鼻NK/T细胞淋巴瘤瘤细胞属性及其亚型探讨
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摘要
鼻NK(Nature killer)／T细胞淋巴瘤是一类主要发生于淋巴结外的特殊的非霍奇金氏恶性淋巴瘤。鼻腔是最常见的原发部位，因而“鼻NK／T细胞淋巴瘤”可以作为发生在鼻部病例的同义词。该肿瘤与EB病毒感染高度相关，高发于亚洲、墨西哥及中、南美洲，而在欧洲、北美少见。旧称中线恶性网状细胞增生症、多形性网状细胞增生症、致死性中线肉芽肿、恶性肉芽肿、坏死性肉芽肿、血管中心性T细胞淋巴瘤、中线T细胞淋巴瘤及中线外周T细胞淋巴瘤等。该肿瘤侵袭性强，临床常表现为鼻腔及面中线部进行性破坏性改变。组织学形态以突出的凝固性坏死、炎性背景、多形性瘤细胞呈血管中心性生长、浸润并破坏血管壁为特征。长期以来，鼻NK／T细胞淋巴瘤瘤细胞属性问题一直是研究的热点。但由于其在西方发病率低，缺乏大样本深入的研究，对其瘤细胞来源的认识及肿瘤命名方面一直存在争议。
从目前的研究结果来看，大多数病例似乎是NK细胞肿瘤(EBV+，CD56+)，但少数病例具有EBV+，CD56-的细胞毒性T细胞表型，因而推测其肿瘤细胞可能来源于自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)或毒性T细胞(Tc细胞)，并命名其为鼻NK／T细胞淋巴瘤。结合其好发部位、特殊的临床表现，肿瘤细胞的分子学特征(免疫表型和基因型)以及其与EB病毒的密切关系，在新的2001年WHO淋巴造血系统肿瘤分类中，鼻NK／T细胞淋巴瘤作为一种新的单独病变实体被提出。
毒性T细胞(Tc细胞或CTL)，与NK细胞都属于细胞毒性淋巴细胞，有部分Tc表达NK相关抗原CD56，称为NK样T细胞(NKT)。这样，细胞毒性淋巴细胞就包括Tc、NKT和NK三类。
现代免疫学研究表明T细胞与NK细胞发育分化关系十分密切，两者具有共同的前体细胞。在不同的生物学调节机制下，NK／T前体细胞选择性分化为T或NK细胞的前体细胞。成熟T细胞按抗原识别受体及生
第四军医大学硕士学位论文
物学功能方式的不同分为4个亚型，CD4+T辅助细胞(Thl汀h2)和CDS十
毒性T细胞(Tcl瓜2)，CD4+Thl型细胞主要分泌IFN一Y、IL一2和TNF一p
等细胞因子，介导细胞免疫应答，而CD4+ThZ型细胞主要分泌IL一4、IL一5
和IL一10等细胞因子，促进抗体的产生，介导体液免疫反应。Tcl和TcZ
细胞也分别分泌Thl和ThZ样细胞因子。近几年来，有研究表明NK细
胞也可以分为NKI(分泌IFN一种和NKZ(分泌IL一5和IFN一帕亚型。
综上所述，虽然WHO最新淋巴瘤分类已将鼻NK八，细胞淋巴瘤单
独列为一种类型，但仍未解决其亚型问题。鼻部恶性淋巴瘤是否都是
NKfl，细胞淋巴瘤?有无其它类型淋巴瘤?在鼻NKll，细胞淋巴瘤中，
NK细胞淋巴瘤的构成比究竟有多大?T细胞淋巴瘤比例如何?T细胞琳
巴瘤的亚型如何?NK细胞淋巴瘤亚型如何?回答这些问题不仅对鼻咽
恶性淋巴瘤，特别是WHO分类中作为一种新认识的独立淋巴瘤类型的
鼻NKfl，细胞淋巴瘤的正确诊断具有十分重要的实际意义，而且对理解
患者临床表现，鼻NKfl，细胞淋巴瘤病理特征等也具有十分重要的指导
意义，并且关于鼻NK(NKI，NKZ)汀(Tcl，Tc2)细胞淋巴瘤的亚型
属性研究尚未见文献报道。
本研究通过对以往明确诊断为中线恶网、恶性肉芽肿、中线外周T
细胞淋巴瘤及鼻NKJI，细胞淋巴瘤的41例原发于鼻部区域的NHL进行临
床病理、免疫表型和抗原受体分子基因重排、EBV感染情况等研究，根
据2001年WHO标准采用多项指标诊断鼻NK厂1，细胞淋巴瘤，并探讨这
些指标在诊断中的意义，旨在加深对鼻NK几，细胞淋巴瘤的认识。在此基
础上，进一步研究其肿瘤细胞属性，初步探讨其瘤细胞亚型情况。
方法
收集临床资料:采用WHO分类法进行组织学分型;免疫组织化学
(IHC)采用SP法，选用的抗体有T细胞标记(CD45RO、CD3。、CD4、
CDS)、B细胞标记(CD20、CD79a)、NK细胞相关抗原(CD56)、毒性
颗粒相关蛋白(T细胞内抗原，TIA.l)、EBV基因表达产物(LMP一l)、
分泌Thl样细胞因子淋巴细胞标记(CXCR3、CD134/0X40)、分泌ThZ
样细胞因子淋巴细胞标记(CCR4、CD30)等:运用EBERI/2.RNA原位
杂交(IsH)检测肿瘤组织EB病毒潜伏感染情况;运用聚合酶链式反应
第四军医大学硕士学位论文
(PCR)检测免疫球蛋白重链基因IgH及T细胞抗原受体p、丫链(TCRp
及TC助)基因重排情况.
