彩色棉纤维发育特性以及基于细胞质雄性不育的彩色长绒棉育种研究
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摘要
大然彩色棉是一种纤维具有颜色的棉花,其颜色是植物色素在纤维细胞内沉积的结果。天然彩色棉织物以其舒适、环保的特性受到人们的广泛欢迎。但彩色棉在生产应用上存在两个不利因子：其产量偏低,品质偏差。如何提高彩色棉的产量和品质使其适应纺织工业的需求成为种植者和纺织企业共同关注的问题。杂种优势是提高作物产量和品质的有效手段,在棉花中海陆杂种和陆陆杂种已被广泛用于新品种的选育。海岛棉具有纤维长、细、强等突出特点,是纺织高支纱和特种织物不可缺少的原料。为此,本文在研究彩色棉纤维生长与发育的生理、生化和基因表达特性的基础上,对基于细胞质雄性不育的棕色棉陆陆杂种和海陆杂种的杂种优势表现进行了分析和研究,以期为指导彩色棉育种提供理论依据。本文主要研究结果如下：
1田间和组织培养条件下彩色棉和白色棉纤维的发育特性
彩色棉纤维快速伸长期较短,次生壁加厚停止较早,使得彩色棉纤维的长度和品质较差。与白色棉比较,彩色棉纤维细胞中的纤维素、总黄酮、葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖的含量存在明显差异：1)、纤维素的含量,彩色棉纤维(仅为750mg/g左右)低于白色棉纤维(910mg/g)；2)总黄酮含量,棕色棉和绿色棉5DPA纤维中总黄酮含量分别为8.4mg／g和6.9mg／g,显著高于白色棉5DPA纤维中的3.1mg／g；3)纤维中碳水化合物含量,彩色棉纤维中各种糖分的含量在纤维发育的早期均低于白色棉。棕色棉和绿色棉5DPA纤维中蔗糖,果糖和葡萄糖的含量比白色棉分别降低20%和25%,16.7和28.6,9.6%和6.4%。这与组培的研究结果相一致,表明糖分对离体纤维发育有显著的促进作用相一致。实验表明,不添加糖源的培养基中纤维基本不发育。蔗糖对纤维发育的促进作用最为明显,葡萄糖次之,果糖最差。因此,在彩色棉纤维发育的前期可溶性糖含量偏低,后期不但存在色素物质的合成,而且可溶性糖向纤维素的转化又不充分,这就使得最终彩色棉纤维中纤维素含量减少,而可溶性糖含量则相对升高,可能对棉花产量和品质均有不利影响。
2培养基中外加呼吸抑制剂对离体彩色棉纤维发育及显色的影响
用组织培养的方式,外加呼吸抑制剂硫脲和鱼藤酮观察离体彩色棉纤维胚珠在30天内的生长发育特性。研究发现,硫脲对彩色棉纤维细胞的发育影响较小,但对绿色棉纤维的显色影响较大。当培养基中硫脲浓度达到600μM及以上时,绿色棉纤维在30天内没有显色,而对照(不加硫脲绿色棉)在23天显色。硫脲对胚珠培养条件下棕色棉纤维的显色没有影响。鱼藤酮对彩色棉纤维生长的毒性较大,能显著抑制彩色棉胚珠的发育,与对照相比,高浓度鱼藤酮处理下彩色棉胚珠鲜重降低65%以上,纤维长度缩短55%左右。在鱼藤酮作用下,棕色棉和绿色棉虽然都能正常显色,但棕色棉纤维的颜色明显变淡,绿色棉纤维颜色变化不明显但显色提前,组培17天显色,比对照提前6天。同时对组织培养条件下30天后两个抑制剂不同浓度处理下三种纤维中多酚氧化酶活性测定发现,高浓度硫脲处理下,各个材料中多酚氧化酶活性均有降低。其中绿色棉中多酚氧化酶活性降低80%左右,这可能与高浓度硫脲处理下绿色棉纤维显色受到抑制有关。
3基于细胞质雄性不育的棕色棉陆陆杂种和海陆杂种的杂种优势表现
陆陆杂种ZZ2的皮棉产量最高,其次为ZZ3,ZZ1。ZZ2的产量相对G008提高了57.5%,与白色棉对照ZM29接近。ZZ2较高的产量得益于其单铃重上较大的杂种优势,这与ZZ2杂种的父本为优质高产的白色陆地棉有关。白色优质陆地棉基因的渗入使得ZZ2在单铃重、皮棉产量和衣分上比G008有显著提高。棕色棉海陆种间杂种ZZ3的单株结铃数最多,其对G008和ZM29的超标优势两年平均值为40.5%和60.3%。这使得海陆杂种的籽棉产量较高,比G008提高30%以上,为其皮棉产量的杂种优势提供了基础。ZZ1的杂种优势为三类杂种中最低。海陆杂种ZZ3的纤维长度与G008和ZM29相比提高了33.9%和11.2%。其纤维强度比棕色棉纯系G008提高40%左右,超过白色棉对照ZM29 10%以上。以白色棉做父本的陆陆杂种ZZ2和海陆杂种ZZ3成熟纤维中纤维素的含量(分别为906mg／g和897mg/g)显著高于G008(746mg/g),与白色棉对照ZM29接近。成熟纤维中纤维素与纤维品质的相关性分析表明,成熟纤维中纤维素的含量与纤维长度和强度都有极显著的正相关,这可能是棕色棉海陆杂种品质较好的原因之一。
4叶片光合特性和纤维生理特征与棕色棉杂种产量和品质表现的关系
海陆杂种ZZ3在整个生育时期平均具有较高的叶绿素水平,其盛花期的叶绿素含量与同时期的ZZ1,ZZ2,和G008叶片中叶绿素含量相比分别提高了22%,12%和57%。与叶绿素含量相对应,海陆杂种也具有较高的净光合速率,并且在生育后期其他材料光合速率下降明显时,海陆杂种净光合速率的降幅较小。海陆杂种ZZ3叶片中碳水化合物含量相对较高,这表明其光合能力相对较强,但其最终的皮棉产量不如ZZ2,可能与其营养生长过旺造成对碳水化合物利用分流有关。ZZ1、ZZ2、ZZ3和G008在纤维的生理特性上也有较大差异。纤维快速伸长期,ZZ3纤维中可溶性糖含量较高,而pH值相对较低,为纤维的快速伸长以及纤维素的合成提供较好条件。
5纤维发育相关基因的表达与棕色棉杂种品质表现的关系
