中国养老社区的服务、运营与培育研究
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摘要
养老社区是在我国刚刚兴起的一种养老服务形式。随着保险资金获准投入其中,可以预见养老社区在我国将会达到发展期。但从国内的理论界来看,针对养老社区的专门研究还比较缺乏。本文的主线就是针对养老社区的相关理论开展的。从研究的框架来看,我们选取了三个视角,第一,从微观层面来看,从养老社区的社会需求出发,来探讨养老社区的服务提供。第二,从中观层面来看,从养老社区的经营者角度出发,探讨了养老社区的运营和治理问题。第三,从宏观层面来看,选取了逆向抵押贷款这一机制问题,探讨了养老社区的相关促进措施。从以上三个方面,我们得出几个结论,首先,从社会需求出发,我国养老社区提供的服务应包括基本服务、社区服务、居室服务和长期照护服务四大类。其次,根据资金来源、品牌、产业分析、SWOT分析和竞争者分析的不同,经营模式可以分别采用大型社区式、饭店旅馆式、自理式、连续性照护退休社区式(CCRCs)等四种模式。在社区治理中,通过分析养老社区与政府、企业、非营利组织及学术界四个治理网络,提出通过改善养老社区的资源依赖、价值理念及法规制度三个层面来提升养老社区的组织自主性。最后通过选取逆向抵押贷款这一机制对于养老社区的影响,来分析宏观管理对于养老社区培育的影响。
养老社区在中国的发展时间不长,但从世界范围来看,与养老社区相类似的研究与实践并不是个新鲜事物。因此,本文在研究中注重对于国际经验的借鉴。首先,本文在第一章中对养老社区进行了界定和文献综述的整理,使读者了解到养老社区及其相关研究的概貌。第二章中本文从老年人的养老服务需求分析入手,设计问卷并对统计数据进行了全方位的分析,进而针对个体的服务需求在第三章中提出对养老社区的服务项目设计,这两章可以看做是对于养老社区的微观视角的研究。根据问卷分析,同时通过审视国外和港台地区的经验,本文提出中国养老社区的服务可以包括四个方面,即基本服务、社区服务、居家服务和长期照护服务,并提出了具体的服务项目。
总体而言,养老社区的基本服务应包括健康医疗服务、心理卫生服务两个方面。在健康医疗服务中,我们介绍了它的意义,运用老年学的理论分析了老年人身体健康的影响因素,并提出养老社区做为一个单独的主体,它的健康医疗服务应建立起社会和社区的网络互动机制,从而为社区成员提供和接受服务形成可能。在心理治疗服务中,本文通过探讨适应于老年人的心理治疗模式,通过转移和反转移等手段来提升社区中老年人的心理健康水平。
社区服务比较庞杂,在本文中将其总结为以下几大类：社区老年中心的服务,通过讨论社区老年中心的设立哲学来探讨设立标准；通过准备退休服务,这样一个“期待的社会化”的过程,可以为个人提供重新思考人生方向的机会以维持角色转换的延续性,可以缓和变迁所带来的不连贯以使得人们更能掌握未来；通过为养老社区中的老年人提供法律服务,建立保护老年业主的法律服务机制。
居家服务一个主要的内容就是老年住宅的研究。主要讨论的是老年住宅的设计,并对住宅服务的边界和有效性进行了探讨。居家服务的另一大内容就是居家照顾服务。居家照顾的理论基础决定了居家照顾服务的社会角色。居家服务使老人得以留在社区中,一方面有助于减轻老年人疾病、残障痛苦,另一方面也有助于协助他们继续维持原有角色,增强生活技巧与独立自主的生活能力。
长期照护服务中,包括成人日间照护服务和临终服务。成人日间照护服务与居家照护最大的不同,是它以社区为基础,目的在支持老人及其照护者。临终服务可以提供的服务包括尊严死和临终关怀等。
第五章的“养老社区的运营”和第六章的“养老社区的治理”,则从中观的层面探讨了养老社区作为一个组织,它应如何根据自身的不同条件和战略方向,采用不同的养老社区的运营模式和治理方式。在中国养老社区的运营策略研究中,本文试图通过对资源基础、策略定位、核心竞争力、SWOT分析等主题,对中国五家养老社区的经营模式作深入性的分析与探讨,并采用质性的多个案研究方法,经由多资料来源分析验证,研究养老社区的运营模式的影响因素有哪些。本研究以深度访谈方法,访问国内五家养老社区的经营者,研究养老社区的运营模式,结果发现经营者会针对本身的优劣势及外部的环境因素,来拟定运营策略,并最终决定其采用的运营模式。外部环境从总体环境、产业生命周期、成长机会分析、经营环境,内部环境从企业核心价值、资源基础论、核心竞争力来分析,最后根据内外部的综合分析来拟定运营模式。
我们把运营模式可概分为大型社区式、饭店旅馆式、自理式、连续性照护退休社区式(CCRCs)等四种模式。虽然养老社区还有一些其它种经营模式,但上述四种为目前较具规模、成熟及定义较为明确的运营模式。根据我们的访谈,可归纳出企业选择运营模式的因素及考虑,但仍有些经营者因理念因素的影响,而不去考虑到外在因素影响。同时从访谈整理中,归纳企业在面对各项构面下的对策。根据本研究访谈整理,影响运营模式的组织内部因素主要：资金来源,口碑、品牌,民情,独特价值,核心竞争力,企业文化和自我分析。其中前五项被多数访谈社区经营者所提及。影响运营模式的组织外部因素主要有：产业生命周期,总体环境分析,产业分析,消费者分析和竞争者分析。上述这五项都被所有访谈社区所提及。影响运营模式的战略因素主要有：营运模式,规模大小,策略联盟和市场细分。上述这四项被所有访谈社区提及。从上述研究结果可以发现,并非每一个养老社区都拥有相同丰富的资源,策略定位也会受到资源多寡而有不同,经过资料整理分析,中国养老社区的经营模式还是以自理式型态居多,少量多样且有针对特定客户的经营方式,并通过战略联盟提供其它相关服务,并且发展自己独特的价值。
中国政府部门推广的社会服务社会化政策,也运用到老人照顾的相关服务中。在推行养老社区照顾政策时,整个政策的治理网络呈现怎样的模式,是本研究所要进行探析的一部分。由于养老社区中的主要执行单位就是社区本身,在以社区为中心的养老社区照顾网络治理中,信任其实是最为核心的价值,也是组织运作的基础所在。信任的建构对于网络的互动过程有其影响之所在,因此,本研究在对于养老社区照顾网络的信任建构剖析前,需对于社区与政府、企业、非营利组织及学术界所建构出的治理网络进行剖析,以了解社区与各部门间的互动模式；了解养老社区照顾的治理网络后,再分别针对社区与四部门间的互动形式,探析如何建构社区与四个部门间的信任关系,探讨如何通过信任的建构,增进社区与政府、企业、非营利组织及学术界间的互动关系。
