen the application of zone indigenous plants, to step up diversity of ornamental plants; to consult the plant communities’structure which is GradeⅠof comprehensive appraisals on Nanjing urban road greenbelt, we can adjust the ratio of evergreen to defoliation, arbor to shrub; to emphasize biodiversity conservation of urban road greenbelts; to design the plant communities in light of the local conditions.
(1)在调研的南京城市道路绿地植物群落45个样地中,共有植物59科96属133种,分别占江苏省城市园林绿化适生植物科的54.1%,属的27.7%,种的15.7%。其中,乔木26科、45属、69种,灌木19科、26属、34种,草本植物13科、19属、21种,藤本植物5科6属9种。属江苏地区地带性乡土植物的有46种,占调查样地植物种数的34.6%,由此可见,南京道路绿地植物群落的植物种类丰富度及地带性特征不甚突出。
(2)南京道路绿地的植物群落类型多样,45个样地中出现的植物群落类型有5个,其中针阔混交型(占53.3%),常绿落叶阔叶混交型(占26.7%),落叶阔叶型(占13.3%);常绿阔叶型(占4.5%),落叶针叶型(占2.2%)。植物群落类型呈现丰富性,且混交型植物群落占明显优势。
(3)在调查的45个样地中植物群落结构多以乔、灌、草为主的复合群落,其中乔灌木种类比2:1,数量比1:3.8,常绿落叶乔木、灌木种类比分别为1:1.3、1.2:1,常绿落叶数量比1:0.65,常绿、落叶乔木、灌木数量比分别为1:2.3、4.1:1。道路绿地植物群落结构呈现丰富性。
(4)从道路绿地植物观赏性调查来看,观形类和观花类植物占明显优势,达71.9%之多。其中观形类占43.8%、观花类28.1%、观果植物10.4%、色叶植物17.7%。已应用的观形、观花植物品种较为丰富,相对色叶植物的种类较少。因此,可以通过适量增加色叶植物等来提升城市道路彩化、美化之效果。
(5)调查样地中的69种乔木树种,出现频度最高的是悬铃木和香樟,均为42%,其次是水杉、桂花、雪松。在34种灌木中,运用频率高的主要集中在少数几个植物种类上,如海桐频度为64%、红花檵木58%、小叶女贞49%,植物多样性存在一定的局限性。
(6)根据南京样地群落调查数据计算出各群落的丰富度和多样性指数可以看出道路绿地植物群落样地的物种丰富度和多样性指数都比较高。绿地的群落类型和结构也比较多样,群落中物种比较丰富。调查的45个道路绿地植物群落乔、灌层物种丰富度平均为4.800,Margalef物种丰富度指数平均为0.997,生态优势度Simpson指数平均为0.712,Shannon-Wienner指数平均为1.348,优势种群的生态优势度Berger-Parker指数平均为0.356。道路植物群落由于区域、功能、建成时期和管护措施不同,群落样地多样性指数也有一定的差异,但九十年代前与九十后建成的道路绿地丰富度指数上并没有明显的差异。
(7)在对15个具有典型性的植物群落景观综合评价中,综合评价Ⅰ级景观只占33%、Ⅱ级占47%、Ⅲ级景观占20%。可见南京城市道路绿地植物群落景观整体水平并不高,特别是一些新建的植物群落的物种丰富度、植物群落结构、乔木灌木与常绿与落叶植物的配比结构等都需要进行合理的设计。通过对5个综合评价为Ⅰ级植物群落结构的分析得出:在乔木层中常绿与落叶植物种类比在1:1-1:2;数量比在1:1-1:2.5,乔木与灌木的种类比为1:0.5-1:1.5;数量比为1:2-1:4。乔木与灌木层的平均丰富度为7.000和6.400;Gleason指数的平均值为1.268和0.968;Margalef物种丰富度指数的平均值为1.688和0.720;Simpson指数的平均值为0.844和0.669;Shannon-Wienner指数的平均值为1.870和1.279;Berger-Parker指数的平均值为0.260和0.422。
(8)优化城市绿地群落结构途径:要丰富现有植物种类、增加乡土植物的应用、增加观赏性植物的多样性;参照南京城市道路绿地综合评价为Ⅰ级的植物群落结构,调整常绿落叶树种、乔灌木的数量配比;注重城市道路绿地生物多样性保护;因地制宜的进行植物群落景观设计等。
With the development of our society and economic, urban road greenbelt need to be satisfied with aesthetic landscape, and we also need to have satisfactory ecological benefit from the plant communities. This paper takes the plant communities on urban road greenbelt of Nanjing for study. The research include the greenbelt of road traffic system, the greenbelt of Linear Park along the truck and greenbelt beside streets, whose width of Green band are more than 5 meter wide and Green rate of road are more than 40 percent in Nanjing city. The investigation contains seven main city zone of Nanjing, 23 urban trunk roads, and 45 samples of typical plant communities.