棕色棉海陆杂种最大的优点是其对棕色棉纤维品质的极大提高,而好的纤维品质能使棕色棉适应纺织工业的需求。我们利用荧光定量PCR来研究不同棕色棉杂种纤维中渗透压相关基因和细胞壁形成相关基因表达量的差异。结果表明,在海岛棉H8714R和棕色棉海陆杂种Z11A×H8714R中六个基因表达量均相对较高。EXT基因和ACT1基因的表达量均为棕色棉G008的1.5倍以上。celA1基因与纤维素的合成直接相关,因此对纤维的强度影响亦较大。研究结果表明,棕色棉海陆杂种纤维中该基因的表达量要显著高于棕色棉陆陆杂种和棕色棉纯系,其20DPA中celA1基因的表达量是棕色棉纯系G008纤维中该基因表达量的2倍以上。由于20DPA是纤维素大量合成的时期,因此,该基因的大量表达可能与棕色棉海陆杂种纤维强度的明显提高相关联。海岛棉H8714R和棕色棉海陆杂种Z11AxH8714R在10DPA纤维中渗透压相关基因的表达量较高。蔗糖合酶基因(SuSy)在海岛棉纤维快速伸长期的表达量很高,达到内参基因的25倍左右。白色陆地棉ZM29、棕色棉陆陆杂种Z11A-L08R和棕色棉纯系G00810DPA纤维中蔗糖合酶基因(SuSy)的表达量相对较低,只有海岛棉和棕色棉海陆杂种的1／3左右。焦磷酸化酶基因(VPP)和质膜H+-ATPase基因(PMA)在海陆杂种和海岛棉10DPA纤维中的表达量也较高。基因表达量和成熟纤维品质性状的相关性分析表明,两者之间有极显著的正相关。因此,这些基因的高量表达可能有利于海岛棉和海陆杂种棉纤维的快速伸长和纤维次生壁的加厚。
Natural colored cotton becomes more and more attractive to textile industry because of their unique non-fading and environmentally friendly properties. But colored cotton is still not very popular in farming because of their lower lint yield and inferior fiber quality than white cotton. So, improvement of the colored cotton fiber yield and quality becomes an urgent need, which can directly influence its further development. Heterosis utilization is still a powerful way in cotton fiber yield and quality improvement. Because Sea Island cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) has better fiber quality and Upland cotton (G hiesutum L.) has higher yield, its interspecific hybrid can combinate advantages of the parents in productivity and quality properties and reach the aim of simultaneous improvement of hybrid yield and fiber quality. Therefore, we used Upland and Sea Island cotton with different colored fibers as materials, and studied the characteristics of colored cotton fiber developmnt and their heterosis in hybrid colored cotton. The main results were showed as below:
1 Development of colored cotton fiber and white cotton fiber in planta and in vitro
There were significant differences between colored fiber cotton and white fiber cotton in fiber cellulose, pigment, and carbohydrate conten during fiber development.1) Cellulose content in mature fiber of colored cotton (750mg/g) was much lower than white cotton (910mg/g); 2) Total flavoid content in 5DPA brown fiber cotton (8.4mg/g) and green fiber cotton (6.9mg/g) was much higher than that of white fiber cotton (3.1mg/g); 3) Carbohydrate content in colored cotton fiber was lower than white cotton fiber at early stage of fiber development. The content of sucrose, glucose, and fructose in 5DPA fiber of brown cotton and green cotton fiber were 20% and 25%, 16.7% and 28.6%,9.6% and 6.4% lower than that of white cotton fiber. These resules were coinsistance with the study in ovule culture of