典型湖区水环境承载力与调控方案研究
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摘要
水环境承载力是可持续发展的内涵之一,优化社会经济的可持续发展和合理调控水环境承载能力是解决水环境污染问题的根本途径。准确评价洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载力,并有针对性地制定污染防治规划,对指导区域社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义。本文在梳理国内外水环境承载力相关概念、应用实例的基础上,针对研究对象—洪泽湖西部湖滨区域,提出水环境承载力的定义：在某一时空尺度内,水环境满足自身生态功能的完整性和可持续承载某区域社会经济可持续发展的前提下,水环境所能承受的最大压力。
本文以洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境为研究典型,通过综合分析历史监测数据对洪泽湖西部湖滨水质污染现状及富营养化特征及变化趋势进行合理评价；依据生态环境和社会经济发展紧密关联的原则,针对洪泽湖西部湖滨区域生态环境特点,以人口、经济、资源与环境复合系统为对象,针对洪泽湖西部湖滨存在的主要环境问题,并将水环境容量、生态需水量等纳入评价指标体系,构建水环境承载力评价指标体系；建立洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载力研究的系统动力学模型和基于因子分析确定权重的水环境承载力评价模型,解析洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载力状况、存在的问题及其主要制约要素；设定不同的社会经济发展情景,进行了水环境承载力预测,评估洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载力动态变化过程,探讨了区域水环境和经济协调发展途径；以此为依据,有针对性地提出水环境综合整治策略,特别是改善水环境承载状况的管理对策和建议,为实现区域社会经济与水环境的良性发展和水环境保护提供技术依据。
本文主要研究结果及结论为：
1.采用单因子评价法和综合指数评价法分别对洪泽湖人湖河流与西部湖滨水质历史监测数据进行评价。结果表明：洪泽湖西部湖滨水体处于中富营养化状态,富营养化程度逐年升高,水体污染程度为重污染,总体水质呈逐年下降趋势,逐渐由Ⅳ类水质逐渐转变为V类,78%的采样点不满足Ⅳ类水质管理目标。高浓度的氮、磷和较适合的氮磷比具备了藻类生长的物质条件,由于湖水始终处于“泥沙型浊水状态”和“藻型浊水状态”的互变之中,不利于藻类生长,导致叶绿素a的浓度未达到富营养化水平。
2.考虑到区域降水情况和环保管理的要求,应以平水年作为洪泽湖湖西部湖滨水环境容量的控制要求。为此,依据水质达标要求和现有水质状况,采用OECD模型计算洪泽湖西部湖滨TN、TP的水环境容量及剩余水环境容量；基于入湖库口中的排污混合带大小为约束条件,通过入湖排污口污染物最大入湖量确定洪泽湖西部湖滨COD和氨氮的水环境容量量化模型,估算了COD、氨氮的水环境容量及剩余水环境容量。并通过污染负荷的测算,分析了洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境容量的区域总量控制目标。研究表明,区域平水年COD和氨氮的允许水环境容量分别为189169.3t和9458.47t,TP和TN允许水环境容量分别为19421.27t和971.06t。鉴于洪泽湖淮河流域城市处于经济快速发展阶段,入湖污染物COD、TN和TP削减率需要分别达到100%、101.88%和98.15%才能满足现有水环境容量的要求。
3.应用系统动力学原理,针对作为资源-环境-社会经济动态的、复合系统的研究区域,综合考虑水环境的环境属性、生态功能属性和水资源属性以及社会经济活动与生态环境之间的动态联系,从人口、经济、环境污染、资源利用、环境容量、生态环境和社会资源配置能力等方面,结合洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境的主要问题,将水环境容量、水环境质量和生态需水量纳入评价指标体系,构建了反映区域水环境承载能力的压力(人口、社会经济、环境污染和资源利用)、支持力(水资源与水环境容量和社会资源配置能力)两大类评价指标、含24个指标的评价指标体系,应用能够反应单项指标及其时空变化规律的因子分析法确定指标的权重,并在此基础上建立了洪泽湖西部湖滨水资源-生态环境-社会经济复合系统的水环境承载力评价模型,以期能较为全面的、准确的反映和评价洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载状态。
4.依据水环境承载力评价模型,对洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载力进行了综合评价。结果表明,近年来,洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载现状为“超载”。2004-2009年间,系统压力逐年降低,其中人口压力缓慢上升,环境污染与资源利用压力和社会经济压力逐年减小,压力指数由2004年的0.589降低到2009年的0.387,其中环境污染和资源利用压力是其主导压力,是造成系统压力过大的主要原因。系统支持力发展缓慢并有进一步削弱的趋势,其中水资源量日益减小、水质污染严重、无水环境容量是导致支持力低下的主要原因。压力过大、水资源和生态环境支持力及社会资源配置力低下是导致洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载力超载的主要原因。功能区达标率、水体富营养化状态和水资源供需比是洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载力主要的限制性因素。
5.根据影响区域社会发展目标及制约洪泽湖西部湖滨承载力的压力与支持力的主要指标,设置了现状发展模式和改进发展模式两种情景,以评估预测分析水环境承载力的动态变化。预测结果表明,未来10年内洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载状况会有所好转,改进模式进一步减轻了系统压力,提高了系统支持力,水环境承载力由“十二五”的“超载”逐渐转变为“十三五”的“可载”,改善效果显著,而现状发展模式充分考虑未来10年内区域社会经济高速发展,虽然洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载力也有所下降,但始终处于“超载”状态。为此,区域在社会经济发展过程中,应重视水环境承载状况的改善,可通过调整产业结构、实施总量控制、提高第三产业比重、增加环保投资、降低COD排放强度／万元GDP、减小废水排放量、节约用水等综合措施提高洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载力。