结果
1.组织学特征:镜下组织学形态多表现为大片凝固性坏死、炎性背景、
多形性瘤细胞呈血管中心性生长、浸润并破坏血管壁。根据高倍镜下
瘤细胞大小可分为多形性小细胞为主型(8/41例，19.5%)、多形性中
等大小细胞为主型(巧/41例，36.6%)和大小细胞混合型三个亚型
(18/41例，43.9%)。其中，绝大多数为多形性中等大小细胞为主型
和大小细胞混合型。
2.根据免疫组化、原位杂交结合基因重排结果对鼻部NHL分型:①免
疫组化结果:CD45RO阳性29/4l例(70.7%)，CD3￡阳性26/4l例
(63.4%)，CDZO阳性5/4l例(12.2%)，CD79a阳性6/4l例(14.6%)，
CD56阳性17/4l例(4 1 .5%)，TIA一l阳性25/41例(60.9%)，LMP一l
阳性6例(6/41例，14.6%)。②原位杂交结果:EBERI/2 .RNA原位
杂交(ISH)阳性31/41例(75.6%)。根据最新WHO关于鼻NK月，
细胞淋巴瘤诊断标准CD3。+、CD56+/-、T
Nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma is a peculiar extranodal lymphoma among non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The tumor is typically located in the nasal cavity and therefore the name "nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma" may be used as a synonym for those cases presenting in the nasal region. It has a close relationship with IFNection of EBV and more prevalent in Asia, Mexico, and Central and South America whereas it is rare in Europe and North America. Nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma was named as malignant midline reticulosis, polymorphic reticulosis, lethal midline granuloma, malignant granuloma, necrosis granuloma, angiocentric T-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma of midline, peripheral T-cell lymphoma of midline etc in the past. The neoplasm is characterized by its aggressive clinical features representing nasal cavity and midfacial destroy and the histological features presenting as mass of coagulative necrosis, a heavy admixture of inflammatory cells, polymorphic medium cell show an angiocentric and angiodestructive growth pattern. The lineage o
f the neoplasm has long been studied during the past years, but Owning to its low incidence of the disease, the research is far below enough. Its neoplastic cell lineage and the name of the tumor have long been controversial.
In the present study, most cases appear to be NK-cell neoplasms (EBV+ CD56+) while rare cases show an EBV+ CD56- cytotoxic T-cell phenotype. As a result, it is postulated that the neoplastic cell originated from NK cell (NK) or cytotoxic T-cell (Tc) and it is renamed as nasal NK/T cell lymphoma. Recently, new well-defined disease entities have been described in the WHO lymphoma classification based on tumor cell biology combined with
anatomical site, clinical features, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status, and cell lineage as determined by immunophenotype and genotype.
Cytotoxic T-cell (Tc or CTL), along with NIC-cell make up of the cytotoxic lymphocyte. Parts of Tc were named as NK like T-cell because they can express NFC-cell associated marker (NKT). So the cytotoxic lymphocytes include in fact Tc, NKT and NK. That is to say the nasal NK/T cell lymphoma maybe originated from either of them.
Recently immunological research indicates that T cell and NK cell are close related in the growth and differentiation procession, they have common precursor cells. Under different biology medulation mechanism, the precursor NK/T cell differentiated into T or NK cell. Mature T cells exist in four populations, defined by their difference antigen recognized receptor and function. They were CD4+ T helper cell (Thl/Th2) and CD8+ cytotoxic (Tcl/Tc2) subsets. Thl-type CD4 cells primarily secrete cytokines such as IL-2 ,TNF-P and IFN- Y , which mediate cellar immunoreactions whereas Th2 cells secrete cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10, which promote the production of antibody and mediate humoral immunoreactions. Recently, NK cells were also shown to be divisible into NK1 (IFN-r producing) and NK2(IL-5 and IFN-r producing).
To conclude, the question about the subsets of the neoplastic cell of the nasal NK/T cell lymphoma still hasn't been answered although it has been described as a new well-defined disease entity in the WHO lymphoma classification. Are lymphomas located in the nasal all originated NK/T cell? Are there any other types of lymphoma? How about the proportion of NK and T-cell originated lymphoma in nasal NK/T cell lymphoma? How about the subsets in NK or T-cell lymphoma? To answer these questions will benefit not only the diagnoses of nasal NK/T cell lymphoma or other types of lymphoma but also the understanding of its peculiar clinical and histopathology character. The research of the subsets about nasal NK/T cell lymphoma has't found reported.
To further understand the importance of the standards for nasal NK/T cell lymphoma as a newly defined entity, 41 cases of lymphoma originated from nasal region that diagnosed as midline reticulosis, malignant granuloma,
peripheral T-cell lymphoma of midline and nasal NK/T cell lymphoma in the past were studied for their clinicopathol
从目前的研究结果来看，大多数病例似乎是NK细胞肿瘤(EBV+，CD56+)，但少数病例具有EBV+，CD56-的细胞毒性T细胞表型，因而推测其肿瘤细胞可能来源于自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)或毒性T细胞(Tc细胞)，并命名其为鼻NK／T细胞淋巴瘤。结合其好发部位、特殊的临床表现，肿瘤细胞的分子学特征(免疫表型和基因型)以及其与EB病毒的密切关系，在新的2001年WHO淋巴造血系统肿瘤分类中，鼻NK／T细胞淋巴瘤作为一种新的单独病变实体被提出。
毒性T细胞(Tc细胞或CTL)，与NK细胞都属于细胞毒性淋巴细胞，有部分Tc表达NK相关抗原CD56，称为NK样T细胞(NKT)。这样，细胞毒性淋巴细胞就包括Tc、NKT和NK三类。
现代免疫学研究表明T细胞与NK细胞发育分化关系十分密切，两者具有共同的前体细胞。在不同的生物学调节机制下，NK／T前体细胞选择性分化为T或NK细胞的前体细胞。成熟T细胞按抗原识别受体及生
第四军医大学硕士学位论文
物学功能方式的不同分为4个亚型，CD4+T辅助细胞(Thl汀h2)和CDS十
毒性T细胞(Tcl瓜2)，CD4+Thl型细胞主要分泌IFN一Y、IL一2和TNF一p
等细胞因子，介导细胞免疫应答，而CD4+ThZ型细胞主要分泌IL一4、IL一5