colored cotton. The study showed that no sugars were added in ovule culure medium, no fiber was produced. Sucrose was the most effective C source for fiber development in vitro, followed by glucose and fructose. The pigment synthesis and depositon in colored fiber cotton may be responsible for the lower cellulose content and inferior fiber quality traits of colored cotton fiber.
2 Impact of exogenous respiratory inhibitors on colored cotton fiber development in vitro
Ovule and fiber development would be inhibited by both rotenone and thiourea (exogenous respiratory inhibitors) causing ovule fresh weight reduction and fiber shortening. But rotenone was more harmful to ovule and fiber development. The ovule weight and fiber length of brown cotton and green cotton cultured in medium with high concentration of rotenone was 65% and 55% lower than CK. There was no effect on coloration of brown and green fiber cotton while treated by rotenone. Rotenone also had significant influence on coloration of colored cotton and advanced color display for 6 days in green cotton fiber. Although thiourea had less effect on ovule and fiber development, it could result in no color display in green cotton fiber indicating pigment metabolism was inhibited by thiourea (600μM). Moreover, cytochrome coxidase activity rapidly decreased in fiber cells after rotenone treatment and polyphenoloxidase activity reduced by more than 80% in green cotton fiber after thiourea treatment.
3 Improvements of yield and quality through inter-and intra-specific hybridization in brown fiber cotton
ZZ2 produced the highest lint yield for two years among the intra-specific hybrids, which was 57.5% higher than G008 (CK1, a brown pure line) and almost near to the ZM29 (CK2, a commercial hybrid). The average boll numbers of three inter-specific hybrids exceeded G008 and ZM29 by 40.5% and 60.3%, respectively. More boll numbers per plant in ZZ3 produced the highest seed cotton yield, which exceed G008 by 30%. ZZ2 had better yield performance than ZZ1 because of the high yield performance of their male parents. Interspecific hybrids ZZ3 produced the best fiber quality traits. The mean fiber length of inter-specific hybrid increased by 33.9% and 11.2% compared with G008 and ZM29. The mean fiber strength of inter-specific hybrid lines increased almost by 40% and 10% compared with G008 and ZM29. The cellulose contents in mature fiber of ZZ2 (897mg/g) and ZZ3 (906mg/g) was much higher than G008 (746mg/g).
