纳米结构氧化物锂离子电池负极材料研究
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摘要
锂离子电池由于有高能量密度、高输出电压、无记忆效应和无环境污染等优点,得到越来越多的应用。不仅仅可以应用于各种便携式电子设备,在作为电动汽车动力电源和太阳能、风能等新能源的储能设备方面都有很大应用前景。目前商业化的锂离子电池广泛使用的负极主要是石墨类材料。但石墨理论容量低且有安全性问题,因此高理论容量、安全性好的新型负极材料得到越来越多的关注。氧化物负极材料具有理论容量高、循环性能好、安全性能高等优点,是替代石墨作为锂离子电池负极的理想材料,但导电性差、不可逆容量大和充放电前后体积变化大等问题制约其得到实际应用。研究表明,通过纳米化、碳包覆和形貌控制等方法可以提高材料导电性,缓解充电时的体积膨胀,改善材料的电化学性能。本论文采用碳包覆、化学沉积和水热等方法制备了氧化物纳米材料,利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)等技术分析材料的形貌和结构等物理特征,采用恒电流充放电、循环伏安和交流阻抗谱等技术测试材料的电化学性能,并探讨了材料的结构和形貌与电化学性能之间的关系。主要研究内容和结果如下：
与大尺寸的颗粒相比,纳米尺寸的颗粒具有较大的比表面,提供更多的锂离子进入通道,并使材料结构更稳定,从而有更好的电化学性能。本文采用尿素作沉淀剂,通过化学沉积的简单方法制备了纳米Co3O4颗粒。SEM和TEM测定显示颗粒直径在200nm以下。制备的Co3O4纳米材料,在100mA g-1电流密度下,首次放电比容量为802mAh g-1,100次循环后稳定在580mAh g-1左右,表现出良好的循环性能。而大尺寸的C0304颗粒在相同电流密度下100次循环后可逆容量仅有245mAh g-1。另外还采用水热的方法,以Co(NO3)2为原料,用尿素作为沉淀剂,先在85℃下沉积,然后升温到200℃继续反应,在表面活性剂PEG2000的存在下形成片状的前驱体,继续在空气气氛下煅烧后得到C0304。通过考察不同煅烧温度,发现在600℃时能得到多孔的Co3O4纳米片结构。在100mA g-1电流密度下充放电测试,其首次放电比容量为749mAh g-1,40次循环后容量仍在700mAh g-1以上。其良好的电化学性能归因于多孔片状结构具有与电解液接触面积大,电荷传递速率快,体积膨胀小的优点。
采用水热的方法,以NiCl2为原料,先在85℃下沉积,然后升温继续反应,发现200℃时能形成片状的前驱体。前驱体的主要成分是NiOOH和Ni(HCO3)2,在经过高温灼烧后转变成NiO,其间释放出二氧化碳和水,在片层中留下不规则孔隙,从而得到多孔的片状氧化亚镍。SEM观测显示多孔纳米片的厚度在100nm左右,长和宽为几个微米。这种片状的二维结构及其中的孔隙增大了材料与电解液的接触面积,缩短了锂离子的扩散距离；同时充放电的体积变化可以沿平面方向延展,加上其中的孔隙可容纳一部分增加的体积,使得材料的结构更加稳定,大大提高了循环性能。100mAg-1电流密度下,多孔氧化亚镍纳米片首次放电容量为689mAhg-1,20次循环后比容量仍有644mAh g-1,显示了良好的循环性能。与之相比,85℃沉积得到的微米氧化亚镍颗粒在同样的电流密度下,20次循环后比容量只有208mAh g-1,说明片状多孔结构能有效提高材料的电化学性能。在400mAg-1电流密度下,多孔氧化亚镍纳米片经过50次循环后,放电比容量仍然接近400mAh g-1,显示在大倍率的充放电状况下材料也有很好的电化学性能。
二氧化硅材料由于较差的导电能力而限制了其电化学性能。本文以蔗糖为碳源对纳米二氧化硅小球进行了碳包覆,制备了不同碳含量的样品。SEM和TEM测试表明蔗糖在高温下裂解形成的碳层均匀地包裹在二氧化硅纳米小球的周围。这些无定形碳在二氧化硅小球周围形成网络结构,不但能提高颗粒之间的电子传导率而且能限制充放电过程中的体积膨胀,从而提高材料的电化学性能。交流阻抗测试表明碳包覆能有效降低电荷传递阻抗。随着碳含量的增加,材料的比容量也得到提高,但碳含量超过一定比例时由于碳的比容量较小而使整个材料的比容量降低。其中碳含量为50%的包覆材料具有最高的放电比容量,首次放电容量达536mAh g-1,50次循环后容量仍保持在500mAh g-1以上,表现出良好的循环性能。充放电测试表明相同碳含量的材料,高温包覆处理的样品比简单混合的样品有更高的比容量。
非石墨化的硬碳材料具有与电解液相容性好和安全性高的优点,也有望取代石墨作为锂离子电池负极材料,但存在不可逆容量大和储锂容量低的缺点。本论文研究了竹碳这种硬碳材料,通过球磨和表面硫酸处理等方法改善竹碳材料的电化学性能,并比较了颗粒粒径和硫酸处理时间对竹碳电极的电化学性能的影响。结果表明竹碳材料首次充放电效率随颗粒粒径的减小而降低,这是由于小粒径比表面增大而在形成SEI膜时损失较多的锂。硫酸处理可减少竹碳中金属杂质,在表面形成大量能与锂发生可逆反应的-HS03和-HS04基团,并在表面形成利于锂离子进出的孔道,有效提高材料的放电容量。其中18h硫酸处理的竹碳电极首次放电比容量可达328.2mAh g-1,50次循环后其比容量仍保持302.3mAh g-1,具有良好的电化学性能。
