产业集聚与区域竞争力的关系研究
|
摘要
产业集聚作为现代产业发展的重要特征与表现形式,通过发挥外部经济、规模经济,有效节约成本与深化劳动分工,极大地促进了企业间分工代替企业内分工,大幅提升了相关联企业的经济效应与市场竞争力。特别是,其通过对经济增长与产业结构的深刻影响,显著的反映在集聚区和区域综合实力的改善上。大量的研究表明,产业集聚的加速和深化,在有效促进经济增长和质量改善的同时,对区域经济实力和竞争力的影响也是巨大的。也正因如此,在中国高速增长的经济发展历程中,加速本地区产业集聚形成速度和提升集聚规模也成为各级地方政府工作的核心内容之一
但是在实践中,地方政府围绕促进产业集聚的深化和提升区域竞争力而制定和执行相关政策时却存在诸多问题。在经济发展过程中,不少地方政府仍认为支柱产业能够带动地方经济发展,对企业间、地区间的专业化分工关系的形成考虑不到位,对培育具有共同文化区域背景的企业相关认同感和协作关系重视不够。又或者简单的把行业规模扩大等同于产业集聚,把产业集聚理解为地理上的“扎堆”,把“集聚化”等同于“园区化”,把产业集聚等同于发展主导和优势产业等等。进而造成我国大部分产业集聚区和集聚体规模较小、高级要素积累薄弱,自主创新能力匮乏等等,无法发挥产业集聚体的外部经济性与规模优势,甚至区域竞争力乃至国际竞争力的提升受到了严重制约。
正是基于这样的考虑,本文首先从中国产业集聚形成和发展的历史过程出发,分析了我国产业集聚与区域竞争力的发展现状及存在问题,从定性的视角解释了当前产业集聚的加快无法直接反映在区域竞争力同步改善的深层次原因,集聚化发展模式与理念的偏差、理论与实践层面的割裂、对区域产业优势和禀赋的忽视,是致使集聚体内部企业“集而不群”、“地理集而效益弱”的根本原因。也因此对区域竞争力的提升帮助甚微。
其次,本文在多种相关理论的基础上,综合审视和分析了产业集聚与区域竞争力两者间的依存关系和相互作用机理。我们认为,产业集群在促进生产专业化水平和生产率提高的同时,确实能够促进区域内部之间的竞争与合作,提升区域产业的创新能力,其又决定和改善了区域的发展潜力,也促进了该区域在激烈市场中持续发展的能力。反过来,区域竞争力的改善又能够通过优势效应进一步加速产业集聚的深化,政府的政策引导则成为进一步加快区域集聚良性发展的助推器,加快资源要素在产业间的互动与转移,使集聚优势与区域优势较好的结合,形成良性促进和互动的关系。
再次,本文利用灰色关联度模型,从单一区域的关联性视角实证分析了地区产业集聚水平与区域竞争力的数量化关系,分析结果表明,至少在辽宁省这一区域样本中,行业集聚更多的表现为产出集聚和要素堆积,且行业集聚与区域竞争力间确实存在较高的关联程度,特别是集聚表现形式中的产出集聚与要素投入集聚,都将显著的反映在区域竞争力的变化上。
为了弥补静态关联度分析的不足和缺乏明确的因果路径,本文还利用面板计量模型以省际区域经济体为对象进行了区域竞争力的影响因素分析,我们分析了产业集聚、技术进步、外资流入和所有制变革因素对区域竞争力的影响,模型结果同样证实产业集聚对区域竞争力的积极作用,且相对于其他影响因素而言,以投资密度衡量的集聚水平提升,对竞争力改善的作用最为突出。不过需要说明的是,在本文的研究中发现FDI的持续流入并未表现出对区域竞争力改善的显著影响。
最后,在实证分析的基础上,本文提出了一系列的政策建议,如加强产业集聚区的规划建设,突出区域特色；提升区域科技创新能力；注意产业链的整合升级,避免集聚企业的恶性竞争；加强集聚区文化建设,改善集聚区生态环境,促进经济、生态、文化协调发展；促进集群内企业节约资源,改善集群本身的外生生产优势；加强集聚区的品牌建设,提升产业集聚竞争优势等一系列切实可行的建议。以期为发挥产业集聚优势、提升区域竞争力提供理论基础及政策建议,为产业集聚与区域竞争力的良性互动提供可行的战略决策。
The fact that industrial clusters develop successfully has proved that industrial agglomeration could promote regional economic growth effectively and improve the regional competitiveness, and on the other hand, the enhancement of regional competitiveness would further accelerate the agglomeration of related competitive industries in the region. The development of industrial clusters is able to speed up the industrial division between regions and within the region, and make them become more dependent with each other and more closely linked. The evolution of industrial agglomeration and the adjustment and expansion of enterprises in the clusters will derive many groups of edge industry, in order to form larger and more efficient industrial clusters along the industry chain or innovation chain. Therefore, to study industrial clusters theory in depth is helpful to improve our efficiency of division of labor between regions so that it can provide basis and new ideas for promoting coordinated regional development. However, the development of industrial clusters is affected by the complicated factors, such as economic, geographic, cultural social, political, historical and so forth, and these factors are related to knowledge and theory of different disciplines. Thus, the discussion of industrial clusters theory can not only get to know the basic of industrial agglomeration theory in depth, but also play a role in guiding the development of industrial clusters further. Similarly, regional competitiveness is also a complex system, involving economic and social factors as well as factors like historical and ecological environment. The discussion of regional competitiveness also needs to combine theories from different disciplines and analyze the natural roots of enhancing regional competitiveness.
Starting with the practical background, the paper analyzes the current situations and existing problems of the development of industrial agglomeration and regional competitiveness in our country, and points out that in the practice of the development of industrial agglomeration, there is a deviation in the industrial clusters development concepts of the local government and the theoretical level and practical level cannot be combined effectively, Therefore, the nurture and guidance of industrial clusters is ignored, so that enterprises in the clusters cannot form an effective industrial chain or play a role that the agglomeration should do. As a result, there is little help for improving regional competitiveness. Thus, to counter the status quo of industrial clusters development, we have to trace the roots of existing problems theoretically, grasp the connotation and formation of industrial clusters, train mechanism, recognize the advantages of clusters which is brought by regional competitiveness to industrial clusters from the practice, and explore strategies for the development of clusters.
Then the paper carries out the literature review on the status quo of industrial clusters and regional competitiveness. We comb and comment the related literature from several aspects like industrial clusters, regional competitiveness and the relationship between them. Studies have shown that though domestic and foreign scholars did plenty of researches about industrial agglomeration, they mainly concerned with endogenous forces of industrial clusters and paid little attention to collaboration or interaction between different countries, different regions, or different forms of industrial clusters. Foreign scholars are studying and exploring the development of resource sharing models for interregional industrial clusters further, especially the linkage and sharing of interregional high-tech industrial clusters. However, as for the study of the relationship between industrial agglomeration and regional competitiveness, there are more case studies from a practical point of view. The basic theoretical concepts are still vague, and there is a cognitive bias towards the evaluation of regional competitiveness and the research about dynamic models of industrial clusters'effects on regional competitiveness. Then in-depth theoretical and empirical studies of the deep-rooted relationship between regional competitiveness and industrial agglomeration are lacked.
Therefore, the following of the paper is to analyze the mechanism of industrial agglomeration and regional competitiveness in details. The results indicate that industrial clusters promote the specialization of production level and productivity, and meanwhile accelerate the competition and cooperation within the region, enhance the innovative capacity of regional industry, improve the competitive advantage of industrial clusters, and determine the regional development potential as well as the sustainable development capacity of the region in the fierce market. In turn, the improvement of regional competitiveness helps further optimize regional agglomeration. Policy guidance by the government can further accelerate the sound development of regional agglomeration, and speed up the interaction and transfer of resources between resources in the industry. Consequently, the industry can play its regional advantages, enhance its own strategic status in the regional economic development, and play an agglomeration advantage for the regional economic development.
The paper makes use of grey relational grade model and panel econometric model to make an empirical analysis of the relationship between regional industrial agglomeration and regional competitiveness form both the relevance of a single region and the impact mechanism between regions. The results from the grey relational grade model presents that at least in the sample of the regions in Liaoning Province, industrial agglomeration performs more as output agglomeration and factor accumulation, and a higher degree of correlation exits between industrial agglomeration and regional competitiveness, especially output agglomeration and factor inputs in the form of agglomeration performance, which will significantly reflected in the changes of regional competitiveness. However, in terms of Liaoning Province, the role of innovative agglomeration and technical agglomeration in the process of agglomeration still remains to be strengthened.