4 Relationship between leaf photosynthetic, fiber physiological, yield and quality properties in brown cotton hybrids
The changes in levels of leaf hlorophyll concentration, net photosynthesis rate, sucrose, glucose, and fructose content during fiber development were observed for brown hybrids. ZZ3 had the highest leaf chlorophyll concentrations, which were 22%,12%, and 57% higher than that of ZZ1, ZZ2 and G008, respecitivelly. The higher leaf hlorophyll concentration in ZZ3 indicated its active photosynthesis. High photosynthesis rate in ZZ3 didn't produce the high lint yield, which might be mainly caused by the excessively nutritional plant growth, less bolls per plant, and lighter boll mass. G008 had the lowest leaf chlorophyll concentration and other photosynthetic indexes, leading to a lower amount of photosynthetic product, yield and quality. There were significant differences among all materials in their fiber physiological characteristics. At the early stage of fiber development, the fiber of interspecific hybrids had the higher carbohydrate content and lower pH value than that of intraspecific hybrids.
5 Relationship between genes expression level and fiber quality in brown fiber cotton hybrids
The functional genes related to cotton fiber expansion and fiber secondary cell wall synthesis were selected to analyses heir expression level in different type (interspecific hybrid, G. barbadense and G. hirsutum) of brown cotton fibers at the key stage of fiber development by real-time quantitative technology. Five genes, one cell wall extensibility related genes (endo-xyloglucan transferase gene(EXT)), three cell turgor related genes (sucrose synthase gene (SuSy), H+-pyrophosphatase gene (VPP) and Plasma membrane H+-ATPase gene (PMA)) and one cytoskeleton related gene (ACTIN1 (ACT1)), were selected to evaluate their expression level in different type cotton fibers at 10 DPA. And one cell wall synthesis related gene cellulose synthase 1 gene (celAl) was also studied at 24 DPA. The results showed that H8714R (G. barbadense) and interspecific hybrid of brown fiber cotton Z11A×H8714R had the higher expression leves of all six genes than other materials. The expression levels of EXT and ACT1 in Z11A×H8714R were 1.5 times higher than G008. SuSy expressed higher level in interspecific hybrid and G. barbadense than in G. hirsutum. The correlation between genes expression level and related fiber quality of mature cotton fiber was calculated. The expression level was positively associated with the fiber quality traits in different type cotton. It refered that the cell wall extensibility related genes played an important role in fiber length and fiber strength formation.
