无线MIMO-OFDM系统的传输技术及性能研究
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摘要
随着现代无线移动通信的高速发展,为了满足高速和可靠的通信需求,在有限频谱资源的限制下,寻求新的通信技术来进一步提高无线通信系统的传输速率和连接可靠性已经显得日益紧迫。而近些年出现的MIMO技术和OFDM技术正好满足了无线通信界的这一需求,特别是这两种技术有机结合所产生的MIMO-OFDM技术,更能满足未来无线通信中的多应用服务、高速可靠的通信需求,因而也成为下一代(4G)无线移动通信的热点研究领域。
无线MIMO-OFDM系统的传输技术及传输性能还有很多问题尚待解决,基于上述考虑,本文对无线MIMO-OFDM系统下的空时分集编码、信号检测及自适应传输等方面进行研究,具体研究内容及成果如下所述:
1.传统的MIMO及MIMO-OFDM信道模型经历准静态(传输符号在一帧的间隔内所经历的信道衰落不变)独立瑞利衰落的这一假设过于理想,考虑到实际传输环境中收发端天线阵列的阵元间隔不够充分、移动终端快速移动以及收发端之间的散射体不够丰富等,无线信道将包含空时相关性、快衰落以及莱斯衰落等各种具体信道特性,采用矩阵和向量的表现形式,我们分别为MIMO和MIMO-OFDM系统建立起一个全面考虑以上各种信道衰落特性的综合信道模型,并分析了综合信道模型的协方差矩阵同空间、时间相关性矩阵的关系,为后面空时相关快衰落对MIMO及MIMO-OFDM系统的性能分析打下基础。
2.基于前面所建立的综合考虑各种信道特性的MIMO及MIMO-OFDM信道模型,我们分别推导出空时相关瑞利和莱斯快衰落下空时分集编码的成对误差概率(PEP),并深入研究采用空时分集编码的两种系统在莱斯衰落、空时相关下的性能,给出空时相关瑞利和莱斯快衰落下码设计的距离准则和内积准则,并定量的给出了系统可以获得的最大分集增益、编码增益以及编码增益在相关快衰落下的变化。考虑到在无法或者难以得到信道状态信息情况下差分酉空时调制的有效传输特性,我们推导出莱斯快衰落下差分酉空时调制存在着SNR极限和误差极限。借助于高斯-马尔可夫模型和SNR极限,推导出差分酉空时调制下系统的成对误差概率的近似结果,并通过仿真证明该结果的正确性。
3.从系统误比特率最低角度出发,考虑到实际传输环境中存在着空间相关性和直射分量等,给出了相关莱斯衰落下V-BLAST最大似然检测及其神经网络实现。考虑到传统的V-BLAST框架检测判决方法ZF-DFE存在着误差传播和性能受限于检测顺序的特点,我们提出有着最低误比特率的逐符号最大似然(SSML)检测判决,并给出其BPSK调制下的检测判决表达式。考虑到实际传输环境中存在着散射体不丰富和天线阵列的阵元间距不足等问题,我们通过仿真研究了相关莱斯衰落下采用不同检测判决方法的V-BLAST系统性能,发现确实如同我们理论分析那样,采用SSML检测判决的系统性能要好于采用传统ZF-DFE检测判决的系统性能,尤其在空间相关莱斯衰落情况下,SSML检测判决的优越性更是得到进一步的验证。同时,考虑到SSML检测判决的计算复杂度较高以及径向基(Radius Basic Function,RBF)神经网络在判决以及计算方面的优势,我们给出了基于RBF神经网络的SSML检测判决及其计算复杂度的评估。
4.考虑到贪婪(greedy)算法在比特分配方面的最优性以及OFDM技术中不同子载波可以自适应的调整比特、功率和速率等方面的优势,我们给出了基于贪婪算法的MIMO-OFDM系统自适应比特和功率分配策略,并定性和定量的分析了系统的频谱效率以及不同系统参数对系统性能的影响,通过仿真研究发现无论在误比特率还是在频谱效率上贪婪算法都要优于传统chow算法,更是远优于比特和功率平均分配的average算法;相同算法下,多自适应度下的系统性能要优于少自适应度下的系统性能。考虑到MIMO技术中空间复用增益和分集编码增益间的权衡,将其纳入自适应调制的范围内,并通过仿真研究发现综合考虑了空间复用和分集编码间权衡的系统性能确实要优于不考虑两者间权衡的系统性能。
For the demand of reliable and high speed communication, it is urgent to find some new communication technologies to further improve transmission rate and link reliability in the limitation of limited spectrum resource. In recent years, MIMO and OFDM technology emerge, which just can satisfy with the demand of wireless communication. Especially, the combination of these two technologies, that is MIMO-OFDM, can further satisfy the demand of multi-application server and high speed reliable communication, which is also to be the focus research field in the future wireless mobile communication.