Next, in order to compensate for the shortcomings of the static correlation analysis and the lack of a definite causal path, the paper also uses the panel econometric model and regards inter-provincial regional economic entity as objects to analyze the factors which affect regional competitiveness. We make an analysis of the effects of industrial agglomeration, technical advancement, inflow of foreign capital and ownership changes on regional competitiveness. The results also prove that industrial agglomeration has an active impact on regional competitiveness, and the agglomeration level measured by the density of investment has the most powerful effect on improving competitiveness among others. However, note that the research in the paper finds that the continued inflow of FDI does not significantly influence the improvement of regional competitiveness.
Finally, on the basis of empirical analysis, the paper proposes a series of policies and recommendations, such as strengthening the planning and construction of industrial agglomeration areas, standing out regional characteristics, improving regional scientific and technological ability for innovation, paying attention to integration and upgrading of the industrial chain to avoid vicious competition of enterprises which are agglomerated, strengthening the cultural construction in gathering areas and improving the ecological environment of the cluster area to promote the economic, ecological and cultural coordinated development, accelerating enterprises in the clusters to conserve resources in order to improve the exogenous production advantages of the clusters, reinforcing the band building in cluster areas to upgrade competitive advantages of the industrial agglomeration and other practical recommendations. We would like to provide theoretical basis and policies and advices for playing industrial agglomeration advantages, offer feasible strategies for positive interaction between industrial agglomeration and regional competitiveness, and serve the sustainable development of the economy.
但是在实践中,地方政府围绕促进产业集聚的深化和提升区域竞争力而制定和执行相关政策时却存在诸多问题。在经济发展过程中,不少地方政府仍认为支柱产业能够带动地方经济发展,对企业间、地区间的专业化分工关系的形成考虑不到位,对培育具有共同文化区域背景的企业相关认同感和协作关系重视不够。又或者简单的把行业规模扩大等同于产业集聚,把产业集聚理解为地理上的“扎堆”,把“集聚化”等同于“园区化”,把产业集聚等同于发展主导和优势产业等等。进而造成我国大部分产业集聚区和集聚体规模较小、高级要素积累薄弱,自主创新能力匮乏等等,无法发挥产业集聚体的外部经济性与规模优势,甚至区域竞争力乃至国际竞争力的提升受到了严重制约。
正是基于这样的考虑,本文首先从中国产业集聚形成和发展的历史过程出发,分析了我国产业集聚与区域竞争力的发展现状及存在问题,从定性的视角解释了当前产业集聚的加快无法直接反映在区域竞争力同步改善的深层次原因,集聚化发展模式与理念的偏差、理论与实践层面的割裂、对区域产业优势和禀赋的忽视,是致使集聚体内部企业“集而不群”、“地理集而效益弱”的根本原因。也因此对区域竞争力的提升帮助甚微。
其次,本文在多种相关理论的基础上,综合审视和分析了产业集聚与区域竞争力两者间的依存关系和相互作用机理。我们认为,产业集群在促进生产专业化水平和生产率提高的同时,确实能够促进区域内部之间的竞争与合作,提升区域产业的创新能力,其又决定和改善了区域的发展潜力,也促进了该区域在激烈市场中持续发展的能力。反过来,区域竞争力的改善又能够通过优势效应进一步加速产业集聚的深化,政府的政策引导则成为进一步加快区域集聚良性发展的助推器,加快资源要素在产业间的互动与转移,使集聚优势与区域优势较好的结合,形成良性促进和互动的关系。
再次,本文利用灰色关联度模型,从单一区域的关联性视角实证分析了地区产业集聚水平与区域竞争力的数量化关系,分析结果表明,至少在辽宁省这一区域样本中,行业集聚更多的表现为产出集聚和要素堆积,且行业集聚与区域竞争力间确实存在较高的关联程度,特别是集聚表现形式中的产出集聚与要素投入集聚,都将显著的反映在区域竞争力的变化上。
为了弥补静态关联度分析的不足和缺乏明确的因果路径,本文还利用面板计量模型以省际区域经济体为对象进行了区域竞争力的影响因素分析,我们分析了产业集聚、技术进步、外资流入和所有制变革因素对区域竞争力的影响,模型结果同样证实产业集聚对区域竞争力的积极作用,且相对于其他影响因素而言,以投资密度衡量的集聚水平提升,对竞争力改善的作用最为突出。不过需要说明的是,在本文的研究中发现FDI的持续流入并未表现出对区域竞争力改善的显著影响。
最后,在实证分析的基础上,本文提出了一系列的政策建议,如加强产业集聚区的规划建设,突出区域特色；提升区域科技创新能力；注意产业链的整合升级,避免集聚企业的恶性竞争；加强集聚区文化建设,改善集聚区生态环境,促进经济、生态、文化协调发展；促进集群内企业节约资源,改善集群本身的外生生产优势；加强集聚区的品牌建设,提升产业集聚竞争优势等一系列切实可行的建议。以期为发挥产业集聚优势、提升区域竞争力提供理论基础及政策建议,为产业集聚与区域竞争力的良性互动提供可行的战略决策。
The fact that industrial clusters develop successfully has proved that industrial agglomeration could promote regional economic growth effectively and improve the regional competitiveness, and on the other hand, the enhancement of regional competitiveness would further accelerate the agglomeration of related competitive industries in the region. The development of industrial clusters is able to speed up the industrial division between regions and within the region, and make them become more dependent with each other and more closely linked. The evolution of industrial agglomeration and the adjustment and expansion of enterprises in the clusters will derive many groups of edge industry, in order to form larger and more efficient industrial clusters along the industry chain or innovation chain. Therefore, to study industrial clusters theory in depth is helpful to improve our efficiency of division of labor between regions so that it can provide basis and new ideas for promoting coordinated regional development. However, the development of industrial clusters is affected by the complicated factors, such as economic, geographic, cultural social, political, historical and so forth, and these factors are related to knowledge and theory of different disciplines. Thus, the discussion of industrial clusters theory can not only get to know the basic of industrial agglomeration theory in depth, but also play a role in guiding the development of industrial clusters further. Similarly, regional competitiveness is also a complex system, involving economic and social factors as well as factors like historical and ecological environment. The discussion of regional competitiveness also needs to combine theories from different disciplines and analyze the natural roots of enhancing regional competitiveness.
Starting with the practical background, the paper analyzes the current situations and existing problems of the development of industrial agglomeration and regional competitiveness in our country, and points out that in the practice of the development of industrial agglomeration, there is a deviation in the industrial clusters development concepts of the local government and the theoretical level and practical level cannot be combined effectively, Therefore, the nurture and guidance of industrial clusters is ignored, so that enterprises in the clusters cannot form an effective industrial chain or play a role that the agglomeration should do. As a result, there is little help for improving regional competitiveness. Thus, to counter the status quo of industrial clusters development, we have to trace the roots of existing problems theoretically, grasp the connotation and formation of industrial clusters, train mechanism, recognize the advantages of clusters which is brought by regional competitiveness to industrial clusters from the practice, and explore strategies for the development of clusters.
Then the paper carries out the literature review on the status quo of industrial clusters and regional competitiveness. We comb and comment the related literature from several aspects like industrial clusters, regional competitiveness and the relationship between them. Studies have shown that though domestic and foreign scholars did plenty of researches about industrial agglomeration, they mainly concerned with endogenous forces of industrial clusters and paid little attention to collaboration or interaction between different countries, different regions, or different forms of industrial clusters. Foreign scholars are studying and exploring the development of resource sharing models for interregional industrial clusters further, especially the linkage and sharing of interregional high-tech industrial clusters. However, as for the study of the relationship between industrial agglomeration and regional competitiveness, there are more case studies from a practical point of view. The basic theoretical concepts are still vague, and there is a cognitive bias towards the evaluation of regional competitiveness and the research about dynamic models of industrial clusters'effects on regional competitiveness. Then in-depth theoretical and empirical studies of the deep-rooted relationship between regional competitiveness and industrial agglomeration are lacked.
Therefore, the following of the paper is to analyze the mechanism of industrial agglomeration and regional competitiveness in details. The results indicate that industrial clusters promote the specialization of production level and productivity, and meanwhile accelerate the competition and cooperation within the region, enhance the innovative capacity of regional industry, improve the competitive advantage of industrial clusters, and determine the regional development potential as well as the sustainable development capacity of the region in the fierce market. In turn, the improvement of regional competitiveness helps further optimize regional agglomeration. Policy guidance by the government can further accelerate the sound development of regional agglomeration, and speed up the interaction and transfer of resources between resources in the industry. Consequently, the industry can play its regional advantages, enhance its own strategic status in the regional economic development, and play an agglomeration advantage for the regional economic development.
The paper makes use of grey relational grade model and panel econometric model to make an empirical analysis of the relationship between regional industrial agglomeration and regional competitiveness form both the relevance of a single region and the impact mechanism between regions. The results from the grey relational grade model presents that at least in the sample of the regions in Liaoning Province, industrial agglomeration performs more as output agglomeration and factor accumulation, and a higher degree of correlation exits between industrial agglomeration and regional competitiveness, especially output agglomeration and factor inputs in the form of agglomeration performance, which will significantly reflected in the changes of regional competitiveness. However, in terms of Liaoning Province, the role of innovative agglomeration and technical agglomeration in the process of agglomeration still remains to be strengthened.