6.近年来,区域社会经济发展过程中,经济发展与水环境协调度呈逐年好转趋势,但由于区域处于工业化快速发展阶段,污染物的排放量随经济总量的增加仍将持续增长、人口数量增加、环保基础设施建设相对滞后等导致洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境发展水平处于相对滞后状态,经济发展与水环境处于不协调状态。重视经济发展而忽视环境保护,将会导致洪泽湖西部湖滨的经济环境大系统失衡,区域经济与环境的协调发展的良性势头将难以实现。调控方案的仿真模拟表明,只有兼顾社会经济发展和环境保护的需求,才可以保证社会经济和水环境的可持续发展。科学制定洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境管理控制目标、减轻系统压力、提升系统支持力是改善洪泽湖西部湖滨的主要途径。
鉴于水环境系统的复杂性,水环境承载力以及总量控制的研究是一项长期而艰巨的课题。本文虽然取得了一定的成果,但由于作者水平局限,有些问题的认知、分析、研究不够完善,有待进一步深入探讨。
The water environment carrying capacity was one of the connotation of sustainable development.It was the fundamental way to solve the problem of water environment that the economic development is optimized,water environmental carrying capacity was reasonably regulated.It is important meaning to evaluate the water environment carrying capacity of the important regions and establish the pointed plans for the water pollution control that guide the regional sustainable development of social-economy. Based on he concept and application examples of water environment carrying capacity in Home and abroad,the water environmental carrying capacity was defined for the westside of Hongze lake.its definition.The bear pressure of the water environmental carrying capacity was maximum.that was dependent on the carrying the sustainable social and economic development of the region continuously, and satisfying integrality of ecological function of oneself.
Taking the water environment in the westside of Hongze lake as a typical case, the relationship between the pollution characteristics and eutrophication and water quality factors was studied through monitoring data of the comprehensive analysis in the westside of Hongze lake. The important problem of water environment was screened. In view of the ecological environment characteristics in the west lakeside of Hongze lake, and taking population, economy, resources and environment composite system as the study object,the evaluation index system of water environmental carrying capacity was constructed. System dynamics model of water environment carrying capacity and the evaluation model bases on the weight of the factor analysis were established in order to evaluate the state of water environment carrying capacity and analyze the existing problems and main control factors in the westide of Hongze lake. According to the pointed scenarios of social and economic development,the water environment carrying capacity was predicted,the dynamic changes was evaluated,and the way of coordinated development between the water environment and social economy was investigated.The management strategies and suggests were put forward to improve the water environment which can provide the scientific proof for realizing the benign development between the regional society-economical development and water protection.