There are many problems to be resolved in transmission technology and transmission performance of wireless MIMO-OFDM system. Space-time diversity, signal detection and adaptive transmission of wireless MIMO-OFDM system are discussed in this dissertation based on the above consideration. The main achievements are listed as follows:
1. The assumption that traditional MIMO and MIMO-OFDM channels suffer from quasi-static independent Rayleigh fading is ideal. In fact, considering not enough distance among transceiver antenna arrays, fast movement of mobile terminal and not enough rich scatters between transceivers, wireless channels include all kind of channel properties such as space-time correlation, fast fading, Rician fading, etc. Therefore, the integrated channel models considering all kinds of channel fading properties for MIMO and MIMO-OFDM system are represented using matrix and vector. The relationship among the covariance matrix of integrated channel model, spatial correlation matrix and temporal matrix is analyzed, which is the base for the later performance analyses of MIMO and MIMO-OFDM system over spatial-temporal correlated fast fading.
2. Based on the above channel models of MIMO and MIMO-OFDM considering all kinds of channel properties, the pairwise error probabilities of space-time diversity coding are obtained under spatial-temporal correlated Rayleigh and Rician fast fading. The performance of MIMO and MIMO-OFDM system using space-time diversity coding under spatial-temporal correlation and Rician fading is discussed. The distance criterion and inner product criterion of code design under spatial-temporal correlated Rayleigh and Rician fast fading are suggested. The maximum diversity advantage, coding advantage and the change of coding advantage under correlated fast fading of system are quantitatively discussed. The SNR limitation and error limitation of differential unitary space-time modulation under Ricain fast fading are derived. Based on Gauss-Innovations model and SNR limit, we obtain the pairwise error probability of system adopting differential unitary space-time modulation which is validated through our simulation results.
3. Considering there is spatial correlation and specular transmission in real transmission environment, the maximum likelihood detection of V-BLAST and its neural network realization under correlated Rician fading are proposed. Because there are some limitations such as error transmission and performance limited by detection order of ZF-DFE, which is the traditional detection technology of V-BLAST, symbol to symbol maximum likelihood (SSML) detection decision with minimum BER and its detection decision expression using BPSK modulation are presented. Based on the consideration that there are not enough scatters in transmission environment and not enough distance among elements of antenna arrays, the performance of V-BLAST system adopting different detection decision technologies under correlated Rician fading is discussed through simulation results. It is shown that the performance of system using SSML detection is superior to that of system using traditional ZF-DFE detection, which validates our above theory analyses. Especially, the superiority of SSML detection is further validated under spatial correlated Rician fading. Based on the computation complexity of SSML detection and the computation superiority of radius basic function (RBF) neural network, we use RBF neural network to realize SSML detection and give the evaluation of its computation complexity.
4. Considering the superiority of OFDM technology in adaptive modulation for different subcarriers and greedy algorithm in bit loading, the adaptive bit and power allocation strategy of MIMO-OFDM system based on greedy algorithm is proposed. The spectrum efficiency of system and the effect of different parameters over system performance are discussed. Through our simulation results, it is shown that the greedy algorithm is superior to chow algorithm from the viewpoint of spectrum efficiency and BER, which is far superior to average algorithm. And it is shown that the performance with more adaptive degrees is better than that with less adaptive degrees. From the view of tradeoff between spatial multiplexing and space-time coding, we combine it with adaptive modulation and show that the adaptive MIMO-OFDM system performance considering the tradeoff is better than that without considering it through our simulation results.
