西安市大气中PM_(2.5)及其碳气溶胶污染特征研究
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摘要
本文在西安市南郊,利用TEOM(?)系列RP-1400a环境颗粒物监测采样仪,对2009.12~2010.11期间西安市大气中PM_(2.5)进行实时监测和采样分析。研究了PM_(2.5)质量浓度的年、月及高分辨率日循环变化特征,分析了其与气象要素变化的关系,同时对不同季节PM_(2.5)中碳气溶胶组分污染特征进行了分析研究。
研究期间PM_(2.5)年均值为90.5μg/m~3。PM_(2.5)质量浓度呈现出明显的时间序列变化,秋、冬季节变化幅度大于春、夏两季,7月份PM_(2.5)质量浓度均值为61.37μg/m~3,为全年PM_(2.5)质量浓度最低月份,1月份PM_(2.5)污染最为严重,PM_(2.5)质量浓度均值达到143.29μg/m~3,降水量较多的月份PM_(2.5)质量浓度较低。
四季PM_(2.5)日循环变化均呈现明显的双峰模式,交通源的污染排放对监测点PM_(2.5)影响明显,各个季节下午时间PM_(2.5)浓度均呈明显下降的趋势,污染较轻,下午时段内温度较高,湿度较小,风速较大的气象条件有利于PM_(2.5)污染物的扩散。春节期间大量烟花爆竹的燃放能够形成瞬时大气中PM_(2.5)浓度的迅速升高,造成重度的PM_(2.5)污染,春季严重的沙尘天气会形成PM_(2.5)高浓度污染。
OC、EC的年均值分别为23.04μg/m~3、6.15μg/m~3, OC和EC的浓度值冬季明显高于春、夏、秋三季,冬季OC/EC的值最大。TCA年均值为43.01μg/m~3,占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的43.5%,可见碳气溶胶是西安市PM_(2.5)的重要组分。
四季PM_(2.5)中TCA和OC日时段变化呈现较好的早晚双峰分布特征,OC的日时段变化幅度较大, EC和WSOC的日时段变化幅度较小,冬、春、夏三季OC浓度在9:00~12:00时段出现最大值,秋季OC在21:00~23:00时段出现最大值。OC/EC值在各个季节均呈现在交通高峰时段值较小,下午时段值较大的变化规律。
全年中OC与EC的相关性较好,说明西安市OC与EC的来源比较一致,四个季节中WSOC与OC呈较好的正相关关系,WSOC与OC的来源相似,WSOC与EC的相关性明显小于与OC的相关性,WSOC与EC的来源差异较OC大。
In this paper, we collected the PM_(2.5) real time mass concentration dates and filter samples using a TEOM 1400a ambient particulate monitor at the station point of Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology during the period of Dec 2009 to Nov 2010. In this study, the characteristics of the annual, months and high-resolution diurnal variations of PM_(2.5) mass concentration and its relationship with meteorological was analyzed. It also analyzes the characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol of different seasons.
The annual average concentration of PM_(2.5) was 90.5μg/m~3 during the study period. The time series of PM_(2.5) concentration is obvious. Winter and autumn variations range are widely than other seasons. In July, the average PM_(2.5) concentration is lowest of the year with the concentration of 61.37μg/m~3, while January is the highest PM_(2.5) concentration of 143.29μg/m~3. It seems that the more rainfall has the lower PM_(2.5) concentration.
The diurnal cycle of PM_(2.5) concentrations in four seasons are all display evident bi-modal patterns. Traffics pollutions have more influence on the PM_(2.5) of the study station point. In the afternoon, the PM_(2.5) concentration decline obviously, in the afternoon, PM_(2.5) displays low concentration. So the high temperature, low RH, high wind speed in the afternoon can make contribute to dilute the particular pollutions. A lot of fireworks during spring festival days can cause serious PM_(2.5) pollution in a short time. Sand weather in spring can also cause serious PM_(2.5) pollution.
The annual average OC and EC concentrations are 23.04μg/m~3 and 6.15μg/m~3 respectively. in winter , the OC and EC concentrations are higher than other seasons. The annual average TCA concentration during the study period is 43.01μg/m~3, it account 43.5% of PM_(2.5). TCA is the main component of PM_(2.5).
The diurnal cycle of carbonaceous aerosol in four seasons also display bi-modal patterns. OC various higher than EC and WSOC. In winter, spring and summer, OC concentration display max value during 9:00~12:00, while in autumn, OC concentration display max value during 21:00~23:00. OC/EC value always displays lower value during traffic times, but in afternoon displays higher value.
In the whole year, OC and EC have good correlation, the OC and EC in Xi’an has the similar source. WSOC and OC display good correlation, WSOC and OC has the similar source. WSOC and EC is not obvious than OC, so the source of WSOC and EC may be some different.