本文提出养老社区应增进自主性治理战略,通过平衡与网络中行为者的互动关系、逐步减低对政府的资源依赖、不汲汲于资源发展、提升社区组织对资源进入决定权四个方式,可以提升养老社区的治理自主性。
第七章中“养老社区的培育”采取了以点带面的方法,从社会和政府的角度,从财政税收、金融等政策中以逆向抵押贷款为一点来讨论政策对于养老社区的影响。本文之所以选取了逆向抵押贷款制度做为养老社区的培育的一个观察点,主要是因为两个方面的原因。一方面是中国的保险资金管理中,允许保险资金进入养老服务领域,建设养老社区；另一方面,从年龄结构上来看,老年人拥有社会财富的比重最高。而在养老服务体系的发展中,资金问题往往是产业发展的瓶颈问题。因此,如何利用金融工具,为老年人养老服务提供帮助是金融业也是养老业的一个重要内容。本文对逆向抵押贷款对养老社区行业的影响进行了测算。如果期初养老需求者有现金500000元,在养老社区中买入一处价值50万元的房产,我们以其逆向抵押贷款所得金额支付其养老社区中的养老费用,则其每月将获得4598.66元的养老费用；如果不采用逆向抵押贷款方式,则以养老社区为形式的养老成本为974784.52元。其门槛将大大提高。另一方面,如采用逆向抵押贷款,其对利率、房价的变化率和预期养老时间都有比较高的敏感度。
随着中国人口老龄化程度的日益加深,中国老年人的养老问题已经逐渐凸显,养老社区能否成为未来中国老年人生活和精神的乐园,承担起中国居家养老和政府机构养老之外的重要补充,还有待我们的政府、企业、机构、组织和个人共同的推进。希望中国可以早日建成“不分年龄,人人共享”的和谐社会,让我们的父辈可以安享晚年,让每个公民能够欣然生活与成长。
Retirement community is just rising in China as a form of aging services. Allowed to involve with the insurance funds, retirement communities can be expected to be achieved in the development of our country. However, the theoretical bound of the domestic point of view, a special study for the retirement community is still relatively lacking. This theme is the theory for the retirement community. From the research framework, we selected three perspectives, first, from the micro level, it explores the framework of old-age community services through an investigation of the old-age social needs of the community. Second, from middle level, the operators from the retirement community point of view, it explores the operation of the retirement community and governance issues. Third, from a macro level, select the mechanism of reverse mortgages, discusses the promotion of measures related to retirement communities. From the above three aspects, we have reached several conclusions, first of all, starting from the needs of the community, our retirement community should provide the service, including basic services, community service, room service and long-term care services to four major categories. Secondly, according to sources, brand, industry analysis, SWOT analysis and competitor analysis of the different modes of operation were used to large community-based, online hotel-style, self-style, continuous care retirement community type (CCRCs) and other four models. Governance in the community, through analysis of retirement communities and government, business, non-profit organizations and academia four governance network made old-age communities by improving the resource dependence, values and laws and regulations to improve the three dimensions of organizational autonomy pension community. Finally, select the mechanism for the reverse mortgage retirement communities, to analyze the macro-management training for the endowment of the community.
