外鼻缺损修复的个性化三维仿真设计及快速成型研究
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摘要
鼻高耸于颜面部五官的中央,在构成人体容貌美中起着极为重要的作用。外鼻的缺损严重影响了患者的容貌外观,给日常生活带来很大的不便及巨大的心理压力。由于肿瘤术后放化疗、供体组织限制、患者自身身体状况等原因,大部分患者无法进行手术整复,还需要进行赝复体修复。临床上,颜面赝复体的形态制作一直沿用传统的临床观摩、现场手工雕刻蜡型的方法,制作难度大、时间长、仿真效果差,远远不能满足患者希望修复后容貌高度相像、自然的要求。近年来,反求工程和快速成型技术的发展为我们提供了新的制作方法。本研究将反求工程和快速成型技术两种先进的方法联合应用到颜面赝复领域中,对外鼻缺损的修复进行个性化三维仿真设计和快速成型制作的研究,为外鼻等单一面部器官缺损的智能化、个性化三维仿真修复提供了一条新的途径,该方法在颌面外科、整形外科等其他学科中也有广阔的应用前景。
面部软组织的三维数据采集是反求工程的第一环节,也是实现颜面赝复体计算机辅助设计的基础。本研究首先探讨了3DSS结构光三维扫描系统及快速成型机的精度,为赝复体的CAD/CAM研究奠定了基础。对于外鼻缺损的修复采用了一种新的计算机辅助设计方案:先获取鼻缺损患者的面部三维数字化模型,经过对主要解剖结构进行三维测量,选取形态最接近的健康人外鼻形态,在计算机软件中进行拼接、修改、曲面拟合等,获得鼻赝复体数字化模型。通过快速成型加工出鼻赝复体蜡模型及缺损区树脂工作模型,最终翻制出硅橡胶赝复体。本研究首次将上述方法应用于临床,完成了一例外鼻大部缺损患者硅橡胶赝复体的制作,为外鼻等面部单一器官缺损的仿真修复与快速制作奠定了基础。研究结果如下:
1. 3DSS结构光三维扫描系统设计测量精度为0.03mm,但在实际应用中,由于各种因素使精度有所下降。通过对刻度尺反求测量分析,在实际应用中测量精度为0.09mm,满足面部软组织三维数据采集的要求。
2. AFS-360激光成型机采用的原理是选区激光烧结,对加工出的方框试件进行测量分析,WAX100型蜡粉加工精度为0.1mm,PSB粉加工精度为0.15mm,PSB粉加工试件浸润树脂处理后,对原有精度不产生影响。满足赝复体临床制作的要求,可以用于赝复体蜡模型及缺损区工作模型的加工。
3.对结构光扫描和CT扫描面部三维重建进行比较,结果表明3DSS结构光三维扫描系统具有扫描精度高、速度快、成本低等优点,适合用于国人正常外鼻三维形态数据库的建立;CT扫描能够获取空腔结构、复杂形态的数据,但存在成本高,速度慢等不足。两种扫描方式各具优点,可相互补充,在临床应用中,应根据不同需要选择不同的扫描方式。
4.获取了外鼻大部分缺损患者的面部数字化模型,对面部主要解剖结构进行了三维测量,根据测量结果、患者意愿从国人正常外鼻三维形态数据库中选取了与患者缺损前形态最接近的健康外鼻形态数据,在Geomagic软件中进行拼接,通过与患者交流进行位置及局部形态调整直至患者满意,采用曲面拟合等步骤制作出鼻赝复体数字化模型,快速成型加工出赝复体蜡模型。本研究首次将这种方法应用于临床,鼻赝复体蜡模型试戴后获得了满意的临床效果。通过三维数字化模型向患者展示仿真修复效果,根据患者意见随时在Geomagic软件中对外鼻数字化文件进行形态及位置调整,更好地增进了医患沟通,真正实现了鼻赝复体的个性化三维仿真设计;快速成型加工出的蜡模型可采用常规方法直接翻制成硅橡胶赝复体,简化了临床操作步骤,实现了赝复体的快速制作,为外鼻等面部单一器官缺损修复的CAD/CAM研究探索了一条新的途径。
5.首次运用快速成型技术加工出缺损区树脂工作模型,以此为基础翻制硅橡胶赝复体,临床试戴与缺损区组织贴合紧密,获得了满意的临床效果,初步探讨了这种方法在临床应用的可行性。
The nose positions in the center of the face, which plays a key role in constructing the beauty of human beings. Individuals afflicted with nasal defect suffer not only from the deficit or loss of physiological function, but also from severe adverse psychological consequence. The surgeon is limited by the availability of tissue, the compromise of the local vascular bed by radiation in tumor patients, and the physical condition of the patients. Therefore, prostheses are usually needed to restore normal facial appearance in most cases. In clinic, traditionally facial prosthesis has been made by handworked sculpted wax pattern, which is not advanced enough to meet the practical needs of emulation. Rencently, the reverse engineering and rapid prototyping techniques provide us a new method. This study applied these novel techniques in the field of facial defect restoration, focusing on the individualized 3-dimentional (3D) emulational design and the related research of rapid manufacture for nasal defect. The aim of this study is also to find a new way for the individualized 3-dimentional emulational design of nose and other single facial organ. The method can also be used in the maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, and many other areas.