Next, in order to compensate for the shortcomings of the static correlation analysis and the lack of a definite causal path, the paper also uses the panel econometric model and regards inter-provincial regional economic entity as objects to analyze the factors which affect regional competitiveness. We make an analysis of the effects of industrial agglomeration, technical advancement, inflow of foreign capital and ownership changes on regional competitiveness. The results also prove that industrial agglomeration has an active impact on regional competitiveness, and the agglomeration level measured by the density of investment has the most powerful effect on improving competitiveness among others. However, note that the research in the paper finds that the continued inflow of FDI does not significantly influence the improvement of regional competitiveness.
Finally, on the basis of empirical analysis, the paper proposes a series of policies and recommendations, such as strengthening the planning and construction of industrial agglomeration areas, standing out regional characteristics, improving regional scientific and technological ability for innovation, paying attention to integration and upgrading of the industrial chain to avoid vicious competition of enterprises which are agglomerated, strengthening the cultural construction in gathering areas and improving the ecological environment of the cluster area to promote the economic, ecological and cultural coordinated development, accelerating enterprises in the clusters to conserve resources in order to improve the exogenous production advantages of the clusters, reinforcing the band building in cluster areas to upgrade competitive advantages of the industrial agglomeration and other practical recommendations. We would like to provide theoretical basis and policies and advices for playing industrial agglomeration advantages, offer feasible strategies for positive interaction between industrial agglomeration and regional competitiveness, and serve the sustainable development of the economy.
引文
①参见：石斌,南京市产业集聚与区域经济竞争力关系的互动研究,南京航空航天大学2011年博士论文。
⑧高铁梅主编,计量经济分析方法与建模—Eviews应用及实例[M],北京：清华大学出版社,2006：330.
[1]Marshall, A.Prinsiples of Economies[M].London:Macmillan,1920.
[2]Bagnasco, A.Treitalie. La proble matica territoriale dello sviluppo italiano[M].Bologna:Ⅱ Mulino,1977:1-26.
[3]Schmitz H. Collective Efficiency:Growth Path for Small Scale Industry[J]. The Journal of Development Studies,1995,31 (4):529-566.
[4]Michael Porter. The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Article No.90211. Harvard Business Review 90-2, March-April 1990.
[5]Hill and Brennan. Regional Variation and Economic Drivers[J].Economic Development Quarterly,2000,8 (4):84-405.
[6]Glaeser E L, Sacerdote B and Scheinkman J A.Crime and Soeial Interactions.Quarterly Journal of Economics,1996,111:507-548.
[7]Rosenthal S S. W C Strange. The Determinants of Agglomeration[J] Journal of Urban Economies,2001,50 (2):191-229.
[8]Martin P, Ottaviano G L P. Growth and Agglomeration[J].International Economic Review.2001,42 (4):947-968.
[9]Krugman P, Masahisa Fujita, Anthony J. Venables. The Spatial Economy:Cities Regions and International Trade [M]. Cambridge:MIT Press,1999.
[10]Duranton G and D Puga. From Sectoral to Functional Urban Spceialization[R]. Discussion Paper 2971, Centre foe Eeonomic Policy Research,2001a.
[11]Puga D & Vanables AJ. Agglomeration and Economic Development:Import Substitution vs.Trade Liberalisation[J], The Economic Journal,1999,109:292-311.
[12]Mytelka Lynn, Farinelli Fulvia. Local Clusters, Innovation Systems and Sustained Competitiveness[R]. Discussion Papers from United Nations University, Institute for New Technologies, The Netherlands,2000.
[13]Pekka Y A. Industrial in Change-How to Stay Competitive in the Global Competition? [R]. The Search Institute of the FinnishEconomy (ETLA), Opening Seminar, Marina Congress Center, Helsinki,2004.
[14]Manuel Albaladejo. Determinants and Policies to foster the competitiveness of SME eluster:Evidence from Latin America. QEH Working Paper Series-QEHWPS71,2001.
[15]Scott, A.J. and Storper, M. Industrialization and regional development. In Path ways to industrialization and regional development[M]. London:Routledge,1992: 3-17.
[16]Krugman P, A J Venables. Integration and the competitiveness of peripheral industry[M]. International Economic Integration,1998.
[17]David Barkley, Mark Henry. Advantages and disadvantages of targeting industry clusters[R]. REDRL Research Report,2001.
[18]Fujita M and J R Thisse. Economies of Agglomeration:Cities, Industrial Location, and Regional Growth[M]. Cambridge University Press,2002.
[19]Audretsch D B, M P Feldman. R&D Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation and Production[J]. American Economie Review,1996,86 (3):630-640.
[20]Pouder R, St. John C. Hot spots and blind spots:Geographical clusters of firms and innovation[J]. Academy of Management Review,1996,2 (4):1192-1192.
[21]Cantwell J, Iammarino S. Multinational Corporations and the Location of Technological Innovation in the UK Regions [J]. Regional Studies,2000,34 (4):317-332.
[22]Martin R, Sunley P. Deconstructing Clusters:Chaotie Concept or Policy Pnacea?[J]. Journal of Economic Geography,2003,3(1):37-56.
[23]Granovetter M S. Economic Action and Social Structure:the Problem of embeddedness[J]. American Journal of Sociology,1985,91 (3):481-510.
[24]Catherine Beaudry, Stefano Breschi. Are Firms in Clusters Really More Innovation?[J]. Econ. Innov. New Techn.,2003,12 (4).
[25]Camagni R. On the Concept of Territorial Competitiveness:Sound or Misleading?[J]. Urban Studies,2002,39 (13):2395-2411.
[26]Jacobs, Dany and Ard-Pieter DeMan. Ousters, Industrial Policy and Finn Strategy: A Menu Approach[J]. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management,1996,8 (4): 425-437.
[27]Rosenfeld, Stuart A. Industrial Strength Strategies:Regional Business Clusters and Public Policy[M]. Aspen Institute,1995.
[28]Theo J A Roelandt, Pimden Hertog. Cluster analysis and cluster:based policy in OECD countries[R]. OECD Report,1998:53-66.
[29]Doeringer Pb, Terkla Dg. Business Strategy And Cross-Industry Clusters[J]. Economic Development Quarterly,1995 (9):225-237.
[30]J.Vernon Henderson, Zmarak Shali, Geography and Development[R].NBER workingPaper,2001.
[31]Henry G. Overman, Stephen Redding and Anthony J. Venables. The Economic Geography of Trade, Production and Income:A Survey of Empirics[R]. NBER working Paper,2001.
[32]Gereffi G, Memodovic O. The global apparel value chain:what prospects for upgrading by developing countries?[R]. UNIDO. Seetoral Studies Series,2003.
[33]Humphrey J, Schmitz H. How does Insertion in Global Value Chains Affect Upgrading in Industrial Cluster[J]. Regional Studies,2002,9 (36)
[34]Krugman. P. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography[J]. Journal of Political Economy,1993 (3):483-499.
[35]Porter M. Location Competition and Economic Development:Local Clusters in a Global Economy [J]. Economic Development Quarterly,2000 (14):15-20.
[36]M. P. Van Dijk. Small Enterprise Clusters in Transition, a Proposed Typology and Possible Policies Per Type of Cluster. Working Paper,1999.
[37]Moro D. The evolution of modern industrial districts:the life cycle approach. http://www.wbigf.org/milan/A-District.
[38]Ceglie G and Dini M. Small Enterprise Cluster and Network Development in Developing Countries:The Experience of UNIDO[R].Issue Paper of UNIDO, 1999.
[39]Paul Krgman. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography[J] Journal of political Economy,1991 (99):183-199.
[40]Antonelli C. The Economics of Localized Technological Change and Industrial Dynamics. Economics of Science, Technology and Innovation.Kluwer Academic Publishers,1995.
[41]Myrdal G. Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions[M]. London:Duckworth, 1997.
[42]Kaldor N. The Case of Regional Policies [J]. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 1970,17:337-348.
[43]North D C. Location Theory and Regional Economic Growth[J]. Journal of Political Economy,1955,63:243-258.
[44]Morgan K. The learning region:institutions, innovation and regional'renewal [J]. Regional Studies,1997 (5)
[45]Kresl, P.K. and Singh, B. Competitiveness and the Urban Economy:Twenty-four Large US Metropolitan Areas [J]. Urban Studies,1999,36.
[46]Dziembowska-Kowalska J, Funck R H. Cultural Activities:Source of Competitiveness and Prosperity in Urban Regions[J]. Urban Studies,1999.
[47]Markusen A. Sticky Places in Slippery Space:A Typology of Industrial Districts[J]. Economic Geography,1996,72.