和IL一10等细胞因子，促进抗体的产生，介导体液免疫反应。Tcl和TcZ
细胞也分别分泌Thl和ThZ样细胞因子。近几年来，有研究表明NK细
胞也可以分为NKI(分泌IFN一种和NKZ(分泌IL一5和IFN一帕亚型。
综上所述，虽然WHO最新淋巴瘤分类已将鼻NK八，细胞淋巴瘤单
独列为一种类型，但仍未解决其亚型问题。鼻部恶性淋巴瘤是否都是
NKfl，细胞淋巴瘤?有无其它类型淋巴瘤?在鼻NKll，细胞淋巴瘤中，
NK细胞淋巴瘤的构成比究竟有多大?T细胞淋巴瘤比例如何?T细胞琳
巴瘤的亚型如何?NK细胞淋巴瘤亚型如何?回答这些问题不仅对鼻咽
恶性淋巴瘤，特别是WHO分类中作为一种新认识的独立淋巴瘤类型的
鼻NKfl，细胞淋巴瘤的正确诊断具有十分重要的实际意义，而且对理解
患者临床表现，鼻NKfl，细胞淋巴瘤病理特征等也具有十分重要的指导
意义，并且关于鼻NK(NKI，NKZ)汀(Tcl，Tc2)细胞淋巴瘤的亚型
属性研究尚未见文献报道。
本研究通过对以往明确诊断为中线恶网、恶性肉芽肿、中线外周T
细胞淋巴瘤及鼻NKJI，细胞淋巴瘤的41例原发于鼻部区域的NHL进行临
床病理、免疫表型和抗原受体分子基因重排、EBV感染情况等研究，根
据2001年WHO标准采用多项指标诊断鼻NK厂1，细胞淋巴瘤，并探讨这
些指标在诊断中的意义，旨在加深对鼻NK几，细胞淋巴瘤的认识。在此基
础上，进一步研究其肿瘤细胞属性，初步探讨其瘤细胞亚型情况。
方法
收集临床资料:采用WHO分类法进行组织学分型;免疫组织化学
(IHC)采用SP法，选用的抗体有T细胞标记(CD45RO、CD3。、CD4、
CDS)、B细胞标记(CD20、CD79a)、NK细胞相关抗原(CD56)、毒性
颗粒相关蛋白(T细胞内抗原，TIA.l)、EBV基因表达产物(LMP一l)、
分泌Thl样细胞因子淋巴细胞标记(CXCR3、CD134/0X40)、分泌ThZ
样细胞因子淋巴细胞标记(CCR4、CD30)等:运用EBERI/2.RNA原位
杂交(IsH)检测肿瘤组织EB病毒潜伏感染情况;运用聚合酶链式反应
第四军医大学硕士学位论文
(PCR)检测免疫球蛋白重链基因IgH及T细胞抗原受体p、丫链(TCRp
及TC助)基因重排情况.
结果
1.组织学特征:镜下组织学形态多表现为大片凝固性坏死、炎性背景、
多形性瘤细胞呈血管中心性生长、浸润并破坏血管壁。根据高倍镜下
瘤细胞大小可分为多形性小细胞为主型(8/41例，19.5%)、多形性中
等大小细胞为主型(巧/41例，36.6%)和大小细胞混合型三个亚型
(18/41例，43.9%)。其中，绝大多数为多形性中等大小细胞为主型
和大小细胞混合型。
2.根据免疫组化、原位杂交结合基因重排结果对鼻部NHL分型:①免
疫组化结果:CD45RO阳性29/4l例(70.7%)，CD3￡阳性26/4l例
(63.4%)，CDZO阳性5/4l例(12.2%)，CD79a阳性6/4l例(14.6%)，
CD56阳性17/4l例(4 1 .5%)，TIA一l阳性25/41例(60.9%)，LMP一l
阳性6例(6/41例，14.6%)。②原位杂交结果:EBERI/2 .RNA原位
杂交(ISH)阳性31/41例(75.6%)。根据最新WHO关于鼻NK月，
细胞淋巴瘤诊断标准CD3。+、CD56+/-、T
Nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma is a peculiar extranodal lymphoma among non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The tumor is typically located in the nasal cavity and therefore the name "nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma" may be used as a synonym for those cases presenting in the nasal region. It has a close relationship with IFNection of EBV and more prevalent in Asia, Mexico, and Central and South America whereas it is rare in Europe and North America. Nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma was named as malignant midline reticulosis, polymorphic reticulosis, lethal midline granuloma, malignant granuloma, necrosis granuloma, angiocentric T-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma of midline, peripheral T-cell lymphoma of midline etc in the past. The neoplasm is characterized by its aggressive clinical features representing nasal cavity and midfacial destroy and the histological features presenting as mass of coagulative necrosis, a heavy admixture of inflammatory cells, polymorphic medium cell show an angiocentric and angiodestructive growth pattern. The lineage o
f the neoplasm has long been studied during the past years, but Owning to its low incidence of the disease, the research is far below enough. Its neoplastic cell lineage and the name of the tumor have long been controversial.
In the present study, most cases appear to be NK-cell neoplasms (EBV+ CD56+) while rare cases show an EBV+ CD56- cytotoxic T-cell phenotype. As a result, it is postulated that the neoplastic cell originated from NK cell (NK) or cytotoxic T-cell (Tc) and it is renamed as nasal NK/T cell lymphoma. Recently, new well-defined disease entities have been described in the WHO lymphoma classification based on tumor cell biology combined with
anatomical site, clinical features, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status, and cell lineage as determined by immunophenotype and genotype.
Cytotoxic T-cell (Tc or CTL), along with NIC-cell make up of the cytotoxic lymphocyte. Parts of Tc were named as NK like T-cell because they can express NFC-cell associated marker (NKT). So the cytotoxic lymphocytes include in fact Tc, NKT and NK. That is to say the nasal NK/T cell lymphoma maybe originated from either of them.
Recently immunological research indicates that T cell and NK cell are close related in the growth and differentiation procession, they have common precursor cells. Under different biology medulation mechanism, the precursor NK/T cell differentiated into T or NK cell. Mature T cells exist in four populations, defined by their difference antigen recognized receptor and function. They were CD4+ T helper cell (Thl/Th2) and CD8+ cytotoxic (Tcl/Tc2) subsets. Thl-type CD4 cells primarily secrete cytokines such as IL-2 ,TNF-P and IFN- Y , which mediate cellar immunoreactions whereas Th2 cells secrete cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10, which promote the production of antibody and mediate humoral immunoreactions. Recently, NK cells were also shown to be divisible into NK1 (IFN-r producing) and NK2(IL-5 and IFN-r producing).
To conclude, the question about the subsets of the neoplastic cell of the nasal NK/T cell lymphoma still hasn't been answered although it has been described as a new well-defined disease entity in the WHO lymphoma classification. Are lymphomas located in the nasal all originated NK/T cell? Are there any other types of lymphoma? How about the proportion of NK and T-cell originated lymphoma in nasal NK/T cell lymphoma? How about the subsets in NK or T-cell lymphoma? To answer these questions will benefit not only the diagnoses of nasal NK/T cell lymphoma or other types of lymphoma but also the understanding of its peculiar clinical and histopathology character. The research of the subsets about nasal NK/T cell lymphoma has't found reported.