无线MIMO-OFDM系统的传输技术及传输性能还有很多问题尚待解决,基于上述考虑,本文对无线MIMO-OFDM系统下的空时分集编码、信号检测及自适应传输等方面进行研究,具体研究内容及成果如下所述:
1.传统的MIMO及MIMO-OFDM信道模型经历准静态(传输符号在一帧的间隔内所经历的信道衰落不变)独立瑞利衰落的这一假设过于理想,考虑到实际传输环境中收发端天线阵列的阵元间隔不够充分、移动终端快速移动以及收发端之间的散射体不够丰富等,无线信道将包含空时相关性、快衰落以及莱斯衰落等各种具体信道特性,采用矩阵和向量的表现形式,我们分别为MIMO和MIMO-OFDM系统建立起一个全面考虑以上各种信道衰落特性的综合信道模型,并分析了综合信道模型的协方差矩阵同空间、时间相关性矩阵的关系,为后面空时相关快衰落对MIMO及MIMO-OFDM系统的性能分析打下基础。
2.基于前面所建立的综合考虑各种信道特性的MIMO及MIMO-OFDM信道模型,我们分别推导出空时相关瑞利和莱斯快衰落下空时分集编码的成对误差概率(PEP),并深入研究采用空时分集编码的两种系统在莱斯衰落、空时相关下的性能,给出空时相关瑞利和莱斯快衰落下码设计的距离准则和内积准则,并定量的给出了系统可以获得的最大分集增益、编码增益以及编码增益在相关快衰落下的变化。考虑到在无法或者难以得到信道状态信息情况下差分酉空时调制的有效传输特性,我们推导出莱斯快衰落下差分酉空时调制存在着SNR极限和误差极限。借助于高斯-马尔可夫模型和SNR极限,推导出差分酉空时调制下系统的成对误差概率的近似结果,并通过仿真证明该结果的正确性。
3.从系统误比特率最低角度出发,考虑到实际传输环境中存在着空间相关性和直射分量等,给出了相关莱斯衰落下V-BLAST最大似然检测及其神经网络实现。考虑到传统的V-BLAST框架检测判决方法ZF-DFE存在着误差传播和性能受限于检测顺序的特点,我们提出有着最低误比特率的逐符号最大似然(SSML)检测判决,并给出其BPSK调制下的检测判决表达式。考虑到实际传输环境中存在着散射体不丰富和天线阵列的阵元间距不足等问题,我们通过仿真研究了相关莱斯衰落下采用不同检测判决方法的V-BLAST系统性能,发现确实如同我们理论分析那样,采用SSML检测判决的系统性能要好于采用传统ZF-DFE检测判决的系统性能,尤其在空间相关莱斯衰落情况下,SSML检测判决的优越性更是得到进一步的验证。同时,考虑到SSML检测判决的计算复杂度较高以及径向基(Radius Basic Function,RBF)神经网络在判决以及计算方面的优势,我们给出了基于RBF神经网络的SSML检测判决及其计算复杂度的评估。
4.考虑到贪婪(greedy)算法在比特分配方面的最优性以及OFDM技术中不同子载波可以自适应的调整比特、功率和速率等方面的优势,我们给出了基于贪婪算法的MIMO-OFDM系统自适应比特和功率分配策略,并定性和定量的分析了系统的频谱效率以及不同系统参数对系统性能的影响,通过仿真研究发现无论在误比特率还是在频谱效率上贪婪算法都要优于传统chow算法,更是远优于比特和功率平均分配的average算法;相同算法下,多自适应度下的系统性能要优于少自适应度下的系统性能。考虑到MIMO技术中空间复用增益和分集编码增益间的权衡,将其纳入自适应调制的范围内,并通过仿真研究发现综合考虑了空间复用和分集编码间权衡的系统性能确实要优于不考虑两者间权衡的系统性能。
For the demand of reliable and high speed communication, it is urgent to find some new communication technologies to further improve transmission rate and link reliability in the limitation of limited spectrum resource. In recent years, MIMO and OFDM technology emerge, which just can satisfy with the demand of wireless communication. Especially, the combination of these two technologies, that is MIMO-OFDM, can further satisfy the demand of multi-application server and high speed reliable communication, which is also to be the focus research field in the future wireless mobile communication.