[48]Krugman P. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography [J]. Journal of Political Economy,1992,86 (3):26-28.
[49]Thomas Brenner. Simulating the Evolution of Localized Industrial Clusters:An Identification of the Basic Mechanisms [J]. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation,2001,4 (3):16-17.
[50]Sviekauskas L. The Productivity of Cities[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1975,89:393-413.
[51]Moomaw R L. Firm Location and City Size:Reduced Productivity Advantages as A Factor in the Decline of Manufacturing in Urban Areas[J]. Journal of Urban Economics,1985,17:73-89.
[52]Henderson J V. Efficiency of Resource Usage and City Size[J]. Journal of Urban Economics,1986,19:47-70.
[53]Henderson J V. Marshall s Scale Economies[J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 2003,53:1-28.
[54]Jones C. R&D-Based Models of Economic Growth[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1995,103:759-784.
[55]Futagam I K and Y Ohkusa. The Quality Ladder and Productivity Variety:Lager Economies May Not Growth Faster[J]. The Japanese Economic Review,2003,54: 121-145.
[56]Fan C, Scott A J. Industrial agglomeration and development:A survey of spatial issues in East Asia and a statistical analysis of Chinese regions[J]. Economic Geography,2003 (3):295-319.
[57]Paija L. What is Behind the Finnish "ICT Miracle" [J]. The Finnish Economy and Society,2001 (3):51-54.
[58]Dang Yaoguo, Liu Sifeng, Liu Bin. Study on the grey incidence of interval number. Conference Proceedings-IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics,2005 (7):28-732.
[59]Cao Mingxia, Dang Yaoguo, Mi Chuanmin. An Improvement on Calculation of Absolute Degree of Grey Incidence[J]. IEEE SMC,2006,10:452-454.
[60]Bo Li, Yong Wei. Optimized GM (1,1) Grey Model Based on Connotation Expression[J]. Journal of Grey System.2007, (3):133-136.
[61]Baldwin, C. Y. and Clark, K. B. Design Rules:The power of modularity[M]. MIT Press:Cambridge, MA.,2000 (1).
[62]Pino G. Audia, Christopher I. Rider Close, but not the same:Locally headquartered organizations and agglomeration economies in a declining industry[J]. Research Policy,2010,39 (3):360-374.
[63]Barak S. Aharonson, Joel A.C. Baum, Anne Plunket. Inventive and uninventive clusters:The case of Canadian biotechnology[J]. Research Policy,2008,37 (6-7):1108-1131.
[64]Jaime Alonso-Carrera, Mar i a Jes u s Freire-Ser e n. Baltasar Manzano Macroeconomic effects of the regional allocation of public capital formation[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics,2009,39 (5):563-574.
[65]Ingrid Ott, Susanne Soretz. Productive public input, integration and agglome[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics,2010,40 (6):538-549.
[66]Garcia-Mil a, J McGuire. The contribution of publicly provided inputs to states' economies[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics,1992,22 (2):229-241.
[67]Hodgkinson, Nyland & Pomfret. The Determination of Location in New South Wales[J]. Regional Studies,2001,35 (1):39-55.
[68]Lockwood L J, R C Rutherford. Determinants of Industrial Property Value[J]. Real Estate Economics,1996,24 (2):257-272,.
[69]Ron Boschma, Dirk Fornahl. Cluster Evolution and a Roadmap for Future Research[J]. Cluster Life Cycles,2011,45 (10):1295-1298.
[70]Menzel M.P. and D. Fornahl. Cluster life cycles:Dimensions and rationales of cluster evolution[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change,2010,19 (1):205-238.
[71]Anne L. J. Ter Wal & Ron Boschma. Co-evolution of Firms, Industries and Networks in Space[J]. Regional Innovation Systems:Theory, Empirics and Policy,2011,45 (7):919-933.
[72]Rachel Hilliard & David Jacobson. Cluster versus Firm-specific Factors in the Development of Dynamic Capabilities in the Pharmaceutical Industry in Ireland:A Study of Responses to Changes in Environmental Protection Regulations [J]. Cluster Life Cycles,2011,45 (10):1319-1328.
[73]Elisa Giuliani.Role of Technological Gatekeepers in the Growth of Industrial Clusters:Evidence from Chile[J]. Cluster Life Cycles,2011,45 (10):1329-1348.
[74]Dong-Ho Shin & Robert Hassink. Cluster Life Cycles:The Case of the Shipbuilding Industry Cluster in South Korea[J]. Cluster Life Cycles,2011,45 (10):1387-1402.
[75]王缉慈.产业集群：新型区域经济发展理论[J].经济经纬,2002(2)：18-21.
[76]王辑慈.创新的空间——产业集群与区域发展[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2001.
[77]崔海潮.集群经济是区域经济发展的新选择[J].延安大学学报,2005(5)
[78]钱平凡.我国产业集群发展状况、特点与问题[J].经济理论与经济管理,2003(12)：26-31.
[79]刘恒江,陈继祥.国外产业集群政策研究综述[J].外国经济与管理,2004,26(11)：36-43.
[80]李新权.基于产业集群的区域品牌相关问题分析[J],经济理论与经济管理,2005(6)
[81]陈耀.我国产业集群发展中的缺陷[J].中国纺织,2004(8)
[82]张占仓.产业集群战略与区域发展[J].中州学刊,2006(1)
[83]安纳利·萨克森宁.地区优势：硅谷和128公路地区的文化与竞争[J].上海：上海远东出版社,1999.
[84]盖文启,朱华晟.产业的柔性集聚及其区域竞争力[J].经济理论与经济管理,2001 (10)： 25-30.
[85]倪鹏飞.中国城市竞争力报告[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2006.
[86]顾新.西部大开发要着眼于形成区域竞争优势[J].软科学,2000,02：20-26.
[87]金碚.竞争力经济学[M].广州：广东经济出版社,2003,05.
[88]连玉明.中国城市蓝皮书[M].北京：中国时代经济出版社,2003.
[89]王秉安.区域竞争力研究—理论探讨[J].福建行政学院福建经济管理干部学院学报,1999(1)。
[90]赵修卫-.关于发展区域核心竞争力的探讨[J].中国软科学,2001(10)
[91]肖红叶,李晶.我国区域国际竞争力研究[J].河北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2003(1)
[92]谢立新.论地区竞争力的本质[J].福建师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2003(5)
[93]王维工.长江三角洲经济区域发展结构及其系统学研究[D].南京：东华大学,2003.
[94]闵鹏.基于动力机制的产业集群竞争优势研究[D].长沙：中南大学,2008.
[95]张辉.产业集群竞争力的内在经济机理[J].中国软科学,2003(1)：70-74.
[96]陈继祥.产业集群与复杂性[M].上海：上海财经大学出版社,2005：201-211.
[97]刘恒江,陈继祥.产业集群竞争力研究述评[J].外国经济与管理,2004,26(10)：1-8.
[98]朱海就,陆立军,袁安府.从企业网络看产业集群竞争力差异的原因——浙江和意大利产业集群的比较[J],软科学,2004,18(1)：53-56.
[99]肖家样.基于组合赋权法的产业集群竞争力评价[J].统计与决策,2005(2)：45-47.
[100]李婉萍,罗贤栋.工业园区的竞争力分析[M].北京：中国纺织出版社,2005：53-38.
[101]保罗·克鲁格曼.国际贸易新理论[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2001：15.
[102]克鲁格曼.地理与贸易[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2000.
[103]陈慧娟,吴秉恩.台湾中小企业动态发展与人力资源管理作为关系之研究[J].中山管理评论,2000年冬季号：78-83。
[104]陈介玄.协力网路与时候结构——台湾中小企业的社会经济分析[M].台北：联经出版事业公司,1994.
[105]安虎森.空间经济学[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2005：22-43.
[106]盖文启.创新网络——区域经济发展新思维[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2002.
[107]魏守华,石碧华.论企业集群的竞争优势[J].中国工业经济,,2002,(1)：59-65.
[108]叶建亮.知识溢出与企业集群[J]经济科学,2001(3)：21-30.
[109]许正中.培育产业集群,提高国家竞争力[J]中国经贸导刊,2003,(11)：10-11.
[110]何立胜.企业集群与区域经济竞争力[J]统计与决策,2003,(12)：86-87.
[111]张燕.西方区域经济理论综述[J].当代财经,2003,229(12)：86-88.
[112]陈剑锋,唐振鹏.国外产业集群研究综述[J].外国经济与管理,2002(24)：22-27.
[113]王秉安.我国省域经济综合竞争力现状研究[J].华东经济管理,2005,19(6)：55-59.
[114]梁琦.产业集聚论[M].北京：商务印书馆,2004.
[115]朱英明.产业集聚论[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2003.
[116]刘斌.产业集聚竞争优势的经济分析[M].北京：中国发展出版社,2005.