To further understand the importance of the standards for nasal NK/T cell lymphoma as a newly defined entity, 41 cases of lymphoma originated from nasal region that diagnosed as midline reticulosis, malignant granuloma,
peripheral T-cell lymphoma of midline and nasal NK/T cell lymphoma in the past were studied for their clinicopathol
引文
1 Cho EY, Gong G, Khang SK, Kang YK, Huh J. Fine needle aspiration cytology of CD56-positive natural killer/T-cell lymphoma of soft tissue. Cancer, 2002,96(6):344-50
2 Anderson JR, Armitage JO, Weisenburger DD. Epidemiology of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: distributions of the major subtypes differ by geographic locations. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Classification Project. Ann Onco, 1998, 9(7):717-20.
3 Ratech H, Burke JS, Blayney DW, Sheibani K, Rappaport H. A clinicopathologic study of malignant lymphomas of the nose, paranasal sinuses, and hard palate, including cases of lethal midline granuloma. Cancer, 1989, 64(12):2525-31
4 Kuwabara H, Tsuji M, Yoshii Y, Kakuno Y, Akioka T, Kotani T, Iwao N, Hanafusa T, Ikeda T, Moil H. Nasal-type NK/T cell lymphoma of the orbit with distant metastases. Hum Pathol, 2003, 34(3):290-2.
5 Child F J, Mitchell TJ, Whittaker SJ, Calonje E, Spittle M, Crocker J, Russell-Jones R. Blastic natural killer cell and extranodal natural killer cell-like T-cell lymphoma presenting in the skin: report of six cases from the UK. Br J Derrnatol, 2003, 148(3):507-15.
6 Kim YB, Chang SK, Yang WI, Hahn JS, Koom WS, Shim SJ, Park W, Lee KK, Suh CO, Kim GE. Primary NK/T cell lymphoma of the testis. A case report and review of the literature. Acta Haematol, 2003, 109(2):95-100.
7 Ohshima K, Liu Q, Koga T, Suzumiya J, Kikuchi M. Classification of cell lineage and anatomical site, and prognosis of extranodal T-cell lymphoma —natural killer cell, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, and non-NK/CTL types. Virchows Arch, 2002, 440(4):425-35
8 Takahashi N, Miura I, Chubachi A, Miura AB, Nakamura S. A clinicopathological study of 20 patients with T/natural killer (NK)-cell lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome with special reference to
nasal and nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma. Int J Hematol, 2001, 74(3):303-8.
9 Tomita Y, Ohsawa M, Qiu K, Hashimoto M, Yang WI, Kim GE, Aozasa K. Epstein-Barr virus in lymphoproliferative diseases in the sino-nasal region: close association with CD56+ immunophenotype and polymorphic-reticulosis morphology. Int J Cancer, 1997, 70(1): 9-13.
10 Jaffe ES. Nasal and nasal-type T/NK cell lymphoma: a unique form of lymphoma associated with the Epstein-Barr virus. Histopathology, 1995, 27(6):581-3.
11 Ohshima K, Suzumiya J, Shimazaki K, Kato A, Tanaka T, Kanda M, Kikuchi M. Nasal T/NK cell lymphomas commonly express perforin and Fas ligand: important mediators of tissue damage. Histopathology, 1997, 31(5):444-50.
12 Salcedo R, Young HA, Ponce ML, Ward JM, Kleinman HK, Murphy WJ, Oppenheim JJ. Eotaxin (CCL11) induces in vivo angiogenic responses by human CCR3+ endothelial cells. J Immunol, 2001, 166(12):7571-8.
13 Chott A, Rappersberger K, Schlossarek W, Radaszkiewicz T. Peripheral T cell lymphoma presenting primarily as lethal midline granuloma. Hum Pathol, 1988, 19(9):1093-101.
14 Laeng RH, Gerber HA, Schaffner T, Burki KH. Heterogeneous malignant non Hodgkin's lymphomas as a causative disorder in lethal midline granuloma. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol, 1989, 415(3):265-73.
15 Chan JK, Ng CS, Lau WH, Lo ST. Most nasal/nasopharyngeal lymphomas are peripheral T-cell neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol, 1987, 11(6):418-29.
16 Chott A, Rappersberger K, Schlossarek W, Radaszkiewiez T. Peripheral T cell lymphoma presenting primarily as lethal midline granuloma. Hum Pathol, 1988, 19(9):1093-101.
17 Tao Q, Chiang AK, Srivastava G, Ho FC. TCR-CD56+CD2+ nasal lymphomas with membrane-localized CD3 positivity: are the CD3+ cells
neoplastic or reactive? Blood, 1995, 85(10):2993-6.
18 Ye YL, Zhou MH, Lu XY, Dai YR, Wu WX. Nasopharyngeal and nasal malignant lymphoma: a clinicopathological study of 54 cases. Histopathology, 1992, 20(6):511-6.
19 Wong KF, Zhang YM, Chan JK. Cytogenetic abnormalities in natural killer cell lymphoma/leukaemia-is there a consistent pattern? Leuk Lymphoma, 1999, 34(3-4): 241-50.
20 Siu LL, Wong KF, Chan JK, Kwong YL. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of natural killer cell lymphoma/leukemia. Recognition of consistent patterns of genetic alterations. Am J Pathol, 1999, 155(5):1419-25.
21 Hsieh AT, Ho CL, Chen YC, Kao WY, Chao TY. Epstein-Barr virus and lymphoid hematological disorders. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei), 2002, 65(3): 119-23
22 Altemani A, Barbosa AC, Kulka M, Takahashi T, Endo L, Vassallo J, Lorand-Metze I. Characteristics of nasal T/NK-cell lymphoma among Brazilians. Neoplasma, 2002, 49(1): 55-60
23 Hahn JS, Lee ST, Min YH, KO YW, Yang WI, Kim GE. Therapeutic outcome of Epstein-Ban virus positive T/NK cell lymphoma in the upper aerodigestive tract. Yonsei Med J, 2002, 43(2): 175-82
24 Gaal K, Weiss LM, Chen WG, Chen YY, Arber DA. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA)-1 carboxy-terminal and EBNA-4 sequence polymorphisms in nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma in the United States. Lab Invest, 2002, 82(7):957-62
25 Arber DA, Weiss LM, Albujar PF, Chen YY, Jaffe ES. Nasal lymphomas in Peru. High incidence of T-cell immunophenotype and Epstein-Barr vires IFNection. Am J Surg Pathol, 1993, 17(4):392-9
26 Mori N, Yatabe Y, Oka K, Kinoshita T, Kobayashi T, Ono T, Asai J. Expression of perforin in nasal lymphoma. Additional evidence of its natural killer cell derivation. Am J Pathol, 1996, 149(2):699-705.
