类胡萝卜素在超声波辅助提取中的稳定性及其定量构效关系的研究
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摘要
类胡萝卜素是自然界中存在最为广泛的一类天然色素,水果和蔬菜是其主要的膳食来源。有些类胡萝卜素是人体组织器官的重要组成成分,如叶黄素是视网膜黄斑的组成成分,有些类胡萝卜素是维生素A的来源,类胡萝卜素还具有多种生物活性如抗氧化、抗癌、抗辐射、抗骨质疏松等,其中抗氧化活性和细胞间隙连接功能是其抗癌活性的两个主要机制。同时柑橘是含有类胡萝卜素种类最多的一种水果,但是国内外很少有关于柑橘皮类胡萝卜素的提取利用的研究报道,而超声波辅助提取技术是一种高提取率、操作简便、设备经济的方法。
本文对类胡萝卜素超声波辅助提取分离中的稳定性和抗癌活性研究中的构效关系进行了研究。以类胡萝卜素中易得的样品β-胡萝卜素为研究对象,以柑橘皮为载体对其在超声波辅助提取过程中的提取规律及其降解的机理进行了研究,探讨了基于稳定性、高提取率、绿色、低碳的超声波辅助提取β-胡萝卜素的方法。构建了类胡萝卜素两种抗癌机制(抗氧化和细胞间隙连接)的定量构效关系模型,探讨了其可能的抗癌机制。主要的研究结果和结论如下：
1.研究了超声波处理下不同因素对全反式β-胡萝卜素稳定性的影响(模拟体系)。溶剂和温度是影响其稳定性的主要因素,声强、脉冲方式(占空比)、液面高度仅仅影响降解的速率不会影响反应的机制。全反式β-胡萝卜素在溶剂二氯甲烷中的降解率最大,降解率随着温度的增加而降低,显然这一变化规律的跟经典的化学反应理论(阿仑尼乌斯理论)是不同的。全反式β-胡萝卜素的降解率,随液面高度的增加,先增加后上升；随声强的增加,先增加后降低最后达到平衡；随占空比的增加,先增加后上升。
2.发现全反式β-胡萝卜素在超声波处理下在不同的温度范围内降解的机理是不同的,-5℃到15℃时,全反式β-胡萝卜素的降解符合一级动力学模型,而在25℃时符合二级动力学模型,在-5到25℃的范围内都发生了异构化反应,产生了相同的异构体在-5℃到15℃的温度范围内产生了C=0基团,同时C=C的数目减少。而在25℃时红外光谱和拉曼光谱研究发现新的基团未产生,原有的基团未减少。同时根据该降解机理发现了一种超声波制备类胡萝卜素几何异构体的方法。
3.系统的考察了超声波提取全反式β-胡萝卜素的提取规律。超声波提取相对于浸泡提取方法的优越性是在适当的颗粒大小条件下,当颗粒小到一定程度时,超声波并无任何优越性；在浸泡提取中提取量最高的二氯甲烷在超声波辅助提取中几乎没有任何提取力,在浸泡提取中有最低提取量的乙醇在超声波辅助中提取能力有了显著的提高,几乎达到了正已烷和四氢呋喃的提取力,因此极性溶剂乙醇在超声波提取过程中可用于非极性物质β-胡萝卜素的提取,超声波提取活性物质对于溶剂的选择不在依赖于相似相容的定律；浸泡提取的提取量随着温度的增加而增加,而超声波辅助提取却有不同的变化趋势,在相对低的温度时有最高的提取量,温度对超声波提取影响的规律与浸泡提取的影响规律也是不同的；浸泡提取易达到饱和状态且随时间的延长提取量会有轻微的降低,而超声波辅助提取过程中不易达饱和；提取量随着液面高度的增加有着显著的下降；脉冲超声可以得到与连续超声相同的提取量。以乙醇为溶剂的脉冲超声提取β-胡萝卜素是一种绿色低碳的提取方法。
4.构建了类胡萝卜素抗氧化活性的线性和神经网路的定量构效关系(QSAR)模型。线性模型和神经网络模型都有很好的预测能力,神经网络模型有更好的预测能力,电子结构参数最高分子占有轨道和最低分子空轨道的能量差和离子化能是影响类胡萝卜素抗氧化活性的主要结构参数。
5.构建了类胡萝卜素的细胞间隙连接功能的线性和神经网路的定量构效关系(QSAR)模型。线性模型和神经网络模型具有中等的相似的预测能力,神经网络模型无优越性,发现与类胡萝卜素细胞间隙连接功能相关的主要参数是分子最低空轨道能量。
上述结果能够为超声波技术在类胡萝卜素的提取中的应用提供理论依据并且从化学的角度解释了类胡萝卜素的抗癌机制。
Carotenoids are a family of natural pigments which are always from fruits and vegetables in diets. Some of carotenoids are one part of human tissues and organs. For example, lutein is one part of macula of the eye. Some of carotenoids are the main dietary sources of Vitamin A. And carotenoids are associated with the reduction in the incidence of cancer, age-related macular degeneration, antioxidant activity, osteoporosis, photoprotection and cardiovascular diseases. The well-known antioxidant activity has been suggested to be the main anticancer mechanism of carotenoids, gap junctional communication (GJC) is possible the other anticancer mechanism of carotenoids. The largest number of carotenoids found in any fruit are those of citrus fruits:more than 115 different compounds. The peels of citrus are an abundant source of natural carotenoids. However, seldom studies on extraction and utilization of carotenoids in citrus peels are reported. Ultrasound-assisted extraction has high extraction efficiency, low extraction temperature, simpler and economically cheaper equipment.
The objective of this study was to determine the degradation mechanism and extraction principle of all-trans-β-carotene from citrus peel under ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), was to develop quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for the anticancer activity based on the data.
The main results and conclusions were listed as follows:
1. The effects of factors under ultrasound treatment on the stability of all-trans-β-carotene in a model system were investigated. The type of solvents and temperature were important factors in determining the degradation reaction. Liquid height, ultrasonic intensity and duty cycle of ultrasound exposure only affected the rate of degradation but did not change the nature of degradation. Degradation rate of all-trans-β-carotene in dichloromethane was the highest. Degradation rate of all-trans-β-carotene decreased with increasing of temperature, which is inconsistent with Arrhenius theory. All-trans-β-carotene concentration firstly decreased markedly, then increased slightly with liquid height. All-trans-β-carotene concentration firstly decreased, then increased, lastly did not changed significantly with ultrasonic intensity. All-trans-β-carotene concentration firstly decreased significantly, then increased significantly with the increasing duty cycle.
2. Degradation mechanisms of all-frans-β-carotene in different temperatures were different. Degradation kinetics of all-trans-β-carotene under ultrasound fitted first-order reaction at-5 to 15℃, and fitted second-order reaction at 25℃. Degradation products at-5 to 15℃included isomers:15-cis-β-carotene,di-cis-β-carotene and other compounds with function group of C-O. Degradation products at 25βincluded isomers:15-cis-β-carotene, di-cis-β-carotene. In addition, A new method to produce isomers ofβ-carotene was obtained according to the degradation mechanism.
3. The ultrasound extraction principle of all-trans-β-carotene was comprehensively investigated. The advantage of extraction yield under ultrasound in comparison of under maceration was attributed to the particle size. Solvent of dichloromethane caused the degradation of all-trans-β-carotene extracted during UAE. Solvent of ethanol showed a pronounced higher extraction yield during UAE in comparison of maceration. It can be concluded the polar solution-ethanol can be used to exraction the nonpolar molecules under ultrasound extraction and ultrasound extraction principle is different to the maceration principle of "Like dissolves like" The extraction yield of UAE had a peak value at 25℃. The extraction yield of UAE did not easily arrived equilibrium in comparison of maceration. The extraction yield increased first, then decreased, then slightly increased with increasing of ultrasonic intensity. The extraction yield of UAE decreased with increasing of liquid height. The extraction yield increased with increasing of duty cycle until equilibrium. Pulsed ultrasound extraction ofβ-carotene with the solvent of ethanol may be a green and low carbon method.
4. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models of antioxidant activity were developed using stepwise regression and multilayer perception neural network based on calculated descriptors of quantum chemistry. The results showed that the significant molecular descriptor related to the antioxidant activity of carotenoids was the energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (ELUMO). The two models of antioxidant activity both showed good predictive power, but the predictive power of the neural network QSAR model of antioxidant activity was better.
5. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models of gap junction communication activity (GJC) were developed using stepwise regression and multilayer pere(?)tion neural network based on calculated descriptors of quantum chemistry. The molecular descriptor related to the GJC was the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy(ELUMO).The two GJC models had similar, moderate predictive power.
The current study should be very useful for the application of ultrasound extraction and explained the anticancer mechanism of carotenoids from the chemical point of view.
本文对类胡萝卜素超声波辅助提取分离中的稳定性和抗癌活性研究中的构效关系进行了研究。以类胡萝卜素中易得的样品β-胡萝卜素为研究对象,以柑橘皮为载体对其在超声波辅助提取过程中的提取规律及其降解的机理进行了研究,探讨了基于稳定性、高提取率、绿色、低碳的超声波辅助提取β-胡萝卜素的方法。构建了类胡萝卜素两种抗癌机制(抗氧化和细胞间隙连接)的定量构效关系模型,探讨了其可能的抗癌机制。主要的研究结果和结论如下：
1.研究了超声波处理下不同因素对全反式β-胡萝卜素稳定性的影响(模拟体系)。溶剂和温度是影响其稳定性的主要因素,声强、脉冲方式(占空比)、液面高度仅仅影响降解的速率不会影响反应的机制。全反式β-胡萝卜素在溶剂二氯甲烷中的降解率最大,降解率随着温度的增加而降低,显然这一变化规律的跟经典的化学反应理论(阿仑尼乌斯理论)是不同的。全反式β-胡萝卜素的降解率,随液面高度的增加,先增加后上升；随声强的增加,先增加后降低最后达到平衡；随占空比的增加,先增加后上升。
2.发现全反式β-胡萝卜素在超声波处理下在不同的温度范围内降解的机理是不同的,-5℃到15℃时,全反式β-胡萝卜素的降解符合一级动力学模型,而在25℃时符合二级动力学模型,在-5到25℃的范围内都发生了异构化反应,产生了相同的异构体在-5℃到15℃的温度范围内产生了C=0基团,同时C=C的数目减少。而在25℃时红外光谱和拉曼光谱研究发现新的基团未产生,原有的基团未减少。同时根据该降解机理发现了一种超声波制备类胡萝卜素几何异构体的方法。
3.系统的考察了超声波提取全反式β-胡萝卜素的提取规律。超声波提取相对于浸泡提取方法的优越性是在适当的颗粒大小条件下,当颗粒小到一定程度时,超声波并无任何优越性；在浸泡提取中提取量最高的二氯甲烷在超声波辅助提取中几乎没有任何提取力,在浸泡提取中有最低提取量的乙醇在超声波辅助中提取能力有了显著的提高,几乎达到了正已烷和四氢呋喃的提取力,因此极性溶剂乙醇在超声波提取过程中可用于非极性物质β-胡萝卜素的提取,超声波提取活性物质对于溶剂的选择不在依赖于相似相容的定律；浸泡提取的提取量随着温度的增加而增加,而超声波辅助提取却有不同的变化趋势,在相对低的温度时有最高的提取量,温度对超声波提取影响的规律与浸泡提取的影响规律也是不同的；浸泡提取易达到饱和状态且随时间的延长提取量会有轻微的降低,而超声波辅助提取过程中不易达饱和；提取量随着液面高度的增加有着显著的下降；脉冲超声可以得到与连续超声相同的提取量。以乙醇为溶剂的脉冲超声提取β-胡萝卜素是一种绿色低碳的提取方法。
4.构建了类胡萝卜素抗氧化活性的线性和神经网路的定量构效关系(QSAR)模型。线性模型和神经网络模型都有很好的预测能力,神经网络模型有更好的预测能力,电子结构参数最高分子占有轨道和最低分子空轨道的能量差和离子化能是影响类胡萝卜素抗氧化活性的主要结构参数。
5.构建了类胡萝卜素的细胞间隙连接功能的线性和神经网路的定量构效关系(QSAR)模型。线性模型和神经网络模型具有中等的相似的预测能力,神经网络模型无优越性,发现与类胡萝卜素细胞间隙连接功能相关的主要参数是分子最低空轨道能量。
上述结果能够为超声波技术在类胡萝卜素的提取中的应用提供理论依据并且从化学的角度解释了类胡萝卜素的抗癌机制。
Carotenoids are a family of natural pigments which are always from fruits and vegetables in diets. Some of carotenoids are one part of human tissues and organs. For example, lutein is one part of macula of the eye. Some of carotenoids are the main dietary sources of Vitamin A. And carotenoids are associated with the reduction in the incidence of cancer, age-related macular degeneration, antioxidant activity, osteoporosis, photoprotection and cardiovascular diseases. The well-known antioxidant activity has been suggested to be the main anticancer mechanism of carotenoids, gap junctional communication (GJC) is possible the other anticancer mechanism of carotenoids. The largest number of carotenoids found in any fruit are those of citrus fruits:more than 115 different compounds. The peels of citrus are an abundant source of natural carotenoids. However, seldom studies on extraction and utilization of carotenoids in citrus peels are reported. Ultrasound-assisted extraction has high extraction efficiency, low extraction temperature, simpler and economically cheaper equipment.