[117]陈玉平.产业集群的经济学解析及政府功能的发挥[J].商业研究,2005,17(325)：23-26.
[118]唐灿华,余丽.产业集群战略中地方政府的角色定位[J].区域经济,2005(6)：5-7.
[119]安虎森.空间接近与不确定性的降低经济活动聚集与分散的一种解释[J].南开经济研究,2001,(3)：51-56.
[120]郭晓林.产业共性技术与区域产业集群关系研究[J].中国软科学,2006,(9)：110-115.
[121]符正平.中小企业集群生成机制研究[M].广州：中山大学出版社,2004.
[122]张会新.我国资源型产业集群的动力机制研究[D].西北大学博士学位论文,2009.
[123]朱华晟.浙江产业群—产业网络、成长轨迹与发展动力[M].杭州：浙江大学出版社,2003.
[124]张杰,刘东.我国地方产业集群的升级路径：基于组织分工架构的一个初步分析[J].中国工业经济,2006(5)：45-55.
[125]张辉.全球价值链理论与我国产业发展研究[J].中国工业经济,2004(5)：3846.
[126]张辉.全球价值链下地方产业集群升级模式研究[J].中国工业经济,2005,(9)：11-18.
[127]马建会.产业集群成长机理研究[D].暨南大学博士学位论文,2005.
[128]任家华.基于全球价值链理论的地方产业集群升级机理研究—以中国电子信息产业集群为例[D].西南交通大学博士学位论文,2007.
[129]王传宝.全球价值链视角下地方产业集群升级机理研究[D].武汉：华中科技 大学,2009.
[130]刘珂.产业集群升级的机理及路径研究[D].天津：天津大学,2006.
[132]汪少华,王慧敏.浙江产业群成长模式及其演化.[J]中国农村经济,2003(5)：52-56.
[132]王缉慈,宋向辉,李光宇.北京中关村高新技术企业的集聚与扩散[J].地理学报,1996,(6)：481-489.
[133]王缉慈.东莞PC相关制造业地方产业群的发展演变[J].地理学报,2001(6)：722-730.
[134]迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京：华夏出版社,2002.
[135]耿帅.集群企业竞争优势的共享性资源观[J].经济地理,2006,(6)：988-1004.
[136]孙洛平,孙海林.产业集群的交易费用理论[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[137]田银华,唐利如.产业集群演化发展的博弈分析[J].人文杂志,2006(4)：70-75.
[138]白文扬.我国工业产业集中度实证研究[J].中国工业经济研究,1994(11)45-50.
[139]罗薇薇.产业集聚程度与城市化水平相关性的实证分析——以1988-2003年的广东省为例[J].兰州商学院学报,2006,22(2)：50-54.
[140]梁琦.中国工业的区位基尼系数—兼论外商直接投资对制造业集聚的影响[J].统计研究,2003(9)：21-25.
[141]张明倩.中国产业集聚现象统计模型及应用究[M].北京：中国标准出版社,2007：38.
[142]周文良.区域一体化背景下的制造业集聚、扩散趋势——基于广东省的分析[J].经济问题探索,2007(3)：54-62.
[143]王秉安.我国省域经济综合竞争力现状研究[J].华东经济管理,2005,19(6)：55-59.
[144]徐云峰.制度创新与培育西部区域竞争优势[J].经济师,2001(8)：76-77.
[145]温来成.财政制度安排与区域经济竞争力的提升[J].宁夏社会科学,2003,119(4)：31-34.
[146]王秉安,陈振华,叶穗山.区域经济竞争力理论与实践[M],航空工业出版社,2000.
[147]罗茜,倪杰,刘剑.北京市“两带”产业集聚竞争力评价[J].科技进步与对策,2009,12(24)：42-46.
[148]李勇刚.产业集聚与中国区域经济增长问题研究[J].经营管理者,2009,(19)：391-365
[149]周兵,蒲勇键.产业集群的增长经济学解释[J].中国软科学,2003,(5)：36-38.
[150]周兵,蒲勇键.产业群企业中商誉价值的经济学分析[J].改革与理论,2003,5(150)：50-51.
[151]张涌.产业集群与区域经济增长之间关系的研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2009.
[152]刘海波.我国产业集聚水平及其对区域差异的影响研究[D].长春：吉林大学,2007.
[153]张淑静.产业集群的识别、测度和绩效评价研究[D].武汉：华中科技大学,2006.
[154]朱智文.产业集群与区域经济发展问题研究[D].兰州,兰州大学,2007.
[155]陈建军.中国高速增长地域的经济发展：关于江浙模式的研究[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2000.
[156]吴松岭.中部地区产业集聚研究[J].工业技术经济,2009,6：104-106
[157]徐康宁.开放经济中的产业集群与竞争力[J].中国工业经济,2001,11(11)22-27.
[158]沈正平.产业集群与区域经济发展研究[J].中国软科学,2004(2)：28-31.
[159]马淑琴.中小企业集群：区域经济竞争力提升的新支点[J].经济问题,2003,5(11)：33-35.
[160]王诏怡,刘艳.东部产业集群的极化效应对西部的影响[J].重庆工商大学学报,2004(2)：62-65
[161]郑耀群.产业集群发展的制度因素研究[D],西北大学博士学位论文,2009.
[162]赵曙明,程德俊.产业集群与南京软件业的发展[J].科技与经济,2002,15(增刊)：50-52.
[163]刘厚俊,曾向东,张二震.南京城市综合竞争力研究[M].南京：东南大学出版社,2002.
[164]刘艳,刘东.关于发展南京产业集群的研究[J].南京社会科学(增刊)2002：147-152.
[165]陈秋月.区域经济竞争力的比较模型[J].现代情报,2002,6(6)：152-153.
[166]朱英明.论产业集群的创新优势[J].中国软科学,2003,7(7)：107-112.
[167]王步芳.世界各大主流经济学派产业集群理论综述[J].外国经济与管理,2004,26 (1)：12-16.
[168]陈剑锋.基于知识的产业集群能力研究[J].财经研究,2003,29(2)：62-69.
[169]王诏怡,刘艳.东部产业集群的极化效应对西部的影响[J].重庆工商大学学报,2004,(2)：62-65.
[170]青木昌,安藤晴彦.模块时代：新产业结构的本质[M].周国荣,译.上海：上海远东出版社,2003：24.
[171]朱瑞博.模块化抗产业集群内生性风险的机理分析[J].中国工业经济,2004,(5)：54-60.
[172]李平,狄辉.产业价值链模块化重构的价值决定研究.中国工业经济,2006,(9)：45-9.
[173]巫景飞,丙明杰.产业模块化的微观动力机制研究——基于计算机产业演化史的考察[J].管理世界,2007(10)：75-82.
[174]于秀林,任雪松.多元统计分析[M].北京：中国统计出版社2002
[175]邓聚龙.灰理论基础[M].武汉：华中理工大学出版社,2002.
[175]刘思峰,党耀国,方志耕,等.灰色系统理论及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2004：216.
[177]梅振国.灰色绝对关联度及其计算方法[J].系统工程,1992,10(5)：43-44.
[178]陈世联,段万春.绝对关联度及其应用[J].系统工程理论与实践,1998(6)：109-110.
[179]唐五湘.灰色绝对关联度的缺陷[J].系统工程,1994,12(5)：59-62.
[180]查金茂.T型关联度的缺陷[J].武汉交通大学学报,1997,21(1)：89-92.
[181]唐五湘.T型关联度及其计算方法[J].数理统计与管理,1995,14(1)：34-37.
[182]党耀国.灰色斜率关联度的研究[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,1994,10(增刊)：331-337.
[183]党耀国,刘思峰,刘斌,等.灰色斜率关联度的改进[J].中国工程科学,2004,6(3)：41-44.
[184]王清印.灰色B型关联分析[J].华中理工大学学报,1987,17(6)：77-82.
[185]王清印,赵秀恒.C型关联分析[J].华中理中大学学报,1999,27(3)：75-77.
[186]肖新平.关于灰色关联度量化模型的理论研究和评论[J].系统工程理论与实践,1997,17(8)：76-81.
[187]吉培荣,黄巍松,胡翔勇.无偏灰色预测模型[J].系统工程与电子技术,2000, (6)：6-8.
[188]穆勇.无偏灰色GM(1,1)模型的直接建模法[J].系统工程与电子技术,2003,25(9)：1094-1097.
[189]王正新,党耀国,刘思峰.无偏GM(1,1)模型的混沌特性分析[J].系统工程理论与实践,2007,27(11)：153-158.
[190]王义闹,刘光珍,刘开第.GM(1,1)模型的一种逐步优化直接建模法[J].系统工程理论与实践,2000,20(9)：99-104.
[191]王义闹.GM(1,1)逐步优化直接建模方法的推广[J].系统工程理论与实践,2003,23(2)：120-124.