Acquisition of 3D image of facial soft tissure is the first step in the reverse engineering and the base of facial prostheses design. At first, this study discussed the accuracy of 3-Dimensional Sensing System and Rapid Prototyping machine for manufacturing facial prostheses of computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM). Then a new CAD method for the nasal prosthesis was set up as follows: Acquisition of 3D image of patient’s facial soft tissue and measuring major facial landmarks were carried out. According to the results obtained above the most similar healthy 3D image of nose was chosen. These two images in the CAD software was merged and digital model of nasal prostheses was achieved. Then the wax model of nasal prostheses was manufactured in RP machine. The model was last transformed to the nasal silicon rub prostheses. This study applied the new method satisfyingly in clinic and manufactured nasal prostheses for a nasal defect patient for the first time to our knowledge. The method can provide foundation for 3D emulational design and RP manufacturing of nose and other single facial organ. From the present study, following conclusions could be drawn:
1. The accuracy of Three Dimentional Sensing System is 0.03mm. But in the practice, accuracy decreased because of operation and so on. Through measuring of the ruler, the accuracy is 0.09mm. It satisfies the demands of 3-D digital data acquisition of facial soft tissue in clinic and indicating that this system is reliable and can be used in clinic to replace the manual measurement.
2. The basic principle of AFS-360 laser rapid prototyping machine is Selective Laser Sintering (SLS). Manufacturing accuracy is 0.15mm through measuring the panes manufactured with wax powder and PSB powder. After infiltrating resin, the accuracy did not change significantly. It satisfies the demands of manufacturing facial prostheses in clinic.
3. Compared the 3D reconstructing of facial soft tissue separately by 3-Dimentional Sensing System scanning and CT scanning, the former has many advantages: higher accuracy, less time consuming, lower cost. It can be used in establishing 3D digital database of healthy Chinese facial image. CT scanning can obtain image from all kinds of shapes. Therefore, we should choose the right type of scanning according to different demands.
4. A 3D image of nasal defect patient’s facial soft tissue was acquired. The major anatomy structures were measured three dimensionally. Then according to the results and patient’s preference, the most similar healthy 3D image of nose was chosen. The selected nasal image was matched with the 3D facial image of patient and modified until the patient felt satisfied with the appearance. After merging these two images in the CAD software, the digital model of nasal prostheses was finished. Then wax model of nasal prostheses was manufactured in RP machine. This study applied the new method satisfyingly in clinic and manufactured nasal prostheses for a nasal defect patient for the first time to our knowledge. The communication between doctor and patient was improved and individualized 3-dimentional emulational design was realized by exhibiting the restoration effect to the patient and modifying the prostheses according to patient’s preference in Geomagic software. The wax model manufactured by RP could be easily transformed into silicone rubber, which simplified the steps of clinic work. The method can provide a new method for 3D emulational design and RP manufacturing of nose and other single facial organ.