There are many problems to be resolved in transmission technology and transmission performance of wireless MIMO-OFDM system. Space-time diversity, signal detection and adaptive transmission of wireless MIMO-OFDM system are discussed in this dissertation based on the above consideration. The main achievements are listed as follows:
1. The assumption that traditional MIMO and MIMO-OFDM channels suffer from quasi-static independent Rayleigh fading is ideal. In fact, considering not enough distance among transceiver antenna arrays, fast movement of mobile terminal and not enough rich scatters between transceivers, wireless channels include all kind of channel properties such as space-time correlation, fast fading, Rician fading, etc. Therefore, the integrated channel models considering all kinds of channel fading properties for MIMO and MIMO-OFDM system are represented using matrix and vector. The relationship among the covariance matrix of integrated channel model, spatial correlation matrix and temporal matrix is analyzed, which is the base for the later performance analyses of MIMO and MIMO-OFDM system over spatial-temporal correlated fast fading.
2. Based on the above channel models of MIMO and MIMO-OFDM considering all kinds of channel properties, the pairwise error probabilities of space-time diversity coding are obtained under spatial-temporal correlated Rayleigh and Rician fast fading. The performance of MIMO and MIMO-OFDM system using space-time diversity coding under spatial-temporal correlation and Rician fading is discussed. The distance criterion and inner product criterion of code design under spatial-temporal correlated Rayleigh and Rician fast fading are suggested. The maximum diversity advantage, coding advantage and the change of coding advantage under correlated fast fading of system are quantitatively discussed. The SNR limitation and error limitation of differential unitary space-time modulation under Ricain fast fading are derived. Based on Gauss-Innovations model and SNR limit, we obtain the pairwise error probability of system adopting differential unitary space-time modulation which is validated through our simulation results.
3. Considering there is spatial correlation and specular transmission in real transmission environment, the maximum likelihood detection of V-BLAST and its neural network realization under correlated Rician fading are proposed. Because there are some limitations such as error transmission and performance limited by detection order of ZF-DFE, which is the traditional detection technology of V-BLAST, symbol to symbol maximum likelihood (SSML) detection decision with minimum BER and its detection decision expression using BPSK modulation are presented. Based on the consideration that there are not enough scatters in transmission environment and not enough distance among elements of antenna arrays, the performance of V-BLAST system adopting different detection decision technologies under correlated Rician fading is discussed through simulation results. It is shown that the performance of system using SSML detection is superior to that of system using traditional ZF-DFE detection, which validates our above theory analyses. Especially, the superiority of SSML detection is further validated under spatial correlated Rician fading. Based on the computation complexity of SSML detection and the computation superiority of radius basic function (RBF) neural network, we use RBF neural network to realize SSML detection and give the evaluation of its computation complexity.
4. Considering the superiority of OFDM technology in adaptive modulation for different subcarriers and greedy algorithm in bit loading, the adaptive bit and power allocation strategy of MIMO-OFDM system based on greedy algorithm is proposed. The spectrum efficiency of system and the effect of different parameters over system performance are discussed. Through our simulation results, it is shown that the greedy algorithm is superior to chow algorithm from the viewpoint of spectrum efficiency and BER, which is far superior to average algorithm. And it is shown that the performance with more adaptive degrees is better than that with less adaptive degrees. From the view of tradeoff between spatial multiplexing and space-time coding, we combine it with adaptive modulation and show that the adaptive MIMO-OFDM system performance considering the tradeoff is better than that without considering it through our simulation results.
引文
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