[192]王义闹,李万庆,王本玉,等.一种逐步优化灰导数白化值的GM(1,1)建模方法[J].系统工程理论与实践,2002,22(9)：128-131.
[193]穆勇.优化灰导数白化值的GM(1,1)模型[J].数学的实践与认识,2003,33(3)：13-16.
[194]谢乃明,刘思峰.离散GM(1,1)模型与灰色预测模型建模机理[J].系统工程理论与实践,2005,25(1)：93-98.
[195]王正新,党耀国,刘思峰.基于离散指数函数优化的GM(1,1)模型[J].系统工程理论与实践,2008,28(2)：61-67.
[196]邓聚龙.灰预测与灰决策[M].武汉：华中科技大学出版社.2002.
[197]宁钟.创新、企业集群与经济发展研究[D].武汉：武汉大学,2001.
[198]石斌.南京市产业集聚与区域经济竞争力关系的互动研究[D].南京：南京航空航天大学,2011.
⑧高铁梅主编,计量经济分析方法与建模—Eviews应用及实例[M],北京：清华大学出版社,2006：330.
[1]Marshall, A.Prinsiples of Economies[M].London:Macmillan,1920.
[2]Bagnasco, A.Treitalie. La proble matica territoriale dello sviluppo italiano[M].Bologna:Ⅱ Mulino,1977:1-26.
[3]Schmitz H. Collective Efficiency:Growth Path for Small Scale Industry[J]. The Journal of Development Studies,1995,31 (4):529-566.
[4]Michael Porter. The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Article No.90211. Harvard Business Review 90-2, March-April 1990.
[5]Hill and Brennan. Regional Variation and Economic Drivers[J].Economic Development Quarterly,2000,8 (4):84-405.
[6]Glaeser E L, Sacerdote B and Scheinkman J A.Crime and Soeial Interactions.Quarterly Journal of Economics,1996,111:507-548.
[7]Rosenthal S S. W C Strange. The Determinants of Agglomeration[J] Journal of Urban Economies,2001,50 (2):191-229.
[8]Martin P, Ottaviano G L P. Growth and Agglomeration[J].International Economic Review.2001,42 (4):947-968.
[9]Krugman P, Masahisa Fujita, Anthony J. Venables. The Spatial Economy:Cities Regions and International Trade [M]. Cambridge:MIT Press,1999.
[10]Duranton G and D Puga. From Sectoral to Functional Urban Spceialization[R]. Discussion Paper 2971, Centre foe Eeonomic Policy Research,2001a.
[11]Puga D & Vanables AJ. Agglomeration and Economic Development:Import Substitution vs.Trade Liberalisation[J], The Economic Journal,1999,109:292-311.
[12]Mytelka Lynn, Farinelli Fulvia. Local Clusters, Innovation Systems and Sustained Competitiveness[R]. Discussion Papers from United Nations University, Institute for New Technologies, The Netherlands,2000.
[13]Pekka Y A. Industrial in Change-How to Stay Competitive in the Global Competition? [R]. The Search Institute of the FinnishEconomy (ETLA), Opening Seminar, Marina Congress Center, Helsinki,2004.
[14]Manuel Albaladejo. Determinants and Policies to foster the competitiveness of SME eluster:Evidence from Latin America. QEH Working Paper Series-QEHWPS71,2001.
[15]Scott, A.J. and Storper, M. Industrialization and regional development. In Path ways to industrialization and regional development[M]. London:Routledge,1992: 3-17.
[16]Krugman P, A J Venables. Integration and the competitiveness of peripheral industry[M]. International Economic Integration,1998.
[17]David Barkley, Mark Henry. Advantages and disadvantages of targeting industry clusters[R]. REDRL Research Report,2001.
[18]Fujita M and J R Thisse. Economies of Agglomeration:Cities, Industrial Location, and Regional Growth[M]. Cambridge University Press,2002.
[19]Audretsch D B, M P Feldman. R&D Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation and Production[J]. American Economie Review,1996,86 (3):630-640.
[20]Pouder R, St. John C. Hot spots and blind spots:Geographical clusters of firms and innovation[J]. Academy of Management Review,1996,2 (4):1192-1192.
[21]Cantwell J, Iammarino S. Multinational Corporations and the Location of Technological Innovation in the UK Regions [J]. Regional Studies,2000,34 (4):317-332.
[22]Martin R, Sunley P. Deconstructing Clusters:Chaotie Concept or Policy Pnacea?[J]. Journal of Economic Geography,2003,3(1):37-56.
[23]Granovetter M S. Economic Action and Social Structure:the Problem of embeddedness[J]. American Journal of Sociology,1985,91 (3):481-510.
[24]Catherine Beaudry, Stefano Breschi. Are Firms in Clusters Really More Innovation?[J]. Econ. Innov. New Techn.,2003,12 (4).
[25]Camagni R. On the Concept of Territorial Competitiveness:Sound or Misleading?[J]. Urban Studies,2002,39 (13):2395-2411.
[26]Jacobs, Dany and Ard-Pieter DeMan. Ousters, Industrial Policy and Finn Strategy: A Menu Approach[J]. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management,1996,8 (4): 425-437.
[27]Rosenfeld, Stuart A. Industrial Strength Strategies:Regional Business Clusters and Public Policy[M]. Aspen Institute,1995.
[28]Theo J A Roelandt, Pimden Hertog. Cluster analysis and cluster:based policy in OECD countries[R]. OECD Report,1998:53-66.
[29]Doeringer Pb, Terkla Dg. Business Strategy And Cross-Industry Clusters[J]. Economic Development Quarterly,1995 (9):225-237.
[30]J.Vernon Henderson, Zmarak Shali, Geography and Development[R].NBER workingPaper,2001.
[31]Henry G. Overman, Stephen Redding and Anthony J. Venables. The Economic Geography of Trade, Production and Income:A Survey of Empirics[R]. NBER working Paper,2001.
[32]Gereffi G, Memodovic O. The global apparel value chain:what prospects for upgrading by developing countries?[R]. UNIDO. Seetoral Studies Series,2003.
[33]Humphrey J, Schmitz H. How does Insertion in Global Value Chains Affect Upgrading in Industrial Cluster[J]. Regional Studies,2002,9 (36)
[34]Krugman. P. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography[J]. Journal of Political Economy,1993 (3):483-499.
[35]Porter M. Location Competition and Economic Development:Local Clusters in a Global Economy [J]. Economic Development Quarterly,2000 (14):15-20.
[36]M. P. Van Dijk. Small Enterprise Clusters in Transition, a Proposed Typology and Possible Policies Per Type of Cluster. Working Paper,1999.
[37]Moro D. The evolution of modern industrial districts:the life cycle approach. http://www.wbigf.org/milan/A-District.
[38]Ceglie G and Dini M. Small Enterprise Cluster and Network Development in Developing Countries:The Experience of UNIDO[R].Issue Paper of UNIDO, 1999.
[39]Paul Krgman. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography[J] Journal of political Economy,1991 (99):183-199.
[40]Antonelli C. The Economics of Localized Technological Change and Industrial Dynamics. Economics of Science, Technology and Innovation.Kluwer Academic Publishers,1995.
[41]Myrdal G. Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions[M]. London:Duckworth, 1997.
[42]Kaldor N. The Case of Regional Policies [J]. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 1970,17:337-348.
[43]North D C. Location Theory and Regional Economic Growth[J]. Journal of Political Economy,1955,63:243-258.
[44]Morgan K. The learning region:institutions, innovation and regional'renewal [J]. Regional Studies,1997 (5)
[45]Kresl, P.K. and Singh, B. Competitiveness and the Urban Economy:Twenty-four Large US Metropolitan Areas [J]. Urban Studies,1999,36.
[46]Dziembowska-Kowalska J, Funck R H. Cultural Activities:Source of Competitiveness and Prosperity in Urban Regions[J]. Urban Studies,1999.
[47]Markusen A. Sticky Places in Slippery Space:A Typology of Industrial Districts[J]. Economic Geography,1996,72.
[48]Krugman P. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography [J]. Journal of Political Economy,1992,86 (3):26-28.
[49]Thomas Brenner. Simulating the Evolution of Localized Industrial Clusters:An Identification of the Basic Mechanisms [J]. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation,2001,4 (3):16-17.
[50]Sviekauskas L. The Productivity of Cities[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1975,89:393-413.
[51]Moomaw R L. Firm Location and City Size:Reduced Productivity Advantages as A Factor in the Decline of Manufacturing in Urban Areas[J]. Journal of Urban Economics,1985,17:73-89.
[52]Henderson J V. Efficiency of Resource Usage and City Size[J]. Journal of Urban Economics,1986,19:47-70.
[53]Henderson J V. Marshall s Scale Economies[J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 2003,53:1-28.
[54]Jones C. R&D-Based Models of Economic Growth[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1995,103:759-784.