The objective of this study was to determine the degradation mechanism and extraction principle of all-trans-β-carotene from citrus peel under ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), was to develop quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for the anticancer activity based on the data.
The main results and conclusions were listed as follows:
1. The effects of factors under ultrasound treatment on the stability of all-trans-β-carotene in a model system were investigated. The type of solvents and temperature were important factors in determining the degradation reaction. Liquid height, ultrasonic intensity and duty cycle of ultrasound exposure only affected the rate of degradation but did not change the nature of degradation. Degradation rate of all-trans-β-carotene in dichloromethane was the highest. Degradation rate of all-trans-β-carotene decreased with increasing of temperature, which is inconsistent with Arrhenius theory. All-trans-β-carotene concentration firstly decreased markedly, then increased slightly with liquid height. All-trans-β-carotene concentration firstly decreased, then increased, lastly did not changed significantly with ultrasonic intensity. All-trans-β-carotene concentration firstly decreased significantly, then increased significantly with the increasing duty cycle.
2. Degradation mechanisms of all-frans-β-carotene in different temperatures were different. Degradation kinetics of all-trans-β-carotene under ultrasound fitted first-order reaction at-5 to 15℃, and fitted second-order reaction at 25℃. Degradation products at-5 to 15℃included isomers:15-cis-β-carotene,di-cis-β-carotene and other compounds with function group of C-O. Degradation products at 25βincluded isomers:15-cis-β-carotene, di-cis-β-carotene. In addition, A new method to produce isomers ofβ-carotene was obtained according to the degradation mechanism.
3. The ultrasound extraction principle of all-trans-β-carotene was comprehensively investigated. The advantage of extraction yield under ultrasound in comparison of under maceration was attributed to the particle size. Solvent of dichloromethane caused the degradation of all-trans-β-carotene extracted during UAE. Solvent of ethanol showed a pronounced higher extraction yield during UAE in comparison of maceration. It can be concluded the polar solution-ethanol can be used to exraction the nonpolar molecules under ultrasound extraction and ultrasound extraction principle is different to the maceration principle of "Like dissolves like" The extraction yield of UAE had a peak value at 25℃. The extraction yield of UAE did not easily arrived equilibrium in comparison of maceration. The extraction yield increased first, then decreased, then slightly increased with increasing of ultrasonic intensity. The extraction yield of UAE decreased with increasing of liquid height. The extraction yield increased with increasing of duty cycle until equilibrium. Pulsed ultrasound extraction ofβ-carotene with the solvent of ethanol may be a green and low carbon method.
4. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models of antioxidant activity were developed using stepwise regression and multilayer perception neural network based on calculated descriptors of quantum chemistry. The results showed that the significant molecular descriptor related to the antioxidant activity of carotenoids was the energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (ELUMO). The two models of antioxidant activity both showed good predictive power, but the predictive power of the neural network QSAR model of antioxidant activity was better.
5. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models of gap junction communication activity (GJC) were developed using stepwise regression and multilayer pere(?)tion neural network based on calculated descriptors of quantum chemistry. The molecular descriptor related to the GJC was the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy(ELUMO).The two GJC models had similar, moderate predictive power.
The current study should be very useful for the application of ultrasound extraction and explained the anticancer mechanism of carotenoids from the chemical point of view.
引文
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