The main contents and research results are as follows:
1. Simple factor assessment and comprehensive index were used to assess the current status of water environment. The results showed that, The water quality was be the level of medium-eutrophication and worse in the westside of Hongze lake.The trend of water quality decreased from Ⅳ to Ⅴ,and was be the worse level of heavy pollution for the past few years.78percent of sampling stations were not satisfied with the demand of the water functional zones for2015. High concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and more suitable ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus was the material conditions of Algae growth.But the automerism of the sediment state and the algae state is unfavourable for the growth of algae that resulted in the concentration of chlorophyll-a did not reached the eutrophication level.
2.The water environmental capacity of TN and TP were computed by the OECD model in the westside of Hongze lake. The water environmental capacity of COD and TP ammonia nitrogen were estimated by the lake largest amount of pollutant of the sewage outfall in the flow river. Based on the water quality requirements and the aim of water quality, The water environmental capacity of COD and ammonia nitrogen were calculated in the westside of Hongze lake.The control target of the total pollutants amount based on water environmental capacity and information entropy was explored. The value of water environmental capacity of COD and ammonia nitrogen were189169.3ton and9458.47ton Respectively,the value of TN and TP were19421.27ton and971.06ton in the normal flow year.The reduced rate of the COD,TN and TP emission loads need to reach100%,101.88%and98.15%in order to meet the requirements of water environment capacity.
3. On the basis of the principle of system dynamics, according to compound system including resources, environment, economy in the study area,the evaluation index system was built on pressure(Population, social economy, environment pollution and resource utilization) and support force(Water resources,water environment capacity and social resources allocation) that were based on population, socioeconomic, environmental pollution, resource utilization, environmental capacity,allocating social funds. The valuation model of water environment carrying capacity was built based on the index weights were determined by the factor analysis that could reflect the single index and their t rules of the temporal and spatial variation.
4. Water environment carrying capacity of the westside of Hongze lake was comprehensively evaluated based on the valuation model. The results showed that, in recent years,the current status of WCC was "overload".The great pressure of social and economic development and the slow development speed of support capacity including water-resource,ecology system and the allocation of social resources were the major cause of the overload of water environment carrying capacity in the west side of Hongze lake.The principal limiting factors of water environment carrying capacity were the compliance rate of functional area, eutrophication state and the rate of water resources and demand in westside of Hongze lake.The water environment carrying capacity was difficult to improve effectively in the short term because the development of regional economy was still in a stage of rapid development.
5. According to the regional social development goals and the pressure and the influence force index that constrained carrying capacity of the west lakeside of Hongze Lake, the two scenarios of the present situation and development situation were set up. Scenarios analysis showed that the water environment carrying capacity was going to be all right in the westside of Hongze lake during recent ten years. Scenario I represents ecosystem changes under the present module,whereas scenario Ⅱ reflects ecosystem changes under improved development.The results show that, the carrying status will significantly be improved under two scenarios compared with the period of2004to2009in the next10years.Under scenario Ⅱ,the carrying status of water environment in the westside of Hongze lake will be improved gradually,which turn into over-loaded from loaded.Under scenario Ⅰ,the carrying status will be over-loading all along. T he scenarios analysis indicated that all of the following measurement, such as adjustment of industrial structure, pollutant total amount control, Increase the proportion of the tertiary industry, increasing investment environmental protection to reduce the amount of COD and wastewater discharge Per unit GDP,saving water, could improve the water environment carrying capacity of the westside of Hongze lake.
6. In recent years, economy development speed were faster than that of the water environment deteriorates,the relationship between water environment and economy is disharmonious.Attention greatly attached to economic development than environmental protection will lead to the unbalance relationship between economy and environment,and The coordinated development of economy and environment is hard to achieve.Regulation scheme of simulation results show, a win-win road for economic development and environmental protection is the fundamental guarantee that chieve the goal of the coordinated development between economy and environment.The scientific management target, reducing the pressure,increasing the support force were the main ways to improve WECC of the westside of Hongze lake.