5. Defect area resin cast model was manufactured for the first time using RP machine. The nasal silicon rubber prostheses were transformed by it. The margin fits well on the defect area in clinic try-in procedure. The work achieved satisfying results and primarily explored the feasibility of this novel technique in this field.
面部软组织的三维数据采集是反求工程的第一环节,也是实现颜面赝复体计算机辅助设计的基础。本研究首先探讨了3DSS结构光三维扫描系统及快速成型机的精度,为赝复体的CAD/CAM研究奠定了基础。对于外鼻缺损的修复采用了一种新的计算机辅助设计方案:先获取鼻缺损患者的面部三维数字化模型,经过对主要解剖结构进行三维测量,选取形态最接近的健康人外鼻形态,在计算机软件中进行拼接、修改、曲面拟合等,获得鼻赝复体数字化模型。通过快速成型加工出鼻赝复体蜡模型及缺损区树脂工作模型,最终翻制出硅橡胶赝复体。本研究首次将上述方法应用于临床,完成了一例外鼻大部缺损患者硅橡胶赝复体的制作,为外鼻等面部单一器官缺损的仿真修复与快速制作奠定了基础。研究结果如下:
1. 3DSS结构光三维扫描系统设计测量精度为0.03mm,但在实际应用中,由于各种因素使精度有所下降。通过对刻度尺反求测量分析,在实际应用中测量精度为0.09mm,满足面部软组织三维数据采集的要求。
2. AFS-360激光成型机采用的原理是选区激光烧结,对加工出的方框试件进行测量分析,WAX100型蜡粉加工精度为0.1mm,PSB粉加工精度为0.15mm,PSB粉加工试件浸润树脂处理后,对原有精度不产生影响。满足赝复体临床制作的要求,可以用于赝复体蜡模型及缺损区工作模型的加工。
3.对结构光扫描和CT扫描面部三维重建进行比较,结果表明3DSS结构光三维扫描系统具有扫描精度高、速度快、成本低等优点,适合用于国人正常外鼻三维形态数据库的建立;CT扫描能够获取空腔结构、复杂形态的数据,但存在成本高,速度慢等不足。两种扫描方式各具优点,可相互补充,在临床应用中,应根据不同需要选择不同的扫描方式。
4.获取了外鼻大部分缺损患者的面部数字化模型,对面部主要解剖结构进行了三维测量,根据测量结果、患者意愿从国人正常外鼻三维形态数据库中选取了与患者缺损前形态最接近的健康外鼻形态数据,在Geomagic软件中进行拼接,通过与患者交流进行位置及局部形态调整直至患者满意,采用曲面拟合等步骤制作出鼻赝复体数字化模型,快速成型加工出赝复体蜡模型。本研究首次将这种方法应用于临床,鼻赝复体蜡模型试戴后获得了满意的临床效果。通过三维数字化模型向患者展示仿真修复效果,根据患者意见随时在Geomagic软件中对外鼻数字化文件进行形态及位置调整,更好地增进了医患沟通,真正实现了鼻赝复体的个性化三维仿真设计;快速成型加工出的蜡模型可采用常规方法直接翻制成硅橡胶赝复体,简化了临床操作步骤,实现了赝复体的快速制作,为外鼻等面部单一器官缺损修复的CAD/CAM研究探索了一条新的途径。
5.首次运用快速成型技术加工出缺损区树脂工作模型,以此为基础翻制硅橡胶赝复体,临床试戴与缺损区组织贴合紧密,获得了满意的临床效果,初步探讨了这种方法在临床应用的可行性。
The nose positions in the center of the face, which plays a key role in constructing the beauty of human beings. Individuals afflicted with nasal defect suffer not only from the deficit or loss of physiological function, but also from severe adverse psychological consequence. The surgeon is limited by the availability of tissue, the compromise of the local vascular bed by radiation in tumor patients, and the physical condition of the patients. Therefore, prostheses are usually needed to restore normal facial appearance in most cases. In clinic, traditionally facial prosthesis has been made by handworked sculpted wax pattern, which is not advanced enough to meet the practical needs of emulation. Rencently, the reverse engineering and rapid prototyping techniques provide us a new method. This study applied these novel techniques in the field of facial defect restoration, focusing on the individualized 3-dimentional (3D) emulational design and the related research of rapid manufacture for nasal defect. The aim of this study is also to find a new way for the individualized 3-dimentional emulational design of nose and other single facial organ. The method can also be used in the maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, and many other areas.