The development of retirement community in China is not long. But in the whole world, the similar research and practice is not a new thing. Therefore, this study focused on the international experience for reference. Firstly, in the first chapter the paper gives a definition to the retirement communities and run the literature review. Second chapter is description of demand for services from the aspects of the old, designing the questionnaire and a full range of statistical data analysis, and thus demand for services for individuals raised in the third chapter on the pension community service project design, these two chapters can be seen as old-age communities from micro perspective. With analysis of the questionnaire, through examining the experience of foreign countries and Hong Kong and Taiwan, China proposed pension community service may include four aspects:basic services, community services, home care and long-term care services.
Overall, the basic services should include community health service and mental health services two aspects. In the health care services, we introduce its meaning and apply the theoretical analysis of gerontology elderly health factors. And as a separate subject, proposed retirement community should establish a network of social and community interaction mechanisms, so as to provide and receive services to community members to possible form. In psychotherapy services, this adaptation by exploring the psychological mode of treatment in the elderly is through the transfer and anti-transfer and other means to enhance the community mental health in the elderly.
Community service is more numerous and in this paper it will be the sum of the following categories:service to the community senior centers which is through the establishment of the community to discuss philosophy of setting standards; the preparation of retirement services through which a "social expectation" of process can provide individuals the opportunity to rethink the direction in life in order to maintain the continuity of role changes and can ease the changes brought about by inconsistent to allow people to better grasp the future; legal services to the elderly of the pension community through which the protection of elderly owners of legal services mechanisms is established.
One of the main contents of home care is the house of the old. This part is focused on the elderly housing design, residential services and effectiveness of the border. Another Content of home care is home care services. Theoretical basis for home care in the home care service determines the social roles. Home care to the elderly to remain in the community, on one hand helps to reduce the onset of disease, disability, pain, and also helps to assist the old to maintain the original character and enhance life skills and independent living skills.
Long-term care services include day care services and death services. The biggest difference between day care services and home care is that it is community-based, aimed at supporting the elderly and their caregivers. Dying service can provide services including the dignity of death and hospice.
In chapter V of "the old-age community operations" and chapter VI of "the old-age community governance", the view is from the organizational aspects.As an organization, based on their different conditions and strategic direction, how the pension community should choose different retirement community business model and governance. This paper tries to analyze the resource base, strategic positioning, core competencies, SWOT analysis and other topics of the five selected retirement community and make a deeply analysis and discussion of their business model. Qualitative multiple case study approach to verification by the analysis of multiple data sources is used to study the retirement community of the operating mode of the factors which influence. With the interview method in depth and access to the five domestic operators of retirement communities, this study founds that according to their own advantages and disadvantages and external environmental factors, operators will develop own operating strategy and ultimately determine its use operating model. External environment from the general environment, industry life cycle, growth opportunity analysis, business environment, internal environment from the core value, resource based view, core competence to analyze.