Based on the thorough investigation and analysis, 15 typical plant communities were appraisaled on vision and ecological benefit. Secondly, 10 typical plant communities were analyzed and the ichnography of plant communities’disposal was made. In the end, based on the investigation and the result of comprehensive appraisals system, some advices were put forward to plant communities, and the ways were further discussed to build plant communities with high ecological effect. The main results are as follows:
(1)In the 45 sample of plant communities of the research, there are 133 spices belonging to 96 genera in 59 families, which occupy 15.7 percent in spices, 27.7 percent in genera, 54.1 percent of families, existing city ornamental garden plants in Jiangsu. There are 69 spices, 45genera, 26 families in arbor, 34 spices, 26 genera, 19 families in shrub, 21 spices, 19 genera, 13 families in grass plant, 9 spices, 6 genera, 5 families in liane. There are 46 zone indigenous plants belonging to Jiangsu, which is about 34.6 percent in all species of investigative range. That is not enough to express the species richness and indigenous characters in Nanjing.
(2)The type of plant communities is various in urban road greenbelt of Nanjing. There are 5 community types in sample communities of Nanjing’s road greenbelt: mixed stand of conifer and broad-leaved trees which appears regularly in all sample takes 53.3 percent in all types. And next is mixed stand of evergreen–defoliation broadleaf forest (26.7%), and defoliation-broadleaf forest (13.3%), evergreen broad-leaved forest (4.5%), deciduous conifer forest (2.2%). The types of plant communities are richness, and the type of mixed stand of plant communities is distinct.
(3)In the urban road greenbelt of Nanjing, the structure of plant communities is multiple structures combined with arbor, bush and grass on the whole. And the ratio of spices of arbor to shrub is 2:1, the ratio of their number is 1:3.8.And in arbor trees, the ratio of spices of evergreen to defoliation is 1:1.3. The ratio of number of evergreen to defoliation is 1:0.65. The structure of plant communities on urban road greenbelt are richness.
(4)From the ornamental plant survey, the plants which are domestic of shape and flower take obvious advantage to as much as 71.9 percent, colorful-leavf plants in all sample takes 17.7 percent. The plants which are viewed as fruits take 10.4 percent. Application of the plants that has ornamental flowers has more abundant than the colorful-leavf plants, so the Colorful plant species can be suitably increased the types and quantities in order to meet the urban road greenbelt to be more colorful, and receive the better effect of landscape.
(5)In the invitation inquisitional sample, The highest frequency of emergence is 42 percent that belongs to Platatnus orientalis and Cinnamomum camphora in arbor. In shrub, the application of several species is used frequently, such as Pittosporum tobira(64%), Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum (58%), Ligustrum quihoui(49%), that had a negative impact for the creation of city road and landscape features of plant diversity.
(6)The average of species abundance degree in sample communities is 4.800, the average of Margalef index is 0.997, the average of Simpson index is 0.712,the average of Shannon-Wienner index is 1.348, and the average of Berger-Parker index which reflect ecological predominance degree of preponderant species is 0.356. The diversity of diversity index is notable in sample communities for the difference of area, function and the construction time in urban road greenbelt’s plant communities. But the plant communities in the sample which were built before 1990s and after1990s have no obvious difference in diversity index.
(7)The result of the 15 comprehensive appraisals of the plant communities on Nanjing’s road greenbelt showed the GradeⅠtakes 33 percent, GradeⅡtakes 47 percent GradeⅢtakes 20 percent. It also showed that there is much need to be improved. From the analysis of comprehensive appraisals GradeⅠof the plant communities on Nanjing’s road greenbelt, in arbor trees, the ratio of spices of evergreen to defoliation is 1:1-1:2, the ratio of their number is 1:2-1:2.5. Further more, the arbor and shrubs of species abundance degree in sample communities is 7.000 and 6.400, the average of Gleason index is 1.268 and 0.968, the average of Margalef index is 1.668 and 0.720, est.
(8)The ways of optimizing the plant community structure of urban road greenbelts: to increase the present plant spices, to strengthen the application of zone indigenous plants, to step up diversity of ornamental plants; to consult the plant communities’structure which is GradeⅠof comprehensive appraisals on Nanjing urban road greenbelt, we can adjust the ratio of evergreen to defoliation, arbor to shrub; to emphasize biodiversity conservation of urban road greenbelts; to design the plant communities in light of the local conditions.
引文
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