Lithium ion battery has a variety of applications due to its high energy density and no memory effect. It can not only be used in portable electronic devices, but also be promising in electric vehicle and energy storage devices. At present the mainly commercialized anode material is graphite. Graphite has a low theoretical capacity and safety problems, so researchers are seeking new materials with higher theoretical capacity and more safety. Oxide anode materials owing high theoretic capacity, good cycleability and good safety, are ideal candidates as anode mterials for lithium ion batteries. However, the disadvantages of poor conductivity, high irreversible capacity and dramatic volume change during cycling process hinder their practical applications. Studies indicate that nanocrystallization, carbon coating, morphology controlling can improve the conductivity and buffer the volume expansion during cycling process. In this Thesis, we prepare oxide nanomaterials by precipitation and hydrothermal method, and treat oxide nanomaterials by carbon coating. The as-prepared materials are characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical performance is studied by Cyclic Voltammetry, a.c. impedance spectroscopy and galvanic charge and discharge. The relationship between morphologies and electrochemical performances is also discussed. The main contents and results listed below:
CO3O4nanoparticles are prepared by simple chemical deposition method using urea as precipitating agent. SEM and TEM images display that the diameter of these particles is less than200nm. Compared with the large sized particles, nanometer sized particles have large specific surface which provide more channels for lithium ions and more stable structure, so they may have better electrochemical properties. The prepared CO3O4nanoparticles deliver initial discharge capacity of802mAh g-1at a current density of100mA g-1, and retain580mAh g-1over100cycles, showing good cycling performance. CO3O4nanoplates are prepared by hydrothermal method. The process includes depositing Co(NO3)2at85℃, hydrothermal synthesis at200℃to acquire lamellar precursor, and obtain CO3O4nanoplates by calcination in air atmosphere. It was found that the lamellar precursor calcinated at600℃can form porous CO3O4nanoplate. The electrochemical tests show that the porous CO3O4nanoplates deliver initial discharge capacity of749mAh g-1at a current density of 100mA g-1. After40cycles, the remaining capacity is above700mAh g-1. Its good electrochemical performance is attributed to the porous nanoplate structure having advantages of large area contacting with electrolyte, fast charge transfer rate and effectively buffering for volume change during cycling process.