The business model of retirement community can be divided into four modes including large-scale community-based, hotels-style, self-style and continuity of care retirement community type (CCRCs).According to interview with this study, the main internal organizational factors of operation model of the retirement community are: financial resources, reputation, brand, feelings, unique value, core competencies, corporate culture and self-analysis. The external organizational factors of operating model of the retirement community are:the industry life cycle, the overall environmental analysis, industry analysis, consumer analysis and competitor analysis. The above has been mentioned in the five communities. Factors that affect the strategic operating model are:business model, size, strategic alliances and market segmentation. Since not every community have the same rich endowment of resources, strategic positioning will vary depending on the size of the resource. Through analysis of data compilation, the majority of the Chinese pension business model is community of self-style patterns, a small amount diverse in which there is customer-specific mode of operation and through strategic alliances with other relevant services they develop their own unique value.
Chinese government policy of social services is also applied to the elderly care-related services. How these policies are applied into the service of the retirement community and what a network showing the mode of conduct of relevant actors are to be considered. Since the implementation of pension units in the community is the community itself, mainly in the center of the pension community governance of community care networks, trust is the most core value which is the foundation of organizational operation. Trust building in the interactive process of the network has important impact on the governance of the retirement communities. therefore, after research interaction patterns among the various departments such as community, government,,business, non-profit organizations and academia, this paper explored how the trust of the community care network can be constructed in the governance network to enhance the interaction among communities, governments, businesses, nonprofit organizations and between academia. In this part, the community should promote the autonomy of pension management strategies, and enhance the network by balancing the interaction between actors, and gradually reduce dependence on government resources, not engrossed in resource development to enhance community-based organizations into the decision.
In ChapterⅦ, this paper take the method of point to area, from the perspective of society and government, from the finance, taxation, finance and other policies to reverse mortgage loans to discuss the policies that impact the community for the aged. The reason why this system is selected as a reverse mortgage, on one hand, is that China's insurance fund policy begins to allow insurance funds to enter the pension services, pension community building fields; the other hand, from the age structure point of view, is that the elderly have the highest proportion of social wealth. Service system in the development of pension funds is often the bottleneck of industrial development. Therefore, how to use financial instruments to the elderly care service to help the financial sector is an important element of pension industry. This paper calculated the impact of the reverse mortgage loan on the community industry. If the beginning of old age who need 500,000 yuan in cash, the old man in the community want to buy a pension worth 50 million worth of real estate, he has the amount of its reverse mortgage proceeds to pay its pension costs in the pension community, its access to 4598.66 yuan monthly pension costs; If he does not use reverse mortgage loans, places the community in the form of old-age pension cost of 974,784.52 yuan. The threshold will be greatly enhanced. On the other hand, the use of reverse mortgage loans, interest rates, house prices and the expected rate of change have a relatively high endowment of time sensitivity.