27 Hummel M, Anagnostopoulos I, Korbjuhn P, Stein H. Epstein-Barr virus in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: unexpected infection patterns and different infection incidence in low- and high-grade types. J Pathol, 1995, 175(3):263-71.
28 Elaine S. Jaffe, Nancy Lee Harris, Harald Stein, James W. Vardiman. Pathology and genetics of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2001. 204-208.
29 Lanier LL, Spits H, Phillips JH. The developmental relationship between NK cells and T cells. Immunol Today, 1992, 13(10): 392-5.
30 Spits H, Blom B, Jaleco AC, Weijer K, Verschuren MC, van Dongen JJ, Heemskerk MH, Res PC. Early stages in the development of human T, natural killer and thymic dendritic cells. Immunol Rev, 1998, 165:75-86.
31 金伯泉，朱勇，李德敏．细胞和分子免疫学．第二版．北京：科学出版社，2001 09．370-382
32 Kinney MC. The role of morphologic features, phenotype, genotype, and anatomic site in defining extranodal T-cell or NK-cell neoplasms. J Clin Pathol, 1999, 111(1 Suppl 1):S104-18
33 MacDonald HR. NK1.1+T cell receptor-alpha/beta+ cells: new clues to their origin, specificity, and function. J Exp Med, 1995, 182(3):633-8.
34 Chan WL, Pejnovic N, Lee CA, Al-Ali NA. Human IL-18 receptor and ST2L are stable and selective markers for the respective type 1 and type 2 circulating lymphocytes. J Immunol, 2001, 167(3): 1238-44.
35 Deniz G, Akdis M, Aktas E, Blaser K, Akdis CA. Human NK1 and NK2 subsets determined by purification of IFN-gamma-secreting and IFN-gamma-nonsecreting NK cells. Eur J Immunol, 2002, 32(3): 879-84.
36 Peritt D, Robertson S, Gri G, Showe L, Aste-Amezaga M, Trinchieri G. Differentiation of human NK cells into NK1 and NK2 subsets. J Immunol, 1998, 161(11):5821-4.
37 金伯泉，朱勇，李德敏．细胞和分子免疫学．第二版．北京：科学出版
社，2001 09．397
38 Loza MJ, Perussia B. Final steps of natural killer cell maturation: a model for type 1-type 2 differentiation? Nat Immunol, 2001, 2(10):917-24.
39 Su IJ, Hsieh HC, Lin KH, Uen WC, Kao CL, Chen CJ, Cheng AL, Kadin ME, Chen JY. Aggressive peripheral T-cell lymphomas containing Epstein-Barr viral DNA: a clinicopathologic and molecular analysis. Blood, 1991, 77(4):799-808.
40 Van Gorp J, De Bruin PC, Sie-Go DM, Van Heerde P, Ossenkoppele GJ, Rademakers LH, Meijer CJ, Van Den Tweel JG Nasal T-cell lymphoma: a clinicopathological and immunophenotypic analysis of 13 cases, Histopathology, 1995, 27(2): 139-48.
41 刘卫平，Alexander C. L., Chan Faith C. S. Ho，李甘地．细胞毒性颗粒相关蛋白TIA-1在鼻T／NK细胞淋巴瘤及淋巴增生组织的表达．中华病理学杂志，1998，27(4)：247
42 Ohshima K, Suzumiya J, Shimazaki K, Kato A, Tanaka T, Kanda M, Kikuchi M. Nasal T/NK cell lymphomas commonly express perforin and Fas ligand: important mediators of tissue damage. Histopathology, 1997, 31(5):444-50.
43 Weng AP, Shahsafaei A, Dorfman DM. CXCR4/CD184 immunoreactivity in T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas with an overall Th1- Th2+ immunophenotype. Am J Clin Pathol, 2003, 119(3):424-30.
44 Ferenczi K, Fuhlbrigge RC, Pinkus J, Pinkus GS, Kupper TS. Increased CCR4 expression in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol, 2002, 119(6):1405-10.
45 Vermeer MH, Dukers DF, ten Berge RL, Bloemena E, Wu L, Vos W, de Vries E, Tensen CP, Meijer CJ, Willemze R. Differential expression of thymus and activation regulated chemokine and its receptor CCR4 in nodal and cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphomas and Hodgkin's disease. Mod Pathol, 2002, 15(8):838-44.
46 Kleinhans M, Tun-Kyi A, Gilliet M, Kadin ME, Dummer R, Burg G,
Nestle FO. Functional expression of the eotaxin receptor CCR3 in CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood, 2003, 101(4): 1487-93.
47 Loetscher P, Uguccioni M, Bordoli L, Baggiolini M, Moser B, Chizzolini C, Dayer JM. CCR5 is characteristic of Th1 lymphocytes. Nature, 1998, 391(6665):344-5.
48 Dorfman DM, Shahsafaei A. CD69 expression correlates with expression of other markers of Th1 T cell differentiation in peripheral T cell lymphomas. Hum Pathol, 2002, 33(3):330-4.
49 Bonecchi R, Bianchi G, Bordignon PP, D'Ambrosio D, Lang R, Borsatti A, Sozzani S, Allavena P, Gray PA, Mantovani A, Sinigaglia F. Differential expression of chemokine receptors and chemotactic responsiveness of type 1 T helper cells (Th1s) and Th2s. J Exp Med, 1998, 187(1):129-34.
50 Jones D, O'Hara C, Kraus MD, Perez-Atayde AR, Shahsafaei A, Wu L, Dorfman DM. Expression pattern of T-cell-associated chemokine receptors and their chemokines correlates with specific subtypes of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood, 2000, 96(2):685-90.
51 Chan WL, Pejnovic N, Liew TV, Lee CA, Groves R, Hamilton H. NKT cell subsets in infection and inflammation. Immunol Lett, 2003, 85(2): 159-63.
52 Yamamura M, Modlin RL, Ohmen JD, Moy RL. Local expression of antiinflammatory cytokines in cancer. J Clin Invest, 1993, 91(3): 1005-10.