Porous NiO nanosheets are prepared by hydrothermal method. The flaky precursor is obtained at200℃and transforms into NiO by calcinations. CO2and H2O are released during the transforming process, forming many irregular pores on the nanosheets. SEM images show that thickness of the as prepared porous NiO nanosheets is about100nm, and the length and width is a few micrometers. The porous NiO nanosheets deliver initial discharge capacity of689mAh g-1at a current density of100mA g-1, and remain644mAh g-1after20cycles. Compared with porous NiO nanosheets, bulk NiO materials delivers capacity of208mAh g-1after20cycles at the same current density, which means that sheet-like porous structure can effectively improve the electrochemical performance of NiO. At a current density of400mA g-1, porous NiO nanosheets deliver reversible capacity of about400mAh g-1, which show good electrochemical performance at a high rate condition. The good cycling performance of porous NiO nanosheets is attributed to its flaky two-dimensional structure and the wherein pores, which can increase contact area with electrolyte, shorten lithium ion diffusion distance, buffer volume expansion during cycling process.
SiO2didn't have good electrochemical performance because of its poor conductivity. In this thesis, carbon-coated SiO2nanobeads with different carbon content were prepared by using sucrose as carbon source. SEM and TEM pictures show that the SiO2nanobeads are embedded in amorphous carbon matrix. The amorphous carbon around silica beads form a network structure, which can improve the electronic conductivity between silica beads and buffer the volume expansion during cycling process, thereby improves the electrochemical properties. The a.c. impedance tests show that carbon layer coated on SiO2can effectively diminish interfacial impedance. The SiO2-C composite with50%carbon content delivers highest reversible capacity. It shows initial capacity of536mAh g-1and remains above500mAh g-1after50cycles, exhibiting good electrochemical performance. Charge and discharge tests show that the sample prepared by coating delivers higher specific capacity than those prepared by mixing with the same carbon content.
Hard carbon has good compatibility with electrolyte and good safety, so it is also expected to replace graphite as anode material for lithium ion batteries. However, it has disadvantages of large irreversible capacity and low specific capacity. In this study, we focus on a hard carbon material of bamboo charcoal. The bamboo charcoal samples are prepared by milling and sulfuric acid treating. The effect of particle size and sulfuric acid treated time on the electrochemical performance of bamboo charcoal is investigated. The results show that initial Coulombic efficiency drops with the decresing of particle size. It is because that small size particle has big surface and lose more lithium during formation of SEI film. Sulfuric acid treatment can raise the specific capacity of bamboo charcoal by reducing the metal impurities, forming-HSO3and-HSO4groups which can reversibly react with lithium ion, taking channels on the surface for lithium ion migratting. The bamboo charcoal electrode prepared by sulfuric acid treatment for18h has a discharge capacity of328.2mAh g-1and it remains302.3mAh g-1after50cycles, exhibiting good electrochemical property.
与大尺寸的颗粒相比,纳米尺寸的颗粒具有较大的比表面,提供更多的锂离子进入通道,并使材料结构更稳定,从而有更好的电化学性能。本文采用尿素作沉淀剂,通过化学沉积的简单方法制备了纳米Co3O4颗粒。SEM和TEM测定显示颗粒直径在200nm以下。制备的Co3O4纳米材料,在100mA g-1电流密度下,首次放电比容量为802mAh g-1,100次循环后稳定在580mAh g-1左右,表现出良好的循环性能。而大尺寸的C0304颗粒在相同电流密度下100次循环后可逆容量仅有245mAh g-1。另外还采用水热的方法,以Co(NO3)2为原料,用尿素作为沉淀剂,先在85℃下沉积,然后升温到200℃继续反应,在表面活性剂PEG2000的存在下形成片状的前驱体,继续在空气气氛下煅烧后得到C0304。通过考察不同煅烧温度,发现在600℃时能得到多孔的Co3O4纳米片结构。在100mA g-1电流密度下充放电测试,其首次放电比容量为749mAh g-1,40次循环后容量仍在700mAh g-1以上。其良好的电化学性能归因于多孔片状结构具有与电解液接触面积大,电荷传递速率快,体积膨胀小的优点。