As the proceeding of population aging in China, China's pension problem has been gradually highlights, retirement communities can become the future of the physical and mental life of older park and make an important supplement to home care and government agencies in China.We hope that China can build an society in which all the people regardless of age can live in harmony so that our parents can enjoy their twilight years and every citizen of us can live and grow readily.
养老社区在中国的发展时间不长,但从世界范围来看,与养老社区相类似的研究与实践并不是个新鲜事物。因此,本文在研究中注重对于国际经验的借鉴。首先,本文在第一章中对养老社区进行了界定和文献综述的整理,使读者了解到养老社区及其相关研究的概貌。第二章中本文从老年人的养老服务需求分析入手,设计问卷并对统计数据进行了全方位的分析,进而针对个体的服务需求在第三章中提出对养老社区的服务项目设计,这两章可以看做是对于养老社区的微观视角的研究。根据问卷分析,同时通过审视国外和港台地区的经验,本文提出中国养老社区的服务可以包括四个方面,即基本服务、社区服务、居家服务和长期照护服务,并提出了具体的服务项目。
总体而言,养老社区的基本服务应包括健康医疗服务、心理卫生服务两个方面。在健康医疗服务中,我们介绍了它的意义,运用老年学的理论分析了老年人身体健康的影响因素,并提出养老社区做为一个单独的主体,它的健康医疗服务应建立起社会和社区的网络互动机制,从而为社区成员提供和接受服务形成可能。在心理治疗服务中,本文通过探讨适应于老年人的心理治疗模式,通过转移和反转移等手段来提升社区中老年人的心理健康水平。
社区服务比较庞杂,在本文中将其总结为以下几大类：社区老年中心的服务,通过讨论社区老年中心的设立哲学来探讨设立标准；通过准备退休服务,这样一个“期待的社会化”的过程,可以为个人提供重新思考人生方向的机会以维持角色转换的延续性,可以缓和变迁所带来的不连贯以使得人们更能掌握未来；通过为养老社区中的老年人提供法律服务,建立保护老年业主的法律服务机制。
居家服务一个主要的内容就是老年住宅的研究。主要讨论的是老年住宅的设计,并对住宅服务的边界和有效性进行了探讨。居家服务的另一大内容就是居家照顾服务。居家照顾的理论基础决定了居家照顾服务的社会角色。居家服务使老人得以留在社区中,一方面有助于减轻老年人疾病、残障痛苦,另一方面也有助于协助他们继续维持原有角色,增强生活技巧与独立自主的生活能力。
长期照护服务中,包括成人日间照护服务和临终服务。成人日间照护服务与居家照护最大的不同,是它以社区为基础,目的在支持老人及其照护者。临终服务可以提供的服务包括尊严死和临终关怀等。
第五章的“养老社区的运营”和第六章的“养老社区的治理”,则从中观的层面探讨了养老社区作为一个组织,它应如何根据自身的不同条件和战略方向,采用不同的养老社区的运营模式和治理方式。在中国养老社区的运营策略研究中,本文试图通过对资源基础、策略定位、核心竞争力、SWOT分析等主题,对中国五家养老社区的经营模式作深入性的分析与探讨,并采用质性的多个案研究方法,经由多资料来源分析验证,研究养老社区的运营模式的影响因素有哪些。本研究以深度访谈方法,访问国内五家养老社区的经营者,研究养老社区的运营模式,结果发现经营者会针对本身的优劣势及外部的环境因素,来拟定运营策略,并最终决定其采用的运营模式。外部环境从总体环境、产业生命周期、成长机会分析、经营环境,内部环境从企业核心价值、资源基础论、核心竞争力来分析,最后根据内外部的综合分析来拟定运营模式。
我们把运营模式可概分为大型社区式、饭店旅馆式、自理式、连续性照护退休社区式(CCRCs)等四种模式。虽然养老社区还有一些其它种经营模式,但上述四种为目前较具规模、成熟及定义较为明确的运营模式。根据我们的访谈,可归纳出企业选择运营模式的因素及考虑,但仍有些经营者因理念因素的影响,而不去考虑到外在因素影响。同时从访谈整理中,归纳企业在面对各项构面下的对策。根据本研究访谈整理,影响运营模式的组织内部因素主要：资金来源,口碑、品牌,民情,独特价值,核心竞争力,企业文化和自我分析。其中前五项被多数访谈社区经营者所提及。影响运营模式的组织外部因素主要有：产业生命周期,总体环境分析,产业分析,消费者分析和竞争者分析。上述这五项都被所有访谈社区所提及。影响运营模式的战略因素主要有：营运模式,规模大小,策略联盟和市场细分。上述这四项被所有访谈社区提及。从上述研究结果可以发现,并非每一个养老社区都拥有相同丰富的资源,策略定位也会受到资源多寡而有不同,经过资料整理分析,中国养老社区的经营模式还是以自理式型态居多,少量多样且有针对特定客户的经营方式,并通过战略联盟提供其它相关服务,并且发展自己独特的价值。
中国政府部门推广的社会服务社会化政策,也运用到老人照顾的相关服务中。在推行养老社区照顾政策时,整个政策的治理网络呈现怎样的模式,是本研究所要进行探析的一部分。由于养老社区中的主要执行单位就是社区本身,在以社区为中心的养老社区照顾网络治理中,信任其实是最为核心的价值,也是组织运作的基础所在。信任的建构对于网络的互动过程有其影响之所在,因此,本研究在对于养老社区照顾网络的信任建构剖析前,需对于社区与政府、企业、非营利组织及学术界所建构出的治理网络进行剖析,以了解社区与各部门间的互动模式；了解养老社区照顾的治理网络后,再分别针对社区与四部门间的互动形式,探析如何建构社区与四个部门间的信任关系,探讨如何通过信任的建构,增进社区与政府、企业、非营利组织及学术界间的互动关系。
本文提出养老社区应增进自主性治理战略,通过平衡与网络中行为者的互动关系、逐步减低对政府的资源依赖、不汲汲于资源发展、提升社区组织对资源进入决定权四个方式,可以提升养老社区的治理自主性。
第七章中“养老社区的培育”采取了以点带面的方法,从社会和政府的角度,从财政税收、金融等政策中以逆向抵押贷款为一点来讨论政策对于养老社区的影响。本文之所以选取了逆向抵押贷款制度做为养老社区的培育的一个观察点,主要是因为两个方面的原因。一方面是中国的保险资金管理中,允许保险资金进入养老服务领域,建设养老社区；另一方面,从年龄结构上来看,老年人拥有社会财富的比重最高。而在养老服务体系的发展中,资金问题往往是产业发展的瓶颈问题。因此,如何利用金融工具,为老年人养老服务提供帮助是金融业也是养老业的一个重要内容。本文对逆向抵押贷款对养老社区行业的影响进行了测算。如果期初养老需求者有现金500000元,在养老社区中买入一处价值50万元的房产,我们以其逆向抵押贷款所得金额支付其养老社区中的养老费用,则其每月将获得4598.66元的养老费用；如果不采用逆向抵押贷款方式,则以养老社区为形式的养老成本为974784.52元。其门槛将大大提高。另一方面,如采用逆向抵押贷款,其对利率、房价的变化率和预期养老时间都有比较高的敏感度。
随着中国人口老龄化程度的日益加深,中国老年人的养老问题已经逐渐凸显,养老社区能否成为未来中国老年人生活和精神的乐园,承担起中国居家养老和政府机构养老之外的重要补充,还有待我们的政府、企业、机构、组织和个人共同的推进。希望中国可以早日建成“不分年龄,人人共享”的和谐社会,让我们的父辈可以安享晚年,让每个公民能够欣然生活与成长。
