标准战略导向的通信产业创新协同机制研究
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摘要
随着通信技术变革的加速以及全球竞争的加剧,通信标准的重要性日益凸显。标准战略的制定与实施已经成为许多国家和企业参与国际竞争、推动产业技术创新的重要手段。如何提高通信技术创新水平,推动本企业、本国、本区域技术成为国际标准,已经成为许多国家政府、企业及技术管理学术研究和实务界普遍关注的问题。尽管如此,学术界对标准化与创新的研究主要集中于欧美日韩等通信发达的国家或地区,而对包括中国在内的发展中国家的研究尚显不足。2006年,我国制定的《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要》确立了建立创新型国家的战略目标,并将实施知识产权和技术标准战略列为确保目标实现的重要措施之一。因此,如何提高我国通信标准战略实施水平、完善标准创新机制、促进新创新导向战略的实现将成为本文的研究重点。
研究方法上,个案与比较研究相结合为国内外通信标准实践分析提供了基本路线,而专利情报分析则通信标准创新活动和战略研究提供了可靠的信息与数据支撑。最重要的是,社会—技术建构方法与系统研究方法相结合的理论支撑体系为本文研究目标的实现提供了有力保证。本文主要研究成果包括:
(1)通过对中国通信产业的技术创新现状进行了实证研究,总结出了产业内各竞争企业的创新战略。研究以发明专利为研究对象,以专利信息分析方法为研究手段,对我国通信产业内的国内外相关领先企业的技术创新活动进行实证分析。在此基础上,借助迈克尔·波特的“战略集团”的概念分析产业内各竞争企业的创新战略。
(2)通过对欧美日韩等通信强国(地区)的通信标准化与创新实践的比较研究,总结出了欧、美、日、韩以标准为导向的产业创新战略模式及其实施细节。研究分别对欧、美、日、韩的通信技术创新模式和标准化战略进行分析与比较研究,总结出欧、美、日、韩以标准为导向的产业创新战略模式及其实施细节,并归纳出中国需要深思与可以借鉴之处。
(3)通过对中国通信产业标准化实践的行动者网络分析,揭示了WAPI和TD-SCDMA两大标准的标准化过程及其成败的关键。运用行动者网络理论的转译的概念,分别对最具代表意义的无线局域网络安全标准WAPI,以及第三代移动通信接口标准TD-SCDMA的标准化过程进行了深入而细致的分析。一方面,从包括问题定义、利益赋予、招募以及动员的转译四步分析法来对标准化发展的过程进行总体把握;另一方面,从动机、行动和结果三个方面对每一个行动者在整个行动网络建构中的作用进行细节性的剖析。
(4)提出基于协同架构的通信标准创新的演化模型,以及相应的被组织策略。首先,分析了通信标准化作为开放系统的自组织特征和序参量原理。其次,将中国通信标准化的创新协同问题置于系统论的环境下,充分甄别并借鉴国际上通信标准运作的实践准则,并结合本国实际,借助序参量原理提出标准协同创新的概念模型及相应的被组织策略。最后,进一步通过WAPI和TD-SCDMA对该模型予以验证。
With the speed-up of the telecommunications technology revolution and the intensification of the global competition, the importance of telecommunications standards has been highlighted. In view of the strategic significance, setting and implementing standard strategy has been used as an important means to participate in the international competition, and spur indigenous innovation. Consequently, many countries lay their emphases on the issue of how to stimulate innovation and promote their domestic (territorial) technologies as the international telecommunications standards. At the same time, from the issurance of the "Outline of National Medium and Long-term Science and Technology Development Plan (2006-2020) " in 2006, China has decided to pursue innovation, and, viewed the intellectual property rights and standardization strategy as the significant instruments to touch the goal of becoming an innovation-based country by 2020. While current literatures on standardization have mainly focused on developed countries, this study tries to shed some light on standardization in developing countries, by examining the case of China, a developing country who has made great efforts in indigenous technological development and implementation. Therefore, how can China optimize its standardization strategy and improve current standard innovation mechanism has been the focus of this study.
The accomplishment of this study mainly dependense on two combinations. Firstly, the combination of the individual case analysis and comparative study offers a baseline for the empirical study of the domestic and global standardization practices. More importantly,the combination of the classical socio-technological construction approach-------Actor-network Theory, and the system approach------Synergetics lays a solid foundationfor achieving the final research purpose. Furthermore, the patent information gives an important data support to analyze the innovation activities and strategy. On the basis of the in-depth empirical and theoretical study, it could come to the following contributions:
(1) To understand the leading companies' innovation strategy in China, this study offers an empirical study on the innovation activities of the Chinese telecommunications industry, by analyzing the invention patent information.
(2) Comparative study of the standardization and innovation in European, United States, Japan, and South Korea. Based on this part of study, different models and relevant details of telecommunications standardization and innovation have been concluded. Some implications have been summarized for China.
(3) By taking the security standard of the wireless local area network------WirelessLAN Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure (WAPI) and the third generation mobiletelecommunications standard------Time Division-Synchronous Code Division MultipleAccess (TD-SCDMA) as the highly relevant cases, this part of study investigates the standardization and innovation in China from the actor-network perspective.
(4) Based on the analysis of the synergistic architecture of telecommunications standardization and innovation, a synergistic standard innovation mechanism has been proposed. The cases of WAPI and TD-SCDMA have been further used to prove the validation of such mechanism.