1田间和组织培养条件下彩色棉和白色棉纤维的发育特性
彩色棉纤维快速伸长期较短,次生壁加厚停止较早,使得彩色棉纤维的长度和品质较差。与白色棉比较,彩色棉纤维细胞中的纤维素、总黄酮、葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖的含量存在明显差异：1)、纤维素的含量,彩色棉纤维(仅为750mg/g左右)低于白色棉纤维(910mg/g)；2)总黄酮含量,棕色棉和绿色棉5DPA纤维中总黄酮含量分别为8.4mg／g和6.9mg／g,显著高于白色棉5DPA纤维中的3.1mg／g；3)纤维中碳水化合物含量,彩色棉纤维中各种糖分的含量在纤维发育的早期均低于白色棉。棕色棉和绿色棉5DPA纤维中蔗糖,果糖和葡萄糖的含量比白色棉分别降低20%和25%,16.7和28.6,9.6%和6.4%。这与组培的研究结果相一致,表明糖分对离体纤维发育有显著的促进作用相一致。实验表明,不添加糖源的培养基中纤维基本不发育。蔗糖对纤维发育的促进作用最为明显,葡萄糖次之,果糖最差。因此,在彩色棉纤维发育的前期可溶性糖含量偏低,后期不但存在色素物质的合成,而且可溶性糖向纤维素的转化又不充分,这就使得最终彩色棉纤维中纤维素含量减少,而可溶性糖含量则相对升高,可能对棉花产量和品质均有不利影响。
2培养基中外加呼吸抑制剂对离体彩色棉纤维发育及显色的影响
用组织培养的方式,外加呼吸抑制剂硫脲和鱼藤酮观察离体彩色棉纤维胚珠在30天内的生长发育特性。研究发现,硫脲对彩色棉纤维细胞的发育影响较小,但对绿色棉纤维的显色影响较大。当培养基中硫脲浓度达到600μM及以上时,绿色棉纤维在30天内没有显色,而对照(不加硫脲绿色棉)在23天显色。硫脲对胚珠培养条件下棕色棉纤维的显色没有影响。鱼藤酮对彩色棉纤维生长的毒性较大,能显著抑制彩色棉胚珠的发育,与对照相比,高浓度鱼藤酮处理下彩色棉胚珠鲜重降低65%以上,纤维长度缩短55%左右。在鱼藤酮作用下,棕色棉和绿色棉虽然都能正常显色,但棕色棉纤维的颜色明显变淡,绿色棉纤维颜色变化不明显但显色提前,组培17天显色,比对照提前6天。同时对组织培养条件下30天后两个抑制剂不同浓度处理下三种纤维中多酚氧化酶活性测定发现,高浓度硫脲处理下,各个材料中多酚氧化酶活性均有降低。其中绿色棉中多酚氧化酶活性降低80%左右,这可能与高浓度硫脲处理下绿色棉纤维显色受到抑制有关。
3基于细胞质雄性不育的棕色棉陆陆杂种和海陆杂种的杂种优势表现
陆陆杂种ZZ2的皮棉产量最高,其次为ZZ3,ZZ1。ZZ2的产量相对G008提高了57.5%,与白色棉对照ZM29接近。ZZ2较高的产量得益于其单铃重上较大的杂种优势,这与ZZ2杂种的父本为优质高产的白色陆地棉有关。白色优质陆地棉基因的渗入使得ZZ2在单铃重、皮棉产量和衣分上比G008有显著提高。棕色棉海陆种间杂种ZZ3的单株结铃数最多,其对G008和ZM29的超标优势两年平均值为40.5%和60.3%。这使得海陆杂种的籽棉产量较高,比G008提高30%以上,为其皮棉产量的杂种优势提供了基础。ZZ1的杂种优势为三类杂种中最低。海陆杂种ZZ3的纤维长度与G008和ZM29相比提高了33.9%和11.2%。其纤维强度比棕色棉纯系G008提高40%左右,超过白色棉对照ZM29 10%以上。以白色棉做父本的陆陆杂种ZZ2和海陆杂种ZZ3成熟纤维中纤维素的含量(分别为906mg／g和897mg/g)显著高于G008(746mg/g),与白色棉对照ZM29接近。成熟纤维中纤维素与纤维品质的相关性分析表明,成熟纤维中纤维素的含量与纤维长度和强度都有极显著的正相关,这可能是棕色棉海陆杂种品质较好的原因之一。
4叶片光合特性和纤维生理特征与棕色棉杂种产量和品质表现的关系
海陆杂种ZZ3在整个生育时期平均具有较高的叶绿素水平,其盛花期的叶绿素含量与同时期的ZZ1,ZZ2,和G008叶片中叶绿素含量相比分别提高了22%,12%和57%。与叶绿素含量相对应,海陆杂种也具有较高的净光合速率,并且在生育后期其他材料光合速率下降明显时,海陆杂种净光合速率的降幅较小。海陆杂种ZZ3叶片中碳水化合物含量相对较高,这表明其光合能力相对较强,但其最终的皮棉产量不如ZZ2,可能与其营养生长过旺造成对碳水化合物利用分流有关。ZZ1、ZZ2、ZZ3和G008在纤维的生理特性上也有较大差异。纤维快速伸长期,ZZ3纤维中可溶性糖含量较高,而pH值相对较低,为纤维的快速伸长以及纤维素的合成提供较好条件。
5纤维发育相关基因的表达与棕色棉杂种品质表现的关系
棕色棉海陆杂种最大的优点是其对棕色棉纤维品质的极大提高,而好的纤维品质能使棕色棉适应纺织工业的需求。我们利用荧光定量PCR来研究不同棕色棉杂种纤维中渗透压相关基因和细胞壁形成相关基因表达量的差异。结果表明,在海岛棉H8714R和棕色棉海陆杂种Z11A×H8714R中六个基因表达量均相对较高。EXT基因和ACT1基因的表达量均为棕色棉G008的1.5倍以上。celA1基因与纤维素的合成直接相关,因此对纤维的强度影响亦较大。研究结果表明,棕色棉海陆杂种纤维中该基因的表达量要显著高于棕色棉陆陆杂种和棕色棉纯系,其20DPA中celA1基因的表达量是棕色棉纯系G008纤维中该基因表达量的2倍以上。由于20DPA是纤维素大量合成的时期,因此,该基因的大量表达可能与棕色棉海陆杂种纤维强度的明显提高相关联。海岛棉H8714R和棕色棉海陆杂种Z11AxH8714R在10DPA纤维中渗透压相关基因的表达量较高。蔗糖合酶基因(SuSy)在海岛棉纤维快速伸长期的表达量很高,达到内参基因的25倍左右。白色陆地棉ZM29、棕色棉陆陆杂种Z11A-L08R和棕色棉纯系G00810DPA纤维中蔗糖合酶基因(SuSy)的表达量相对较低,只有海岛棉和棕色棉海陆杂种的1／3左右。焦磷酸化酶基因(VPP)和质膜H+-ATPase基因(PMA)在海陆杂种和海岛棉10DPA纤维中的表达量也较高。基因表达量和成熟纤维品质性状的相关性分析表明,两者之间有极显著的正相关。因此,这些基因的高量表达可能有利于海岛棉和海陆杂种棉纤维的快速伸长和纤维次生壁的加厚。