53 Kharkevitch DD, Seito D, Balch GC, Maeda T, Balch CM, Itoh K. Characterization of autologous tumor-specific T-helper 2 cells in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from a patient with metastatic melanoma. Int J Cancer, 1994, 58(3):317-23.
54 Weiss LM, Jaffe ES, Liu XF, Chen YY, Shibata D, Medeiros LJ. Detection and localization of Epstein-Barr viral genomes in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy-like lymphoma. Blood, 1992, 79(7): 1789-95.
55 Van Prooyen Keyzer S, Eloy P, Delos M, Doyen C, Bertrand B, Rombaux
P. Sinonasal lymphomas. Case report. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg, 2000, 54(1): 45-51.
56 Vidal RW, Devaney K, Ferlito A, Rinaldo A, Carbone A. Sinonasal malignant lymphomas: a distinct elinicopathological category. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1999, 108(4):411-9.
57 Abbes I, Mrad K, Sassi S, Jellouli M, Kochbati L, Maalej M, Ben Romdhane K. Primary Hodgkin's disease of the nasopharynx: a rare but bona fide disease. Pathologica, 2002, 94(6):314-6.
58 Hirota J, Osaki T, Yoneda K, Yamamoto T, Ueta E, Hiroi M, Hara H. Midline malignant B-cell lymphoma with leukemic transformation. Cancer, 1992, 70(12):2958-62
59 Jaffe ES, Krenacs L, Kumar S, Kingma DW, Raffeld M. Extranodal peripheral T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms. Am J Clin Pathol, 1999, 111(1 Suppl 1): S46-55
60 Elaine S. Jaffe, Nancy Lee Harris, Harald Stein, James W. Vardiman. Pathology and genetics of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues.Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2001. 191-194.
61 Endo LH, Vassallo J, Sakano E, Brousset P. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus and subsets of lymphoid cells in adenoid tissue of children under 2 years of age. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2002, Dec 2;66
62 Taddesse HL, Feldman JI, Fahle GA, Fischer SH, Sorbara L, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. Florid CD4+, CD56+ T-Cell IFNiltrate Associated with Herpes Simplex IFNection Simulating Nasal NK-/T-Cell Lymphoma. Mod Pathol, 2003, 16(2): 166-72
63 Chan JK, Sin VC, Wong KF, Ng CS, Tsang WY, Chart CH, Cheung MM, Lau WH. Nonnasal lymphoma expressing the natural killer cell marker CD56: a clinicopathologic study of 49 cases of an uncommon aggressive neoplasm. Blood, 1997, 89(120): 4501-13
64 Harabuchi Y, Imai S, Wakashima J, Hirao M, Kataura A, Osato T, Kon S.
Nasal T-cell lymphoma causally associated with Epstein-Barr virus: clinicopathologic, phenotypic, and genotypic studies. Cancer, 1996, 77(10):2137-49.
65 Tsang WY, Chan JK. Epstein-Barr vires and T-cell lymphoma. Histopathology, 1994, 25(5):501-2.
66 江庆萍，尤志君．淋巴结外T细胞性淋巴瘤EB病毒感染和CD56表达关系的研究．郧阳医学院学报．1999，18(3)：125-127
67 金伯泉，朱勇，李德敏．细胞和分子免疫学．第二版．北京：科学出版社，2001 09．376-379
68 Garcia CM, Santon A, Mendez MC, Rivas C, Martin C, Bellas C. Nasopharyngeal/nasal type T/NK lymphomas: analysis of 14 cases and review of the literature. Tumor, 2003, 89(3): 278-84
69 钟博南 张晓华 李敏 曹海光 李宁 刘春雨 顾依群 高子芬NK/T细胞淋巴瘤的病理组织学、免疫表型及基因研究．2003，24(10)505-509
70 Ohshima K, Suzumiya J, Shimazaki K, Kato A, Tanaka T, Kanda M, Kikuchi M. Nasal T/NK cell lymphomas commonly express perforin and Fas ligand: important mediators of tissue damage. Int J Cancer, 1997, 73(3): 332-8.
71 金伯泉，朱勇，李德敏．细胞和分子免疫学．第二版．北京：科学出版社，2001 09．396
2 Anderson JR, Armitage JO, Weisenburger DD. Epidemiology of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: distributions of the major subtypes differ by geographic locations. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Classification Project. Ann Onco, 1998, 9(7):717-20.
3 Ratech H, Burke JS, Blayney DW, Sheibani K, Rappaport H. A clinicopathologic study of malignant lymphomas of the nose, paranasal sinuses, and hard palate, including cases of lethal midline granuloma. Cancer, 1989, 64(12):2525-31
4 Kuwabara H, Tsuji M, Yoshii Y, Kakuno Y, Akioka T, Kotani T, Iwao N, Hanafusa T, Ikeda T, Moil H. Nasal-type NK/T cell lymphoma of the orbit with distant metastases. Hum Pathol, 2003, 34(3):290-2.
5 Child F J, Mitchell TJ, Whittaker SJ, Calonje E, Spittle M, Crocker J, Russell-Jones R. Blastic natural killer cell and extranodal natural killer cell-like T-cell lymphoma presenting in the skin: report of six cases from the UK. Br J Derrnatol, 2003, 148(3):507-15.
6 Kim YB, Chang SK, Yang WI, Hahn JS, Koom WS, Shim SJ, Park W, Lee KK, Suh CO, Kim GE. Primary NK/T cell lymphoma of the testis. A case report and review of the literature. Acta Haematol, 2003, 109(2):95-100.
7 Ohshima K, Liu Q, Koga T, Suzumiya J, Kikuchi M. Classification of cell lineage and anatomical site, and prognosis of extranodal T-cell lymphoma —natural killer cell, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, and non-NK/CTL types. Virchows Arch, 2002, 440(4):425-35
8 Takahashi N, Miura I, Chubachi A, Miura AB, Nakamura S. A clinicopathological study of 20 patients with T/natural killer (NK)-cell lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome with special reference to
nasal and nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma. Int J Hematol, 2001, 74(3):303-8.
9 Tomita Y, Ohsawa M, Qiu K, Hashimoto M, Yang WI, Kim GE, Aozasa K. Epstein-Barr virus in lymphoproliferative diseases in the sino-nasal region: close association with CD56+ immunophenotype and polymorphic-reticulosis morphology. Int J Cancer, 1997, 70(1): 9-13.
10 Jaffe ES. Nasal and nasal-type T/NK cell lymphoma: a unique form of lymphoma associated with the Epstein-Barr virus. Histopathology, 1995, 27(6):581-3.