采用水热的方法,以NiCl2为原料,先在85℃下沉积,然后升温继续反应,发现200℃时能形成片状的前驱体。前驱体的主要成分是NiOOH和Ni(HCO3)2,在经过高温灼烧后转变成NiO,其间释放出二氧化碳和水,在片层中留下不规则孔隙,从而得到多孔的片状氧化亚镍。SEM观测显示多孔纳米片的厚度在100nm左右,长和宽为几个微米。这种片状的二维结构及其中的孔隙增大了材料与电解液的接触面积,缩短了锂离子的扩散距离；同时充放电的体积变化可以沿平面方向延展,加上其中的孔隙可容纳一部分增加的体积,使得材料的结构更加稳定,大大提高了循环性能。100mAg-1电流密度下,多孔氧化亚镍纳米片首次放电容量为689mAhg-1,20次循环后比容量仍有644mAh g-1,显示了良好的循环性能。与之相比,85℃沉积得到的微米氧化亚镍颗粒在同样的电流密度下,20次循环后比容量只有208mAh g-1,说明片状多孔结构能有效提高材料的电化学性能。在400mAg-1电流密度下,多孔氧化亚镍纳米片经过50次循环后,放电比容量仍然接近400mAh g-1,显示在大倍率的充放电状况下材料也有很好的电化学性能。
二氧化硅材料由于较差的导电能力而限制了其电化学性能。本文以蔗糖为碳源对纳米二氧化硅小球进行了碳包覆,制备了不同碳含量的样品。SEM和TEM测试表明蔗糖在高温下裂解形成的碳层均匀地包裹在二氧化硅纳米小球的周围。这些无定形碳在二氧化硅小球周围形成网络结构,不但能提高颗粒之间的电子传导率而且能限制充放电过程中的体积膨胀,从而提高材料的电化学性能。交流阻抗测试表明碳包覆能有效降低电荷传递阻抗。随着碳含量的增加,材料的比容量也得到提高,但碳含量超过一定比例时由于碳的比容量较小而使整个材料的比容量降低。其中碳含量为50%的包覆材料具有最高的放电比容量,首次放电容量达536mAh g-1,50次循环后容量仍保持在500mAh g-1以上,表现出良好的循环性能。充放电测试表明相同碳含量的材料,高温包覆处理的样品比简单混合的样品有更高的比容量。
非石墨化的硬碳材料具有与电解液相容性好和安全性高的优点,也有望取代石墨作为锂离子电池负极材料,但存在不可逆容量大和储锂容量低的缺点。本论文研究了竹碳这种硬碳材料,通过球磨和表面硫酸处理等方法改善竹碳材料的电化学性能,并比较了颗粒粒径和硫酸处理时间对竹碳电极的电化学性能的影响。结果表明竹碳材料首次充放电效率随颗粒粒径的减小而降低,这是由于小粒径比表面增大而在形成SEI膜时损失较多的锂。硫酸处理可减少竹碳中金属杂质,在表面形成大量能与锂发生可逆反应的-HS03和-HS04基团,并在表面形成利于锂离子进出的孔道,有效提高材料的放电容量。其中18h硫酸处理的竹碳电极首次放电比容量可达328.2mAh g-1,50次循环后其比容量仍保持302.3mAh g-1,具有良好的电化学性能。
Lithium ion battery has a variety of applications due to its high energy density and no memory effect. It can not only be used in portable electronic devices, but also be promising in electric vehicle and energy storage devices. At present the mainly commercialized anode material is graphite. Graphite has a low theoretical capacity and safety problems, so researchers are seeking new materials with higher theoretical capacity and more safety. Oxide anode materials owing high theoretic capacity, good cycleability and good safety, are ideal candidates as anode mterials for lithium ion batteries. However, the disadvantages of poor conductivity, high irreversible capacity and dramatic volume change during cycling process hinder their practical applications. Studies indicate that nanocrystallization, carbon coating, morphology controlling can improve the conductivity and buffer the volume expansion during cycling process. In this Thesis, we prepare oxide nanomaterials by precipitation and hydrothermal method, and treat oxide nanomaterials by carbon coating. The as-prepared materials are characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical performance is studied by Cyclic Voltammetry, a.c. impedance spectroscopy and galvanic charge and discharge. The relationship between morphologies and electrochemical performances is also discussed. The main contents and results listed below:
CO3O4nanoparticles are prepared by simple chemical deposition method using urea as precipitating agent. SEM and TEM images display that the diameter of these particles is less than200nm. Compared with the large sized particles, nanometer sized particles have large specific surface which provide more channels for lithium ions and more stable structure, so they may have better electrochemical properties. The prepared CO3O4nanoparticles deliver initial discharge capacity of802mAh g-1at a current density of100mA g-1, and retain580mAh g-1over100cycles, showing good cycling performance. CO3O4nanoplates are prepared by hydrothermal method. The process includes depositing Co(NO3)2at85℃, hydrothermal synthesis at200℃to acquire lamellar precursor, and obtain CO3O4nanoplates by calcination in air atmosphere. It was found that the lamellar precursor calcinated at600℃can form porous CO3O4nanoplate. The electrochemical tests show that the porous CO3O4nanoplates deliver initial discharge capacity of749mAh g-1at a current density of 100mA g-1. After40cycles, the remaining capacity is above700mAh g-1. Its good electrochemical performance is attributed to the porous nanoplate structure having advantages of large area contacting with electrolyte, fast charge transfer rate and effectively buffering for volume change during cycling process.