Acquisition of 3D image of facial soft tissure is the first step in the reverse engineering and the base of facial prostheses design. At first, this study discussed the accuracy of 3-Dimensional Sensing System and Rapid Prototyping machine for manufacturing facial prostheses of computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM). Then a new CAD method for the nasal prosthesis was set up as follows: Acquisition of 3D image of patient’s facial soft tissue and measuring major facial landmarks were carried out. According to the results obtained above the most similar healthy 3D image of nose was chosen. These two images in the CAD software was merged and digital model of nasal prostheses was achieved. Then the wax model of nasal prostheses was manufactured in RP machine. The model was last transformed to the nasal silicon rub prostheses. This study applied the new method satisfyingly in clinic and manufactured nasal prostheses for a nasal defect patient for the first time to our knowledge. The method can provide foundation for 3D emulational design and RP manufacturing of nose and other single facial organ. From the present study, following conclusions could be drawn:
1. The accuracy of Three Dimentional Sensing System is 0.03mm. But in the practice, accuracy decreased because of operation and so on. Through measuring of the ruler, the accuracy is 0.09mm. It satisfies the demands of 3-D digital data acquisition of facial soft tissue in clinic and indicating that this system is reliable and can be used in clinic to replace the manual measurement.
2. The basic principle of AFS-360 laser rapid prototyping machine is Selective Laser Sintering (SLS). Manufacturing accuracy is 0.15mm through measuring the panes manufactured with wax powder and PSB powder. After infiltrating resin, the accuracy did not change significantly. It satisfies the demands of manufacturing facial prostheses in clinic.
3. Compared the 3D reconstructing of facial soft tissue separately by 3-Dimentional Sensing System scanning and CT scanning, the former has many advantages: higher accuracy, less time consuming, lower cost. It can be used in establishing 3D digital database of healthy Chinese facial image. CT scanning can obtain image from all kinds of shapes. Therefore, we should choose the right type of scanning according to different demands.
4. A 3D image of nasal defect patient’s facial soft tissue was acquired. The major anatomy structures were measured three dimensionally. Then according to the results and patient’s preference, the most similar healthy 3D image of nose was chosen. The selected nasal image was matched with the 3D facial image of patient and modified until the patient felt satisfied with the appearance. After merging these two images in the CAD software, the digital model of nasal prostheses was finished. Then wax model of nasal prostheses was manufactured in RP machine. This study applied the new method satisfyingly in clinic and manufactured nasal prostheses for a nasal defect patient for the first time to our knowledge. The communication between doctor and patient was improved and individualized 3-dimentional emulational design was realized by exhibiting the restoration effect to the patient and modifying the prostheses according to patient’s preference in Geomagic software. The wax model manufactured by RP could be easily transformed into silicone rubber, which simplified the steps of clinic work. The method can provide a new method for 3D emulational design and RP manufacturing of nose and other single facial organ.
5. Defect area resin cast model was manufactured for the first time using RP machine. The nasal silicon rubber prostheses were transformed by it. The margin fits well on the defect area in clinic try-in procedure. The work achieved satisfying results and primarily explored the feasibility of this novel technique in this field.
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