In view of the complexity of the water environmental system,the study of water environmental capacity and total polltant control was a long-term and very hard work. This paper had made some achievements,because of the limited knowledge of author,some problems of cognition,analysis,research is not perfect,and need further study.
本文以洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境为研究典型,通过综合分析历史监测数据对洪泽湖西部湖滨水质污染现状及富营养化特征及变化趋势进行合理评价；依据生态环境和社会经济发展紧密关联的原则,针对洪泽湖西部湖滨区域生态环境特点,以人口、经济、资源与环境复合系统为对象,针对洪泽湖西部湖滨存在的主要环境问题,并将水环境容量、生态需水量等纳入评价指标体系,构建水环境承载力评价指标体系；建立洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载力研究的系统动力学模型和基于因子分析确定权重的水环境承载力评价模型,解析洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载力状况、存在的问题及其主要制约要素；设定不同的社会经济发展情景,进行了水环境承载力预测,评估洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载力动态变化过程,探讨了区域水环境和经济协调发展途径；以此为依据,有针对性地提出水环境综合整治策略,特别是改善水环境承载状况的管理对策和建议,为实现区域社会经济与水环境的良性发展和水环境保护提供技术依据。
本文主要研究结果及结论为：
1.采用单因子评价法和综合指数评价法分别对洪泽湖人湖河流与西部湖滨水质历史监测数据进行评价。结果表明：洪泽湖西部湖滨水体处于中富营养化状态,富营养化程度逐年升高,水体污染程度为重污染,总体水质呈逐年下降趋势,逐渐由Ⅳ类水质逐渐转变为V类,78%的采样点不满足Ⅳ类水质管理目标。高浓度的氮、磷和较适合的氮磷比具备了藻类生长的物质条件,由于湖水始终处于“泥沙型浊水状态”和“藻型浊水状态”的互变之中,不利于藻类生长,导致叶绿素a的浓度未达到富营养化水平。
2.考虑到区域降水情况和环保管理的要求,应以平水年作为洪泽湖湖西部湖滨水环境容量的控制要求。为此,依据水质达标要求和现有水质状况,采用OECD模型计算洪泽湖西部湖滨TN、TP的水环境容量及剩余水环境容量；基于入湖库口中的排污混合带大小为约束条件,通过入湖排污口污染物最大入湖量确定洪泽湖西部湖滨COD和氨氮的水环境容量量化模型,估算了COD、氨氮的水环境容量及剩余水环境容量。并通过污染负荷的测算,分析了洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境容量的区域总量控制目标。研究表明,区域平水年COD和氨氮的允许水环境容量分别为189169.3t和9458.47t,TP和TN允许水环境容量分别为19421.27t和971.06t。鉴于洪泽湖淮河流域城市处于经济快速发展阶段,入湖污染物COD、TN和TP削减率需要分别达到100%、101.88%和98.15%才能满足现有水环境容量的要求。
3.应用系统动力学原理,针对作为资源-环境-社会经济动态的、复合系统的研究区域,综合考虑水环境的环境属性、生态功能属性和水资源属性以及社会经济活动与生态环境之间的动态联系,从人口、经济、环境污染、资源利用、环境容量、生态环境和社会资源配置能力等方面,结合洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境的主要问题,将水环境容量、水环境质量和生态需水量纳入评价指标体系,构建了反映区域水环境承载能力的压力(人口、社会经济、环境污染和资源利用)、支持力(水资源与水环境容量和社会资源配置能力)两大类评价指标、含24个指标的评价指标体系,应用能够反应单项指标及其时空变化规律的因子分析法确定指标的权重,并在此基础上建立了洪泽湖西部湖滨水资源-生态环境-社会经济复合系统的水环境承载力评价模型,以期能较为全面的、准确的反映和评价洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载状态。
4.依据水环境承载力评价模型,对洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载力进行了综合评价。结果表明,近年来,洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载现状为“超载”。2004-2009年间,系统压力逐年降低,其中人口压力缓慢上升,环境污染与资源利用压力和社会经济压力逐年减小,压力指数由2004年的0.589降低到2009年的0.387,其中环境污染和资源利用压力是其主导压力,是造成系统压力过大的主要原因。系统支持力发展缓慢并有进一步削弱的趋势,其中水资源量日益减小、水质污染严重、无水环境容量是导致支持力低下的主要原因。压力过大、水资源和生态环境支持力及社会资源配置力低下是导致洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载力超载的主要原因。功能区达标率、水体富营养化状态和水资源供需比是洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载力主要的限制性因素。
5.根据影响区域社会发展目标及制约洪泽湖西部湖滨承载力的压力与支持力的主要指标,设置了现状发展模式和改进发展模式两种情景,以评估预测分析水环境承载力的动态变化。预测结果表明,未来10年内洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载状况会有所好转,改进模式进一步减轻了系统压力,提高了系统支持力,水环境承载力由“十二五”的“超载”逐渐转变为“十三五”的“可载”,改善效果显著,而现状发展模式充分考虑未来10年内区域社会经济高速发展,虽然洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载力也有所下降,但始终处于“超载”状态。为此,区域在社会经济发展过程中,应重视水环境承载状况的改善,可通过调整产业结构、实施总量控制、提高第三产业比重、增加环保投资、降低COD排放强度／万元GDP、减小废水排放量、节约用水等综合措施提高洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境承载力。