11 Ohshima K, Suzumiya J, Shimazaki K, Kato A, Tanaka T, Kanda M, Kikuchi M. Nasal T/NK cell lymphomas commonly express perforin and Fas ligand: important mediators of tissue damage. Histopathology, 1997, 31(5):444-50.
12 Salcedo R, Young HA, Ponce ML, Ward JM, Kleinman HK, Murphy WJ, Oppenheim JJ. Eotaxin (CCL11) induces in vivo angiogenic responses by human CCR3+ endothelial cells. J Immunol, 2001, 166(12):7571-8.
13 Chott A, Rappersberger K, Schlossarek W, Radaszkiewicz T. Peripheral T cell lymphoma presenting primarily as lethal midline granuloma. Hum Pathol, 1988, 19(9):1093-101.
14 Laeng RH, Gerber HA, Schaffner T, Burki KH. Heterogeneous malignant non Hodgkin's lymphomas as a causative disorder in lethal midline granuloma. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol, 1989, 415(3):265-73.
15 Chan JK, Ng CS, Lau WH, Lo ST. Most nasal/nasopharyngeal lymphomas are peripheral T-cell neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol, 1987, 11(6):418-29.
16 Chott A, Rappersberger K, Schlossarek W, Radaszkiewiez T. Peripheral T cell lymphoma presenting primarily as lethal midline granuloma. Hum Pathol, 1988, 19(9):1093-101.
17 Tao Q, Chiang AK, Srivastava G, Ho FC. TCR-CD56+CD2+ nasal lymphomas with membrane-localized CD3 positivity: are the CD3+ cells
neoplastic or reactive? Blood, 1995, 85(10):2993-6.
18 Ye YL, Zhou MH, Lu XY, Dai YR, Wu WX. Nasopharyngeal and nasal malignant lymphoma: a clinicopathological study of 54 cases. Histopathology, 1992, 20(6):511-6.
19 Wong KF, Zhang YM, Chan JK. Cytogenetic abnormalities in natural killer cell lymphoma/leukaemia-is there a consistent pattern? Leuk Lymphoma, 1999, 34(3-4): 241-50.
20 Siu LL, Wong KF, Chan JK, Kwong YL. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of natural killer cell lymphoma/leukemia. Recognition of consistent patterns of genetic alterations. Am J Pathol, 1999, 155(5):1419-25.
21 Hsieh AT, Ho CL, Chen YC, Kao WY, Chao TY. Epstein-Barr virus and lymphoid hematological disorders. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei), 2002, 65(3): 119-23
22 Altemani A, Barbosa AC, Kulka M, Takahashi T, Endo L, Vassallo J, Lorand-Metze I. Characteristics of nasal T/NK-cell lymphoma among Brazilians. Neoplasma, 2002, 49(1): 55-60
23 Hahn JS, Lee ST, Min YH, KO YW, Yang WI, Kim GE. Therapeutic outcome of Epstein-Ban virus positive T/NK cell lymphoma in the upper aerodigestive tract. Yonsei Med J, 2002, 43(2): 175-82
24 Gaal K, Weiss LM, Chen WG, Chen YY, Arber DA. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA)-1 carboxy-terminal and EBNA-4 sequence polymorphisms in nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma in the United States. Lab Invest, 2002, 82(7):957-62
25 Arber DA, Weiss LM, Albujar PF, Chen YY, Jaffe ES. Nasal lymphomas in Peru. High incidence of T-cell immunophenotype and Epstein-Barr vires IFNection. Am J Surg Pathol, 1993, 17(4):392-9
26 Mori N, Yatabe Y, Oka K, Kinoshita T, Kobayashi T, Ono T, Asai J. Expression of perforin in nasal lymphoma. Additional evidence of its natural killer cell derivation. Am J Pathol, 1996, 149(2):699-705.
27 Hummel M, Anagnostopoulos I, Korbjuhn P, Stein H. Epstein-Barr virus in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: unexpected infection patterns and different infection incidence in low- and high-grade types. J Pathol, 1995, 175(3):263-71.
28 Elaine S. Jaffe, Nancy Lee Harris, Harald Stein, James W. Vardiman. Pathology and genetics of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2001. 204-208.
29 Lanier LL, Spits H, Phillips JH. The developmental relationship between NK cells and T cells. Immunol Today, 1992, 13(10): 392-5.
30 Spits H, Blom B, Jaleco AC, Weijer K, Verschuren MC, van Dongen JJ, Heemskerk MH, Res PC. Early stages in the development of human T, natural killer and thymic dendritic cells. Immunol Rev, 1998, 165:75-86.
31 金伯泉，朱勇，李德敏．细胞和分子免疫学．第二版．北京：科学出版社，2001 09．370-382
32 Kinney MC. The role of morphologic features, phenotype, genotype, and anatomic site in defining extranodal T-cell or NK-cell neoplasms. J Clin Pathol, 1999, 111(1 Suppl 1):S104-18
33 MacDonald HR. NK1.1+T cell receptor-alpha/beta+ cells: new clues to their origin, specificity, and function. J Exp Med, 1995, 182(3):633-8.
34 Chan WL, Pejnovic N, Lee CA, Al-Ali NA. Human IL-18 receptor and ST2L are stable and selective markers for the respective type 1 and type 2 circulating lymphocytes. J Immunol, 2001, 167(3): 1238-44.
35 Deniz G, Akdis M, Aktas E, Blaser K, Akdis CA. Human NK1 and NK2 subsets determined by purification of IFN-gamma-secreting and IFN-gamma-nonsecreting NK cells. Eur J Immunol, 2002, 32(3): 879-84.
36 Peritt D, Robertson S, Gri G, Showe L, Aste-Amezaga M, Trinchieri G. Differentiation of human NK cells into NK1 and NK2 subsets. J Immunol, 1998, 161(11):5821-4.
37 金伯泉，朱勇，李德敏．细胞和分子免疫学．第二版．北京：科学出版
社，2001 09．397
38 Loza MJ, Perussia B. Final steps of natural killer cell maturation: a model for type 1-type 2 differentiation? Nat Immunol, 2001, 2(10):917-24.
39 Su IJ, Hsieh HC, Lin KH, Uen WC, Kao CL, Chen CJ, Cheng AL, Kadin ME, Chen JY. Aggressive peripheral T-cell lymphomas containing Epstein-Barr viral DNA: a clinicopathologic and molecular analysis. Blood, 1991, 77(4):799-808.