Retirement community is just rising in China as a form of aging services. Allowed to involve with the insurance funds, retirement communities can be expected to be achieved in the development of our country. However, the theoretical bound of the domestic point of view, a special study for the retirement community is still relatively lacking. This theme is the theory for the retirement community. From the research framework, we selected three perspectives, first, from the micro level, it explores the framework of old-age community services through an investigation of the old-age social needs of the community. Second, from middle level, the operators from the retirement community point of view, it explores the operation of the retirement community and governance issues. Third, from a macro level, select the mechanism of reverse mortgages, discusses the promotion of measures related to retirement communities. From the above three aspects, we have reached several conclusions, first of all, starting from the needs of the community, our retirement community should provide the service, including basic services, community service, room service and long-term care services to four major categories. Secondly, according to sources, brand, industry analysis, SWOT analysis and competitor analysis of the different modes of operation were used to large community-based, online hotel-style, self-style, continuous care retirement community type (CCRCs) and other four models. Governance in the community, through analysis of retirement communities and government, business, non-profit organizations and academia four governance network made old-age communities by improving the resource dependence, values and laws and regulations to improve the three dimensions of organizational autonomy pension community. Finally, select the mechanism for the reverse mortgage retirement communities, to analyze the macro-management training for the endowment of the community.
The development of retirement community in China is not long. But in the whole world, the similar research and practice is not a new thing. Therefore, this study focused on the international experience for reference. Firstly, in the first chapter the paper gives a definition to the retirement communities and run the literature review. Second chapter is description of demand for services from the aspects of the old, designing the questionnaire and a full range of statistical data analysis, and thus demand for services for individuals raised in the third chapter on the pension community service project design, these two chapters can be seen as old-age communities from micro perspective. With analysis of the questionnaire, through examining the experience of foreign countries and Hong Kong and Taiwan, China proposed pension community service may include four aspects:basic services, community services, home care and long-term care services.
Overall, the basic services should include community health service and mental health services two aspects. In the health care services, we introduce its meaning and apply the theoretical analysis of gerontology elderly health factors. And as a separate subject, proposed retirement community should establish a network of social and community interaction mechanisms, so as to provide and receive services to community members to possible form. In psychotherapy services, this adaptation by exploring the psychological mode of treatment in the elderly is through the transfer and anti-transfer and other means to enhance the community mental health in the elderly.
Community service is more numerous and in this paper it will be the sum of the following categories:service to the community senior centers which is through the establishment of the community to discuss philosophy of setting standards; the preparation of retirement services through which a "social expectation" of process can provide individuals the opportunity to rethink the direction in life in order to maintain the continuity of role changes and can ease the changes brought about by inconsistent to allow people to better grasp the future; legal services to the elderly of the pension community through which the protection of elderly owners of legal services mechanisms is established.