Porous NiO nanosheets are prepared by hydrothermal method. The flaky precursor is obtained at200℃and transforms into NiO by calcinations. CO2and H2O are released during the transforming process, forming many irregular pores on the nanosheets. SEM images show that thickness of the as prepared porous NiO nanosheets is about100nm, and the length and width is a few micrometers. The porous NiO nanosheets deliver initial discharge capacity of689mAh g-1at a current density of100mA g-1, and remain644mAh g-1after20cycles. Compared with porous NiO nanosheets, bulk NiO materials delivers capacity of208mAh g-1after20cycles at the same current density, which means that sheet-like porous structure can effectively improve the electrochemical performance of NiO. At a current density of400mA g-1, porous NiO nanosheets deliver reversible capacity of about400mAh g-1, which show good electrochemical performance at a high rate condition. The good cycling performance of porous NiO nanosheets is attributed to its flaky two-dimensional structure and the wherein pores, which can increase contact area with electrolyte, shorten lithium ion diffusion distance, buffer volume expansion during cycling process.
SiO2didn't have good electrochemical performance because of its poor conductivity. In this thesis, carbon-coated SiO2nanobeads with different carbon content were prepared by using sucrose as carbon source. SEM and TEM pictures show that the SiO2nanobeads are embedded in amorphous carbon matrix. The amorphous carbon around silica beads form a network structure, which can improve the electronic conductivity between silica beads and buffer the volume expansion during cycling process, thereby improves the electrochemical properties. The a.c. impedance tests show that carbon layer coated on SiO2can effectively diminish interfacial impedance. The SiO2-C composite with50%carbon content delivers highest reversible capacity. It shows initial capacity of536mAh g-1and remains above500mAh g-1after50cycles, exhibiting good electrochemical performance. Charge and discharge tests show that the sample prepared by coating delivers higher specific capacity than those prepared by mixing with the same carbon content.
Hard carbon has good compatibility with electrolyte and good safety, so it is also expected to replace graphite as anode material for lithium ion batteries. However, it has disadvantages of large irreversible capacity and low specific capacity. In this study, we focus on a hard carbon material of bamboo charcoal. The bamboo charcoal samples are prepared by milling and sulfuric acid treating. The effect of particle size and sulfuric acid treated time on the electrochemical performance of bamboo charcoal is investigated. The results show that initial Coulombic efficiency drops with the decresing of particle size. It is because that small size particle has big surface and lose more lithium during formation of SEI film. Sulfuric acid treatment can raise the specific capacity of bamboo charcoal by reducing the metal impurities, forming-HSO3and-HSO4groups which can reversibly react with lithium ion, taking channels on the surface for lithium ion migratting. The bamboo charcoal electrode prepared by sulfuric acid treatment for18h has a discharge capacity of328.2mAh g-1and it remains302.3mAh g-1after50cycles, exhibiting good electrochemical property.
引文
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