6.近年来,区域社会经济发展过程中,经济发展与水环境协调度呈逐年好转趋势,但由于区域处于工业化快速发展阶段,污染物的排放量随经济总量的增加仍将持续增长、人口数量增加、环保基础设施建设相对滞后等导致洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境发展水平处于相对滞后状态,经济发展与水环境处于不协调状态。重视经济发展而忽视环境保护,将会导致洪泽湖西部湖滨的经济环境大系统失衡,区域经济与环境的协调发展的良性势头将难以实现。调控方案的仿真模拟表明,只有兼顾社会经济发展和环境保护的需求,才可以保证社会经济和水环境的可持续发展。科学制定洪泽湖西部湖滨水环境管理控制目标、减轻系统压力、提升系统支持力是改善洪泽湖西部湖滨的主要途径。
鉴于水环境系统的复杂性,水环境承载力以及总量控制的研究是一项长期而艰巨的课题。本文虽然取得了一定的成果,但由于作者水平局限,有些问题的认知、分析、研究不够完善,有待进一步深入探讨。
The water environment carrying capacity was one of the connotation of sustainable development.It was the fundamental way to solve the problem of water environment that the economic development is optimized,water environmental carrying capacity was reasonably regulated.It is important meaning to evaluate the water environment carrying capacity of the important regions and establish the pointed plans for the water pollution control that guide the regional sustainable development of social-economy. Based on he concept and application examples of water environment carrying capacity in Home and abroad,the water environmental carrying capacity was defined for the westside of Hongze lake.its definition.The bear pressure of the water environmental carrying capacity was maximum.that was dependent on the carrying the sustainable social and economic development of the region continuously, and satisfying integrality of ecological function of oneself.
Taking the water environment in the westside of Hongze lake as a typical case, the relationship between the pollution characteristics and eutrophication and water quality factors was studied through monitoring data of the comprehensive analysis in the westside of Hongze lake. The important problem of water environment was screened. In view of the ecological environment characteristics in the west lakeside of Hongze lake, and taking population, economy, resources and environment composite system as the study object,the evaluation index system of water environmental carrying capacity was constructed. System dynamics model of water environment carrying capacity and the evaluation model bases on the weight of the factor analysis were established in order to evaluate the state of water environment carrying capacity and analyze the existing problems and main control factors in the westide of Hongze lake. According to the pointed scenarios of social and economic development,the water environment carrying capacity was predicted,the dynamic changes was evaluated,and the way of coordinated development between the water environment and social economy was investigated.The management strategies and suggests were put forward to improve the water environment which can provide the scientific proof for realizing the benign development between the regional society-economical development and water protection.