[55]Futagam I K and Y Ohkusa. The Quality Ladder and Productivity Variety:Lager Economies May Not Growth Faster[J]. The Japanese Economic Review,2003,54: 121-145.
[56]Fan C, Scott A J. Industrial agglomeration and development:A survey of spatial issues in East Asia and a statistical analysis of Chinese regions[J]. Economic Geography,2003 (3):295-319.
[57]Paija L. What is Behind the Finnish "ICT Miracle" [J]. The Finnish Economy and Society,2001 (3):51-54.
[58]Dang Yaoguo, Liu Sifeng, Liu Bin. Study on the grey incidence of interval number. Conference Proceedings-IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics,2005 (7):28-732.
[59]Cao Mingxia, Dang Yaoguo, Mi Chuanmin. An Improvement on Calculation of Absolute Degree of Grey Incidence[J]. IEEE SMC,2006,10:452-454.
[60]Bo Li, Yong Wei. Optimized GM (1,1) Grey Model Based on Connotation Expression[J]. Journal of Grey System.2007, (3):133-136.
[61]Baldwin, C. Y. and Clark, K. B. Design Rules:The power of modularity[M]. MIT Press:Cambridge, MA.,2000 (1).
[62]Pino G. Audia, Christopher I. Rider Close, but not the same:Locally headquartered organizations and agglomeration economies in a declining industry[J]. Research Policy,2010,39 (3):360-374.
[63]Barak S. Aharonson, Joel A.C. Baum, Anne Plunket. Inventive and uninventive clusters:The case of Canadian biotechnology[J]. Research Policy,2008,37 (6-7):1108-1131.
[64]Jaime Alonso-Carrera, Mar i a Jes u s Freire-Ser e n. Baltasar Manzano Macroeconomic effects of the regional allocation of public capital formation[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics,2009,39 (5):563-574.
[65]Ingrid Ott, Susanne Soretz. Productive public input, integration and agglome[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics,2010,40 (6):538-549.
[66]Garcia-Mil a, J McGuire. The contribution of publicly provided inputs to states' economies[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics,1992,22 (2):229-241.
[67]Hodgkinson, Nyland & Pomfret. The Determination of Location in New South Wales[J]. Regional Studies,2001,35 (1):39-55.
[68]Lockwood L J, R C Rutherford. Determinants of Industrial Property Value[J]. Real Estate Economics,1996,24 (2):257-272,.
[69]Ron Boschma, Dirk Fornahl. Cluster Evolution and a Roadmap for Future Research[J]. Cluster Life Cycles,2011,45 (10):1295-1298.
[70]Menzel M.P. and D. Fornahl. Cluster life cycles:Dimensions and rationales of cluster evolution[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change,2010,19 (1):205-238.
[71]Anne L. J. Ter Wal & Ron Boschma. Co-evolution of Firms, Industries and Networks in Space[J]. Regional Innovation Systems:Theory, Empirics and Policy,2011,45 (7):919-933.
[72]Rachel Hilliard & David Jacobson. Cluster versus Firm-specific Factors in the Development of Dynamic Capabilities in the Pharmaceutical Industry in Ireland:A Study of Responses to Changes in Environmental Protection Regulations [J]. Cluster Life Cycles,2011,45 (10):1319-1328.
[73]Elisa Giuliani.Role of Technological Gatekeepers in the Growth of Industrial Clusters:Evidence from Chile[J]. Cluster Life Cycles,2011,45 (10):1329-1348.
[74]Dong-Ho Shin & Robert Hassink. Cluster Life Cycles:The Case of the Shipbuilding Industry Cluster in South Korea[J]. Cluster Life Cycles,2011,45 (10):1387-1402.
[75]王缉慈.产业集群：新型区域经济发展理论[J].经济经纬,2002(2)：18-21.
[76]王辑慈.创新的空间——产业集群与区域发展[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2001.
[77]崔海潮.集群经济是区域经济发展的新选择[J].延安大学学报,2005(5)
[78]钱平凡.我国产业集群发展状况、特点与问题[J].经济理论与经济管理,2003(12)：26-31.
[79]刘恒江,陈继祥.国外产业集群政策研究综述[J].外国经济与管理,2004,26(11)：36-43.
[80]李新权.基于产业集群的区域品牌相关问题分析[J],经济理论与经济管理,2005(6)
[81]陈耀.我国产业集群发展中的缺陷[J].中国纺织,2004(8)
[82]张占仓.产业集群战略与区域发展[J].中州学刊,2006(1)
[83]安纳利·萨克森宁.地区优势：硅谷和128公路地区的文化与竞争[J].上海：上海远东出版社,1999.
[84]盖文启,朱华晟.产业的柔性集聚及其区域竞争力[J].经济理论与经济管理,2001 (10)： 25-30.
[85]倪鹏飞.中国城市竞争力报告[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2006.
[86]顾新.西部大开发要着眼于形成区域竞争优势[J].软科学,2000,02：20-26.
[87]金碚.竞争力经济学[M].广州：广东经济出版社,2003,05.
[88]连玉明.中国城市蓝皮书[M].北京：中国时代经济出版社,2003.
[89]王秉安.区域竞争力研究—理论探讨[J].福建行政学院福建经济管理干部学院学报,1999(1)。
[90]赵修卫-.关于发展区域核心竞争力的探讨[J].中国软科学,2001(10)
[91]肖红叶,李晶.我国区域国际竞争力研究[J].河北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2003(1)
[92]谢立新.论地区竞争力的本质[J].福建师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2003(5)
[93]王维工.长江三角洲经济区域发展结构及其系统学研究[D].南京：东华大学,2003.
[94]闵鹏.基于动力机制的产业集群竞争优势研究[D].长沙：中南大学,2008.
[95]张辉.产业集群竞争力的内在经济机理[J].中国软科学,2003(1)：70-74.
[96]陈继祥.产业集群与复杂性[M].上海：上海财经大学出版社,2005：201-211.
[97]刘恒江,陈继祥.产业集群竞争力研究述评[J].外国经济与管理,2004,26(10)：1-8.
[98]朱海就,陆立军,袁安府.从企业网络看产业集群竞争力差异的原因——浙江和意大利产业集群的比较[J],软科学,2004,18(1)：53-56.
[99]肖家样.基于组合赋权法的产业集群竞争力评价[J].统计与决策,2005(2)：45-47.
[100]李婉萍,罗贤栋.工业园区的竞争力分析[M].北京：中国纺织出版社,2005：53-38.
[101]保罗·克鲁格曼.国际贸易新理论[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2001：15.
[102]克鲁格曼.地理与贸易[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2000.
[103]陈慧娟,吴秉恩.台湾中小企业动态发展与人力资源管理作为关系之研究[J].中山管理评论,2000年冬季号：78-83。
[104]陈介玄.协力网路与时候结构——台湾中小企业的社会经济分析[M].台北：联经出版事业公司,1994.
[105]安虎森.空间经济学[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2005：22-43.
[106]盖文启.创新网络——区域经济发展新思维[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2002.
[107]魏守华,石碧华.论企业集群的竞争优势[J].中国工业经济,,2002,(1)：59-65.
[108]叶建亮.知识溢出与企业集群[J]经济科学,2001(3)：21-30.
[109]许正中.培育产业集群,提高国家竞争力[J]中国经贸导刊,2003,(11)：10-11.
[110]何立胜.企业集群与区域经济竞争力[J]统计与决策,2003,(12)：86-87.
[111]张燕.西方区域经济理论综述[J].当代财经,2003,229(12)：86-88.
[112]陈剑锋,唐振鹏.国外产业集群研究综述[J].外国经济与管理,2002(24)：22-27.
[113]王秉安.我国省域经济综合竞争力现状研究[J].华东经济管理,2005,19(6)：55-59.
[114]梁琦.产业集聚论[M].北京：商务印书馆,2004.
[115]朱英明.产业集聚论[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2003.
[116]刘斌.产业集聚竞争优势的经济分析[M].北京：中国发展出版社,2005.
[117]陈玉平.产业集群的经济学解析及政府功能的发挥[J].商业研究,2005,17(325)：23-26.
[118]唐灿华,余丽.产业集群战略中地方政府的角色定位[J].区域经济,2005(6)：5-7.
[119]安虎森.空间接近与不确定性的降低经济活动聚集与分散的一种解释[J].南开经济研究,2001,(3)：51-56.
[120]郭晓林.产业共性技术与区域产业集群关系研究[J].中国软科学,2006,(9)：110-115.
[121]符正平.中小企业集群生成机制研究[M].广州：中山大学出版社,2004.
[122]张会新.我国资源型产业集群的动力机制研究[D].西北大学博士学位论文,2009.
[123]朱华晟.浙江产业群—产业网络、成长轨迹与发展动力[M].杭州：浙江大学出版社,2003.
[124]张杰,刘东.我国地方产业集群的升级路径：基于组织分工架构的一个初步分析[J].中国工业经济,2006(5)：45-55.