Natural colored cotton becomes more and more attractive to textile industry because of their unique non-fading and environmentally friendly properties. But colored cotton is still not very popular in farming because of their lower lint yield and inferior fiber quality than white cotton. So, improvement of the colored cotton fiber yield and quality becomes an urgent need, which can directly influence its further development. Heterosis utilization is still a powerful way in cotton fiber yield and quality improvement. Because Sea Island cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) has better fiber quality and Upland cotton (G hiesutum L.) has higher yield, its interspecific hybrid can combinate advantages of the parents in productivity and quality properties and reach the aim of simultaneous improvement of hybrid yield and fiber quality. Therefore, we used Upland and Sea Island cotton with different colored fibers as materials, and studied the characteristics of colored cotton fiber developmnt and their heterosis in hybrid colored cotton. The main results were showed as below:
1 Development of colored cotton fiber and white cotton fiber in planta and in vitro
There were significant differences between colored fiber cotton and white fiber cotton in fiber cellulose, pigment, and carbohydrate conten during fiber development.1) Cellulose content in mature fiber of colored cotton (750mg/g) was much lower than white cotton (910mg/g); 2) Total flavoid content in 5DPA brown fiber cotton (8.4mg/g) and green fiber cotton (6.9mg/g) was much higher than that of white fiber cotton (3.1mg/g); 3) Carbohydrate content in colored cotton fiber was lower than white cotton fiber at early stage of fiber development. The content of sucrose, glucose, and fructose in 5DPA fiber of brown cotton and green cotton fiber were 20% and 25%, 16.7% and 28.6%,9.6% and 6.4% lower than that of white cotton fiber. These resules were coinsistance with the study in ovule culture of colored cotton. The study showed that no sugars were added in ovule culure medium, no fiber was produced. Sucrose was the most effective C source for fiber development in vitro, followed by glucose and fructose. The pigment synthesis and depositon in colored fiber cotton may be responsible for the lower cellulose content and inferior fiber quality traits of colored cotton fiber.