The main contents and research results are as follows:
1. Simple factor assessment and comprehensive index were used to assess the current status of water environment. The results showed that, The water quality was be the level of medium-eutrophication and worse in the westside of Hongze lake.The trend of water quality decreased from Ⅳ to Ⅴ,and was be the worse level of heavy pollution for the past few years.78percent of sampling stations were not satisfied with the demand of the water functional zones for2015. High concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and more suitable ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus was the material conditions of Algae growth.But the automerism of the sediment state and the algae state is unfavourable for the growth of algae that resulted in the concentration of chlorophyll-a did not reached the eutrophication level.
2.The water environmental capacity of TN and TP were computed by the OECD model in the westside of Hongze lake. The water environmental capacity of COD and TP ammonia nitrogen were estimated by the lake largest amount of pollutant of the sewage outfall in the flow river. Based on the water quality requirements and the aim of water quality, The water environmental capacity of COD and ammonia nitrogen were calculated in the westside of Hongze lake.The control target of the total pollutants amount based on water environmental capacity and information entropy was explored. The value of water environmental capacity of COD and ammonia nitrogen were189169.3ton and9458.47ton Respectively,the value of TN and TP were19421.27ton and971.06ton in the normal flow year.The reduced rate of the COD,TN and TP emission loads need to reach100%,101.88%and98.15%in order to meet the requirements of water environment capacity.
3. On the basis of the principle of system dynamics, according to compound system including resources, environment, economy in the study area,the evaluation index system was built on pressure(Population, social economy, environment pollution and resource utilization) and support force(Water resources,water environment capacity and social resources allocation) that were based on population, socioeconomic, environmental pollution, resource utilization, environmental capacity,allocating social funds. The valuation model of water environment carrying capacity was built based on the index weights were determined by the factor analysis that could reflect the single index and their t rules of the temporal and spatial variation.
4. Water environment carrying capacity of the westside of Hongze lake was comprehensively evaluated based on the valuation model. The results showed that, in recent years,the current status of WCC was "overload".The great pressure of social and economic development and the slow development speed of support capacity including water-resource,ecology system and the allocation of social resources were the major cause of the overload of water environment carrying capacity in the west side of Hongze lake.The principal limiting factors of water environment carrying capacity were the compliance rate of functional area, eutrophication state and the rate of water resources and demand in westside of Hongze lake.The water environment carrying capacity was difficult to improve effectively in the short term because the development of regional economy was still in a stage of rapid development.
5. According to the regional social development goals and the pressure and the influence force index that constrained carrying capacity of the west lakeside of Hongze Lake, the two scenarios of the present situation and development situation were set up. Scenarios analysis showed that the water environment carrying capacity was going to be all right in the westside of Hongze lake during recent ten years. Scenario I represents ecosystem changes under the present module,whereas scenario Ⅱ reflects ecosystem changes under improved development.The results show that, the carrying status will significantly be improved under two scenarios compared with the period of2004to2009in the next10years.Under scenario Ⅱ,the carrying status of water environment in the westside of Hongze lake will be improved gradually,which turn into over-loaded from loaded.Under scenario Ⅰ,the carrying status will be over-loading all along. T he scenarios analysis indicated that all of the following measurement, such as adjustment of industrial structure, pollutant total amount control, Increase the proportion of the tertiary industry, increasing investment environmental protection to reduce the amount of COD and wastewater discharge Per unit GDP,saving water, could improve the water environment carrying capacity of the westside of Hongze lake.
6. In recent years, economy development speed were faster than that of the water environment deteriorates,the relationship between water environment and economy is disharmonious.Attention greatly attached to economic development than environmental protection will lead to the unbalance relationship between economy and environment,and The coordinated development of economy and environment is hard to achieve.Regulation scheme of simulation results show, a win-win road for economic development and environmental protection is the fundamental guarantee that chieve the goal of the coordinated development between economy and environment.The scientific management target, reducing the pressure,increasing the support force were the main ways to improve WECC of the westside of Hongze lake.
In view of the complexity of the water environmental system,the study of water environmental capacity and total polltant control was a long-term and very hard work. This paper had made some achievements,because of the limited knowledge of author,some problems of cognition,analysis,research is not perfect,and need further study.
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