研究期间PM_(2.5)年均值为90.5μg/m~3。PM_(2.5)质量浓度呈现出明显的时间序列变化,秋、冬季节变化幅度大于春、夏两季,7月份PM_(2.5)质量浓度均值为61.37μg/m~3,为全年PM_(2.5)质量浓度最低月份,1月份PM_(2.5)污染最为严重,PM_(2.5)质量浓度均值达到143.29μg/m~3,降水量较多的月份PM_(2.5)质量浓度较低。
四季PM_(2.5)日循环变化均呈现明显的双峰模式,交通源的污染排放对监测点PM_(2.5)影响明显,各个季节下午时间PM_(2.5)浓度均呈明显下降的趋势,污染较轻,下午时段内温度较高,湿度较小,风速较大的气象条件有利于PM_(2.5)污染物的扩散。春节期间大量烟花爆竹的燃放能够形成瞬时大气中PM_(2.5)浓度的迅速升高,造成重度的PM_(2.5)污染,春季严重的沙尘天气会形成PM_(2.5)高浓度污染。
OC、EC的年均值分别为23.04μg/m~3、6.15μg/m~3, OC和EC的浓度值冬季明显高于春、夏、秋三季,冬季OC/EC的值最大。TCA年均值为43.01μg/m~3,占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的43.5%,可见碳气溶胶是西安市PM_(2.5)的重要组分。
四季PM_(2.5)中TCA和OC日时段变化呈现较好的早晚双峰分布特征,OC的日时段变化幅度较大, EC和WSOC的日时段变化幅度较小,冬、春、夏三季OC浓度在9:00~12:00时段出现最大值,秋季OC在21:00~23:00时段出现最大值。OC/EC值在各个季节均呈现在交通高峰时段值较小,下午时段值较大的变化规律。
全年中OC与EC的相关性较好,说明西安市OC与EC的来源比较一致,四个季节中WSOC与OC呈较好的正相关关系,WSOC与OC的来源相似,WSOC与EC的相关性明显小于与OC的相关性,WSOC与EC的来源差异较OC大。
In this paper, we collected the PM_(2.5) real time mass concentration dates and filter samples using a TEOM 1400a ambient particulate monitor at the station point of Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology during the period of Dec 2009 to Nov 2010. In this study, the characteristics of the annual, months and high-resolution diurnal variations of PM_(2.5) mass concentration and its relationship with meteorological was analyzed. It also analyzes the characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol of different seasons.
The annual average concentration of PM_(2.5) was 90.5μg/m~3 during the study period. The time series of PM_(2.5) concentration is obvious. Winter and autumn variations range are widely than other seasons. In July, the average PM_(2.5) concentration is lowest of the year with the concentration of 61.37μg/m~3, while January is the highest PM_(2.5) concentration of 143.29μg/m~3. It seems that the more rainfall has the lower PM_(2.5) concentration.
The diurnal cycle of PM_(2.5) concentrations in four seasons are all display evident bi-modal patterns. Traffics pollutions have more influence on the PM_(2.5) of the study station point. In the afternoon, the PM_(2.5) concentration decline obviously, in the afternoon, PM_(2.5) displays low concentration. So the high temperature, low RH, high wind speed in the afternoon can make contribute to dilute the particular pollutions. A lot of fireworks during spring festival days can cause serious PM_(2.5) pollution in a short time. Sand weather in spring can also cause serious PM_(2.5) pollution.
The annual average OC and EC concentrations are 23.04μg/m~3 and 6.15μg/m~3 respectively. in winter , the OC and EC concentrations are higher than other seasons. The annual average TCA concentration during the study period is 43.01μg/m~3, it account 43.5% of PM_(2.5). TCA is the main component of PM_(2.5).
The diurnal cycle of carbonaceous aerosol in four seasons also display bi-modal patterns. OC various higher than EC and WSOC. In winter, spring and summer, OC concentration display max value during 9:00~12:00, while in autumn, OC concentration display max value during 21:00~23:00. OC/EC value always displays lower value during traffic times, but in afternoon displays higher value.
In the whole year, OC and EC have good correlation, the OC and EC in Xi’an has the similar source. WSOC and OC display good correlation, WSOC and OC has the similar source. WSOC and EC is not obvious than OC, so the source of WSOC and EC may be some different.
引文
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[2]济南市环境空气细颗粒物(PM10和PM_(2.5))污染特征研究[D].济南:山东大学.
[3]环境空气质量标准.
[4]李伟芳,天津市PM_(2.5)理化特性和含碳气溶胶的分布与来源研究[D].天津:南开大学.
[5]德利克·埃尔森.烟雾警报一城市空气质量管理.北京:科学出版社,1999.
[6]杨复沫,马永亮,贺克斌.细微大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)及其研究概况[J].世界环境.2000,4:32~34.
[7] IPCC.Climate Change 2001:The Scientific Basis.London:Cambridge University Press.2001.
[8] Shine K P,Forster P M.The effect of human activity Oil radiative forcing of climate change: a review of recent developments[J]. Global and Planetary Change.1999.20:205-225.
[9] Twomey, S,Radiative Properties of Clouds, Aeresol Effects on Climate, S.G.Jennings Ed.The Univ. of Arizona press, 1993,275~276.
[10] Pueschel,R,F.,Potential Climate Effects of Anthropogenic Aerosols, Aerosol Effects on Climate, S.G.Jennings Ed.The Univ. of Arizona press, 193,100~132.
[11]张予燕,黄辉军.南京市大气气溶胶颗粒物污染特点[J].环境科学导刊, 2009,28 (1):57– 58.
[12] Chan Y C,Simpson R W, Mctainsh G H,et al1 Source apportionment of visibility degradation problems in Brisban ( Australia ) using multiple linear regression techniques1 A tmos1 Environ1,1999 , 33 (19) : 3237～3250.
[13]黄辉军,刘红年等.南京市PM_(2.5)物理化学特性及来源解析[J].气候与环境研究, 11(16 )2006: 713~721.
[14]段凤魁,贺克斌,马永亮.北京PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源研究[J].环境科学学报, 2009,7. 7(29):1363~1371.
[15]李军,张干等.广州市大气中颗粒态多环芳烃( PAHs)的主要污染源[J].环境科学学报, 2004, 4(24) :661~666.
[16]田芳,祁士华等.天津市塘沽区PM2. 5中PAHs的分布及来源判识[J].安全与环境工程, 2009, 5(16): 53~56.
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