One of the main contents of home care is the house of the old. This part is focused on the elderly housing design, residential services and effectiveness of the border. Another Content of home care is home care services. Theoretical basis for home care in the home care service determines the social roles. Home care to the elderly to remain in the community, on one hand helps to reduce the onset of disease, disability, pain, and also helps to assist the old to maintain the original character and enhance life skills and independent living skills.
Long-term care services include day care services and death services. The biggest difference between day care services and home care is that it is community-based, aimed at supporting the elderly and their caregivers. Dying service can provide services including the dignity of death and hospice.
In chapter V of "the old-age community operations" and chapter VI of "the old-age community governance", the view is from the organizational aspects.As an organization, based on their different conditions and strategic direction, how the pension community should choose different retirement community business model and governance. This paper tries to analyze the resource base, strategic positioning, core competencies, SWOT analysis and other topics of the five selected retirement community and make a deeply analysis and discussion of their business model. Qualitative multiple case study approach to verification by the analysis of multiple data sources is used to study the retirement community of the operating mode of the factors which influence. With the interview method in depth and access to the five domestic operators of retirement communities, this study founds that according to their own advantages and disadvantages and external environmental factors, operators will develop own operating strategy and ultimately determine its use operating model. External environment from the general environment, industry life cycle, growth opportunity analysis, business environment, internal environment from the core value, resource based view, core competence to analyze.
The business model of retirement community can be divided into four modes including large-scale community-based, hotels-style, self-style and continuity of care retirement community type (CCRCs).According to interview with this study, the main internal organizational factors of operation model of the retirement community are: financial resources, reputation, brand, feelings, unique value, core competencies, corporate culture and self-analysis. The external organizational factors of operating model of the retirement community are:the industry life cycle, the overall environmental analysis, industry analysis, consumer analysis and competitor analysis. The above has been mentioned in the five communities. Factors that affect the strategic operating model are:business model, size, strategic alliances and market segmentation. Since not every community have the same rich endowment of resources, strategic positioning will vary depending on the size of the resource. Through analysis of data compilation, the majority of the Chinese pension business model is community of self-style patterns, a small amount diverse in which there is customer-specific mode of operation and through strategic alliances with other relevant services they develop their own unique value.
Chinese government policy of social services is also applied to the elderly care-related services. How these policies are applied into the service of the retirement community and what a network showing the mode of conduct of relevant actors are to be considered. Since the implementation of pension units in the community is the community itself, mainly in the center of the pension community governance of community care networks, trust is the most core value which is the foundation of organizational operation. Trust building in the interactive process of the network has important impact on the governance of the retirement communities. therefore, after research interaction patterns among the various departments such as community, government,,business, non-profit organizations and academia, this paper explored how the trust of the community care network can be constructed in the governance network to enhance the interaction among communities, governments, businesses, nonprofit organizations and between academia. In this part, the community should promote the autonomy of pension management strategies, and enhance the network by balancing the interaction between actors, and gradually reduce dependence on government resources, not engrossed in resource development to enhance community-based organizations into the decision.
In ChapterⅦ, this paper take the method of point to area, from the perspective of society and government, from the finance, taxation, finance and other policies to reverse mortgage loans to discuss the policies that impact the community for the aged. The reason why this system is selected as a reverse mortgage, on one hand, is that China's insurance fund policy begins to allow insurance funds to enter the pension services, pension community building fields; the other hand, from the age structure point of view, is that the elderly have the highest proportion of social wealth. Service system in the development of pension funds is often the bottleneck of industrial development. Therefore, how to use financial instruments to the elderly care service to help the financial sector is an important element of pension industry. This paper calculated the impact of the reverse mortgage loan on the community industry. If the beginning of old age who need 500,000 yuan in cash, the old man in the community want to buy a pension worth 50 million worth of real estate, he has the amount of its reverse mortgage proceeds to pay its pension costs in the pension community, its access to 4598.66 yuan monthly pension costs; If he does not use reverse mortgage loans, places the community in the form of old-age pension cost of 974,784.52 yuan. The threshold will be greatly enhanced. On the other hand, the use of reverse mortgage loans, interest rates, house prices and the expected rate of change have a relatively high endowment of time sensitivity.
As the proceeding of population aging in China, China's pension problem has been gradually highlights, retirement communities can become the future of the physical and mental life of older park and make an important supplement to home care and government agencies in China.We hope that China can build an society in which all the people regardless of age can live in harmony so that our parents can enjoy their twilight years and every citizen of us can live and grow readily.
引文
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