[125]张辉.全球价值链理论与我国产业发展研究[J].中国工业经济,2004(5)：3846.
[126]张辉.全球价值链下地方产业集群升级模式研究[J].中国工业经济,2005,(9)：11-18.
[127]马建会.产业集群成长机理研究[D].暨南大学博士学位论文,2005.
[128]任家华.基于全球价值链理论的地方产业集群升级机理研究—以中国电子信息产业集群为例[D].西南交通大学博士学位论文,2007.
[129]王传宝.全球价值链视角下地方产业集群升级机理研究[D].武汉：华中科技 大学,2009.
[130]刘珂.产业集群升级的机理及路径研究[D].天津：天津大学,2006.
[132]汪少华,王慧敏.浙江产业群成长模式及其演化.[J]中国农村经济,2003(5)：52-56.
[132]王缉慈,宋向辉,李光宇.北京中关村高新技术企业的集聚与扩散[J].地理学报,1996,(6)：481-489.
[133]王缉慈.东莞PC相关制造业地方产业群的发展演变[J].地理学报,2001(6)：722-730.
[134]迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京：华夏出版社,2002.
[135]耿帅.集群企业竞争优势的共享性资源观[J].经济地理,2006,(6)：988-1004.
[136]孙洛平,孙海林.产业集群的交易费用理论[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[137]田银华,唐利如.产业集群演化发展的博弈分析[J].人文杂志,2006(4)：70-75.
[138]白文扬.我国工业产业集中度实证研究[J].中国工业经济研究,1994(11)45-50.
[139]罗薇薇.产业集聚程度与城市化水平相关性的实证分析——以1988-2003年的广东省为例[J].兰州商学院学报,2006,22(2)：50-54.
[140]梁琦.中国工业的区位基尼系数—兼论外商直接投资对制造业集聚的影响[J].统计研究,2003(9)：21-25.
[141]张明倩.中国产业集聚现象统计模型及应用究[M].北京：中国标准出版社,2007：38.
[142]周文良.区域一体化背景下的制造业集聚、扩散趋势——基于广东省的分析[J].经济问题探索,2007(3)：54-62.
[143]王秉安.我国省域经济综合竞争力现状研究[J].华东经济管理,2005,19(6)：55-59.
[144]徐云峰.制度创新与培育西部区域竞争优势[J].经济师,2001(8)：76-77.
[145]温来成.财政制度安排与区域经济竞争力的提升[J].宁夏社会科学,2003,119(4)：31-34.
[146]王秉安,陈振华,叶穗山.区域经济竞争力理论与实践[M],航空工业出版社,2000.
[147]罗茜,倪杰,刘剑.北京市“两带”产业集聚竞争力评价[J].科技进步与对策,2009,12(24)：42-46.
[148]李勇刚.产业集聚与中国区域经济增长问题研究[J].经营管理者,2009,(19)：391-365
[149]周兵,蒲勇键.产业集群的增长经济学解释[J].中国软科学,2003,(5)：36-38.
[150]周兵,蒲勇键.产业群企业中商誉价值的经济学分析[J].改革与理论,2003,5(150)：50-51.
[151]张涌.产业集群与区域经济增长之间关系的研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2009.
[152]刘海波.我国产业集聚水平及其对区域差异的影响研究[D].长春：吉林大学,2007.
[153]张淑静.产业集群的识别、测度和绩效评价研究[D].武汉：华中科技大学,2006.
[154]朱智文.产业集群与区域经济发展问题研究[D].兰州,兰州大学,2007.
[155]陈建军.中国高速增长地域的经济发展：关于江浙模式的研究[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2000.
[156]吴松岭.中部地区产业集聚研究[J].工业技术经济,2009,6：104-106
[157]徐康宁.开放经济中的产业集群与竞争力[J].中国工业经济,2001,11(11)22-27.
[158]沈正平.产业集群与区域经济发展研究[J].中国软科学,2004(2)：28-31.
[159]马淑琴.中小企业集群：区域经济竞争力提升的新支点[J].经济问题,2003,5(11)：33-35.
[160]王诏怡,刘艳.东部产业集群的极化效应对西部的影响[J].重庆工商大学学报,2004(2)：62-65
[161]郑耀群.产业集群发展的制度因素研究[D],西北大学博士学位论文,2009.
[162]赵曙明,程德俊.产业集群与南京软件业的发展[J].科技与经济,2002,15(增刊)：50-52.
[163]刘厚俊,曾向东,张二震.南京城市综合竞争力研究[M].南京：东南大学出版社,2002.
[164]刘艳,刘东.关于发展南京产业集群的研究[J].南京社会科学(增刊)2002：147-152.
[165]陈秋月.区域经济竞争力的比较模型[J].现代情报,2002,6(6)：152-153.
[166]朱英明.论产业集群的创新优势[J].中国软科学,2003,7(7)：107-112.
[167]王步芳.世界各大主流经济学派产业集群理论综述[J].外国经济与管理,2004,26 (1)：12-16.
[168]陈剑锋.基于知识的产业集群能力研究[J].财经研究,2003,29(2)：62-69.
[169]王诏怡,刘艳.东部产业集群的极化效应对西部的影响[J].重庆工商大学学报,2004,(2)：62-65.
[170]青木昌,安藤晴彦.模块时代：新产业结构的本质[M].周国荣,译.上海：上海远东出版社,2003：24.
[171]朱瑞博.模块化抗产业集群内生性风险的机理分析[J].中国工业经济,2004,(5)：54-60.
[172]李平,狄辉.产业价值链模块化重构的价值决定研究.中国工业经济,2006,(9)：45-9.
[173]巫景飞,丙明杰.产业模块化的微观动力机制研究——基于计算机产业演化史的考察[J].管理世界,2007(10)：75-82.
[174]于秀林,任雪松.多元统计分析[M].北京：中国统计出版社2002
[175]邓聚龙.灰理论基础[M].武汉：华中理工大学出版社,2002.
[175]刘思峰,党耀国,方志耕,等.灰色系统理论及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2004：216.
[177]梅振国.灰色绝对关联度及其计算方法[J].系统工程,1992,10(5)：43-44.
[178]陈世联,段万春.绝对关联度及其应用[J].系统工程理论与实践,1998(6)：109-110.
[179]唐五湘.灰色绝对关联度的缺陷[J].系统工程,1994,12(5)：59-62.
[180]查金茂.T型关联度的缺陷[J].武汉交通大学学报,1997,21(1)：89-92.
[181]唐五湘.T型关联度及其计算方法[J].数理统计与管理,1995,14(1)：34-37.
[182]党耀国.灰色斜率关联度的研究[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,1994,10(增刊)：331-337.
[183]党耀国,刘思峰,刘斌,等.灰色斜率关联度的改进[J].中国工程科学,2004,6(3)：41-44.
[184]王清印.灰色B型关联分析[J].华中理工大学学报,1987,17(6)：77-82.
[185]王清印,赵秀恒.C型关联分析[J].华中理中大学学报,1999,27(3)：75-77.
[186]肖新平.关于灰色关联度量化模型的理论研究和评论[J].系统工程理论与实践,1997,17(8)：76-81.
[187]吉培荣,黄巍松,胡翔勇.无偏灰色预测模型[J].系统工程与电子技术,2000, (6)：6-8.
[188]穆勇.无偏灰色GM(1,1)模型的直接建模法[J].系统工程与电子技术,2003,25(9)：1094-1097.
[189]王正新,党耀国,刘思峰.无偏GM(1,1)模型的混沌特性分析[J].系统工程理论与实践,2007,27(11)：153-158.
[190]王义闹,刘光珍,刘开第.GM(1,1)模型的一种逐步优化直接建模法[J].系统工程理论与实践,2000,20(9)：99-104.
[191]王义闹.GM(1,1)逐步优化直接建模方法的推广[J].系统工程理论与实践,2003,23(2)：120-124.
[192]王义闹,李万庆,王本玉,等.一种逐步优化灰导数白化值的GM(1,1)建模方法[J].系统工程理论与实践,2002,22(9)：128-131.
[193]穆勇.优化灰导数白化值的GM(1,1)模型[J].数学的实践与认识,2003,33(3)：13-16.
[194]谢乃明,刘思峰.离散GM(1,1)模型与灰色预测模型建模机理[J].系统工程理论与实践,2005,25(1)：93-98.
[195]王正新,党耀国,刘思峰.基于离散指数函数优化的GM(1,1)模型[J].系统工程理论与实践,2008,28(2)：61-67.
[196]邓聚龙.灰预测与灰决策[M].武汉：华中科技大学出版社.2002.
[197]宁钟.创新、企业集群与经济发展研究[D].武汉：武汉大学,2001.
[198]石斌.南京市产业集聚与区域经济竞争力关系的互动研究[D].南京：南京航空航天大学,2011.