2 Impact of exogenous respiratory inhibitors on colored cotton fiber development in vitro
Ovule and fiber development would be inhibited by both rotenone and thiourea (exogenous respiratory inhibitors) causing ovule fresh weight reduction and fiber shortening. But rotenone was more harmful to ovule and fiber development. The ovule weight and fiber length of brown cotton and green cotton cultured in medium with high concentration of rotenone was 65% and 55% lower than CK. There was no effect on coloration of brown and green fiber cotton while treated by rotenone. Rotenone also had significant influence on coloration of colored cotton and advanced color display for 6 days in green cotton fiber. Although thiourea had less effect on ovule and fiber development, it could result in no color display in green cotton fiber indicating pigment metabolism was inhibited by thiourea (600μM). Moreover, cytochrome coxidase activity rapidly decreased in fiber cells after rotenone treatment and polyphenoloxidase activity reduced by more than 80% in green cotton fiber after thiourea treatment.
3 Improvements of yield and quality through inter-and intra-specific hybridization in brown fiber cotton
ZZ2 produced the highest lint yield for two years among the intra-specific hybrids, which was 57.5% higher than G008 (CK1, a brown pure line) and almost near to the ZM29 (CK2, a commercial hybrid). The average boll numbers of three inter-specific hybrids exceeded G008 and ZM29 by 40.5% and 60.3%, respectively. More boll numbers per plant in ZZ3 produced the highest seed cotton yield, which exceed G008 by 30%. ZZ2 had better yield performance than ZZ1 because of the high yield performance of their male parents. Interspecific hybrids ZZ3 produced the best fiber quality traits. The mean fiber length of inter-specific hybrid increased by 33.9% and 11.2% compared with G008 and ZM29. The mean fiber strength of inter-specific hybrid lines increased almost by 40% and 10% compared with G008 and ZM29. The cellulose contents in mature fiber of ZZ2 (897mg/g) and ZZ3 (906mg/g) was much higher than G008 (746mg/g).
4 Relationship between leaf photosynthetic, fiber physiological, yield and quality properties in brown cotton hybrids
The changes in levels of leaf hlorophyll concentration, net photosynthesis rate, sucrose, glucose, and fructose content during fiber development were observed for brown hybrids. ZZ3 had the highest leaf chlorophyll concentrations, which were 22%,12%, and 57% higher than that of ZZ1, ZZ2 and G008, respecitivelly. The higher leaf hlorophyll concentration in ZZ3 indicated its active photosynthesis. High photosynthesis rate in ZZ3 didn't produce the high lint yield, which might be mainly caused by the excessively nutritional plant growth, less bolls per plant, and lighter boll mass. G008 had the lowest leaf chlorophyll concentration and other photosynthetic indexes, leading to a lower amount of photosynthetic product, yield and quality. There were significant differences among all materials in their fiber physiological characteristics. At the early stage of fiber development, the fiber of interspecific hybrids had the higher carbohydrate content and lower pH value than that of intraspecific hybrids.
5 Relationship between genes expression level and fiber quality in brown fiber cotton hybrids
The functional genes related to cotton fiber expansion and fiber secondary cell wall synthesis were selected to analyses heir expression level in different type (interspecific hybrid, G. barbadense and G. hirsutum) of brown cotton fibers at the key stage of fiber development by real-time quantitative technology. Five genes, one cell wall extensibility related genes (endo-xyloglucan transferase gene(EXT)), three cell turgor related genes (sucrose synthase gene (SuSy), H+-pyrophosphatase gene (VPP) and Plasma membrane H+-ATPase gene (PMA)) and one cytoskeleton related gene (ACTIN1 (ACT1)), were selected to evaluate their expression level in different type cotton fibers at 10 DPA. And one cell wall synthesis related gene cellulose synthase 1 gene (celAl) was also studied at 24 DPA. The results showed that H8714R (G. barbadense) and interspecific hybrid of brown fiber cotton Z11A×H8714R had the higher expression leves of all six genes than other materials. The expression levels of EXT and ACT1 in Z11A×H8714R were 1.5 times higher than G008. SuSy expressed higher level in interspecific hybrid and G. barbadense than in G. hirsutum. The correlation between genes expression level and related fiber quality of mature cotton fiber was calculated. The expression level was positively associated with the fiber quality traits in different type cotton. It refered that the cell wall extensibility related genes played an important role in fiber length and fiber strength formation.
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