40 Van Gorp J, De Bruin PC, Sie-Go DM, Van Heerde P, Ossenkoppele GJ, Rademakers LH, Meijer CJ, Van Den Tweel JG Nasal T-cell lymphoma: a clinicopathological and immunophenotypic analysis of 13 cases, Histopathology, 1995, 27(2): 139-48.
41 刘卫平，Alexander C. L., Chan Faith C. S. Ho，李甘地．细胞毒性颗粒相关蛋白TIA-1在鼻T／NK细胞淋巴瘤及淋巴增生组织的表达．中华病理学杂志，1998，27(4)：247
42 Ohshima K, Suzumiya J, Shimazaki K, Kato A, Tanaka T, Kanda M, Kikuchi M. Nasal T/NK cell lymphomas commonly express perforin and Fas ligand: important mediators of tissue damage. Histopathology, 1997, 31(5):444-50.
43 Weng AP, Shahsafaei A, Dorfman DM. CXCR4/CD184 immunoreactivity in T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas with an overall Th1- Th2+ immunophenotype. Am J Clin Pathol, 2003, 119(3):424-30.
44 Ferenczi K, Fuhlbrigge RC, Pinkus J, Pinkus GS, Kupper TS. Increased CCR4 expression in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol, 2002, 119(6):1405-10.
45 Vermeer MH, Dukers DF, ten Berge RL, Bloemena E, Wu L, Vos W, de Vries E, Tensen CP, Meijer CJ, Willemze R. Differential expression of thymus and activation regulated chemokine and its receptor CCR4 in nodal and cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphomas and Hodgkin's disease. Mod Pathol, 2002, 15(8):838-44.
46 Kleinhans M, Tun-Kyi A, Gilliet M, Kadin ME, Dummer R, Burg G,
Nestle FO. Functional expression of the eotaxin receptor CCR3 in CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood, 2003, 101(4): 1487-93.
47 Loetscher P, Uguccioni M, Bordoli L, Baggiolini M, Moser B, Chizzolini C, Dayer JM. CCR5 is characteristic of Th1 lymphocytes. Nature, 1998, 391(6665):344-5.
48 Dorfman DM, Shahsafaei A. CD69 expression correlates with expression of other markers of Th1 T cell differentiation in peripheral T cell lymphomas. Hum Pathol, 2002, 33(3):330-4.
49 Bonecchi R, Bianchi G, Bordignon PP, D'Ambrosio D, Lang R, Borsatti A, Sozzani S, Allavena P, Gray PA, Mantovani A, Sinigaglia F. Differential expression of chemokine receptors and chemotactic responsiveness of type 1 T helper cells (Th1s) and Th2s. J Exp Med, 1998, 187(1):129-34.
50 Jones D, O'Hara C, Kraus MD, Perez-Atayde AR, Shahsafaei A, Wu L, Dorfman DM. Expression pattern of T-cell-associated chemokine receptors and their chemokines correlates with specific subtypes of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood, 2000, 96(2):685-90.
51 Chan WL, Pejnovic N, Liew TV, Lee CA, Groves R, Hamilton H. NKT cell subsets in infection and inflammation. Immunol Lett, 2003, 85(2): 159-63.
52 Yamamura M, Modlin RL, Ohmen JD, Moy RL. Local expression of antiinflammatory cytokines in cancer. J Clin Invest, 1993, 91(3): 1005-10.
53 Kharkevitch DD, Seito D, Balch GC, Maeda T, Balch CM, Itoh K. Characterization of autologous tumor-specific T-helper 2 cells in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from a patient with metastatic melanoma. Int J Cancer, 1994, 58(3):317-23.
54 Weiss LM, Jaffe ES, Liu XF, Chen YY, Shibata D, Medeiros LJ. Detection and localization of Epstein-Barr viral genomes in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy-like lymphoma. Blood, 1992, 79(7): 1789-95.
55 Van Prooyen Keyzer S, Eloy P, Delos M, Doyen C, Bertrand B, Rombaux
P. Sinonasal lymphomas. Case report. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg, 2000, 54(1): 45-51.
56 Vidal RW, Devaney K, Ferlito A, Rinaldo A, Carbone A. Sinonasal malignant lymphomas: a distinct elinicopathological category. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1999, 108(4):411-9.
57 Abbes I, Mrad K, Sassi S, Jellouli M, Kochbati L, Maalej M, Ben Romdhane K. Primary Hodgkin's disease of the nasopharynx: a rare but bona fide disease. Pathologica, 2002, 94(6):314-6.
58 Hirota J, Osaki T, Yoneda K, Yamamoto T, Ueta E, Hiroi M, Hara H. Midline malignant B-cell lymphoma with leukemic transformation. Cancer, 1992, 70(12):2958-62
59 Jaffe ES, Krenacs L, Kumar S, Kingma DW, Raffeld M. Extranodal peripheral T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms. Am J Clin Pathol, 1999, 111(1 Suppl 1): S46-55
60 Elaine S. Jaffe, Nancy Lee Harris, Harald Stein, James W. Vardiman. Pathology and genetics of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues.Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2001. 191-194.
61 Endo LH, Vassallo J, Sakano E, Brousset P. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus and subsets of lymphoid cells in adenoid tissue of children under 2 years of age. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2002, Dec 2;66
62 Taddesse HL, Feldman JI, Fahle GA, Fischer SH, Sorbara L, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. Florid CD4+, CD56+ T-Cell IFNiltrate Associated with Herpes Simplex IFNection Simulating Nasal NK-/T-Cell Lymphoma. Mod Pathol, 2003, 16(2): 166-72
63 Chan JK, Sin VC, Wong KF, Ng CS, Tsang WY, Chart CH, Cheung MM, Lau WH. Nonnasal lymphoma expressing the natural killer cell marker CD56: a clinicopathologic study of 49 cases of an uncommon aggressive neoplasm. Blood, 1997, 89(120): 4501-13
64 Harabuchi Y, Imai S, Wakashima J, Hirao M, Kataura A, Osato T, Kon S.
Nasal T-cell lymphoma causally associated with Epstein-Barr virus: clinicopathologic, phenotypic, and genotypic studies. Cancer, 1996, 77(10):2137-49.
65 Tsang WY, Chan JK. Epstein-Barr vires and T-cell lymphoma. Histopathology, 1994, 25(5):501-2.
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