研究方法上,个案与比较研究相结合为国内外通信标准实践分析提供了基本路线,而专利情报分析则通信标准创新活动和战略研究提供了可靠的信息与数据支撑。最重要的是,社会—技术建构方法与系统研究方法相结合的理论支撑体系为本文研究目标的实现提供了有力保证。本文主要研究成果包括:
(1)通过对中国通信产业的技术创新现状进行了实证研究,总结出了产业内各竞争企业的创新战略。研究以发明专利为研究对象,以专利信息分析方法为研究手段,对我国通信产业内的国内外相关领先企业的技术创新活动进行实证分析。在此基础上,借助迈克尔·波特的“战略集团”的概念分析产业内各竞争企业的创新战略。
(2)通过对欧美日韩等通信强国(地区)的通信标准化与创新实践的比较研究,总结出了欧、美、日、韩以标准为导向的产业创新战略模式及其实施细节。研究分别对欧、美、日、韩的通信技术创新模式和标准化战略进行分析与比较研究,总结出欧、美、日、韩以标准为导向的产业创新战略模式及其实施细节,并归纳出中国需要深思与可以借鉴之处。
(3)通过对中国通信产业标准化实践的行动者网络分析,揭示了WAPI和TD-SCDMA两大标准的标准化过程及其成败的关键。运用行动者网络理论的转译的概念,分别对最具代表意义的无线局域网络安全标准WAPI,以及第三代移动通信接口标准TD-SCDMA的标准化过程进行了深入而细致的分析。一方面,从包括问题定义、利益赋予、招募以及动员的转译四步分析法来对标准化发展的过程进行总体把握;另一方面,从动机、行动和结果三个方面对每一个行动者在整个行动网络建构中的作用进行细节性的剖析。
(4)提出基于协同架构的通信标准创新的演化模型,以及相应的被组织策略。首先,分析了通信标准化作为开放系统的自组织特征和序参量原理。其次,将中国通信标准化的创新协同问题置于系统论的环境下,充分甄别并借鉴国际上通信标准运作的实践准则,并结合本国实际,借助序参量原理提出标准协同创新的概念模型及相应的被组织策略。最后,进一步通过WAPI和TD-SCDMA对该模型予以验证。
With the speed-up of the telecommunications technology revolution and the intensification of the global competition, the importance of telecommunications standards has been highlighted. In view of the strategic significance, setting and implementing standard strategy has been used as an important means to participate in the international competition, and spur indigenous innovation. Consequently, many countries lay their emphases on the issue of how to stimulate innovation and promote their domestic (territorial) technologies as the international telecommunications standards. At the same time, from the issurance of the "Outline of National Medium and Long-term Science and Technology Development Plan (2006-2020) " in 2006, China has decided to pursue innovation, and, viewed the intellectual property rights and standardization strategy as the significant instruments to touch the goal of becoming an innovation-based country by 2020. While current literatures on standardization have mainly focused on developed countries, this study tries to shed some light on standardization in developing countries, by examining the case of China, a developing country who has made great efforts in indigenous technological development and implementation. Therefore, how can China optimize its standardization strategy and improve current standard innovation mechanism has been the focus of this study.
The accomplishment of this study mainly dependense on two combinations. Firstly, the combination of the individual case analysis and comparative study offers a baseline for the empirical study of the domestic and global standardization practices. More importantly,the combination of the classical socio-technological construction approach-------Actor-network Theory, and the system approach------Synergetics lays a solid foundationfor achieving the final research purpose. Furthermore, the patent information gives an important data support to analyze the innovation activities and strategy. On the basis of the in-depth empirical and theoretical study, it could come to the following contributions:
(1) To understand the leading companies' innovation strategy in China, this study offers an empirical study on the innovation activities of the Chinese telecommunications industry, by analyzing the invention patent information.
(2) Comparative study of the standardization and innovation in European, United States, Japan, and South Korea. Based on this part of study, different models and relevant details of telecommunications standardization and innovation have been concluded. Some implications have been summarized for China.
(3) By taking the security standard of the wireless local area network------WirelessLAN Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure (WAPI) and the third generation mobiletelecommunications standard------Time Division-Synchronous Code Division MultipleAccess (TD-SCDMA) as the highly relevant cases, this part of study investigates the standardization and innovation in China from the actor-network perspective.
(4) Based on the analysis of the synergistic architecture of telecommunications standardization and innovation, a synergistic standard innovation mechanism has been proposed. The cases of WAPI and TD-SCDMA have been further used to prove the validation of such mechanism.
引文
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[1]参见2004年4月21日的美国贸易代表通告(United States Trade Representative Press Release)就中美贸易联合委员会谈判结果的官方发布。http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2004/The_US-China_JCCT_Outcomes_on_Ma jor_US_Trade_Concerns.html
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[1]参见2004年4月21日的美国贸易代表通告(United States Trade Representative Press Release)就中美贸易联合委员会谈判结果的官方发布。http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2004/The_US-China_JCCT_Outcomes_on_Ma jor_US_Trade_Concerns.html
[1]信息产业部,全国通信业发展统计公报,http://www.mii.gov.cn/art/2007/02/09/art_169_28756.html,2007-3-15访问。
[1]标准与专利,http://www.huawei.com/cn/about/info.do?cid=-1002&id=542,2007-3-17访问
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