新型纳米复合物的制备及其在抗精神病药物和蛋白质分子识别中的应用
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摘要
本论文基于修饰电极技术和分子印迹技术对某些抗精神病类药物和蛋白质的识别检测进行了较为详细的探究。论文分两个部分展开,一部分主要围绕药物的电化学识别研究;另一部分主要围绕蛋白质的分子识别研究。
抗精神病药物是一类在临床上有着广泛应用的药物,随着人类对精神疾病的治疗,兴奋剂检测和毒品分析等问题的持续关注,与此息息相关的该类药物的研究已经引起了科研人员的浓厚兴趣。研究该类药物的分析手段多种多样,其中电化学方法因其具有简单、灵敏、响应快、成本低等优点,在药物的分析中发挥了很大的作用。在此基础上,我们采用性能优良的聚合膜修饰电极,同时利用Pt纳米颗粒和碳纳米管良好的导电性和优异的电催化能力来降低这些药物的氧化还原过电位,以增强响应信号,提高检测的灵敏度。并希望能将所建立的分析方法实际推广到相关毒品分析和兴奋剂检测中,因此该部分论文具有重大的理论和实际意义。
论文的后半部分围绕分子印迹展开,对抗精神病药物和乙酰化蛋白质分子识别进行了探讨。我们知道,传统的印迹制备方法所得到的印迹微球粒径范围分布大,外形不规则且产率低而使分子印迹技术的大范围应用受到约束。所以具有核壳结构的分子印迹微球因其规则的外形,大的专一性的比表面积,强烈的吸附能力以及可以控制的粒径而引起了我们的兴趣。如果在微球型印迹膜中再包覆有磁响应的无机粒子,然后借助于便利的外部磁场作为分离手段,那么磁性印迹微球就可以发挥其强大的识别能力,其应用前景不可估量。
论文的具体内容从以下几章展开:
第一章,明确了该课题的理论和实际意义。对抗精神病药物和蛋白分子识别的研究背景,化学修饰电极技术以及分子印迹技术进行了简述,提出采用化学修饰电极通过电化学方法和印迹磁球来研究该类药物的设想。随后,着重介绍了拟采用的聚合膜修饰电极、金属纳米颗粒和碳纳米管修饰电极。最后,提出了本论文的实验思路。
第二章,研究了苯肾上腺素在聚氨基苯磺酸修饰玻碳电极上的电化学行为和电极反应机理。研究结果发现,在pH=5.0的0.05 M HAc-NaAc缓沖溶液中,苯肾上腺素在该修饰电极上于+0.89V(vs.SCE)左右产生灵敏的阳极峰,基于此峰的定量分析方法被建立起来。在最优化条件下,该药物的阳极峰电流与浓度在1×10~(-7) M～1.5×10~(-5)M范围内呈线性关系,检测限为1×10~(-8) M。修饰电极显示出了许多优良的性质,如易再生性、高度的稳定性、良好的重现性和选择性。该方法成功用于药物制剂中苯肾上腺素含量的测定,通过与国标UV方法相对照,证实该方法是可信赖的。同时,采用电化学方法对该修饰电极进行了表征。
第三章,通过电聚合氨基苯磺酸在碳纳米管预沉积的玻碳电极表面,制得了复合膜修饰电极,即poly-ABSA/SWNTs/GCE。SWNTs为聚合膜的固定提供了3D的网状传导结构。扫描电镜和电化学阻抗手段表征了电极表面。实验结果显示该复合膜修饰电极对三氟拉嗪TFP的电化学氧化有着很好的电催化活性。TFP可以被有效的富集在电极表面并在电位+0.72 V处产生一灵敏的氧化峰。在选定的优化条件下,TFP的氧化峰电流和它的浓度在1×10~(-7)M～1.0×10~(-5) M和1×10~(-5)M～1.0×10~(-4)M范围内呈正比关系,且检测限为1×10~(-9) M。该法被成功应用到实际样品的检测之中,取得了满意的结果。比较于SWNTs或poly-ABSA分别修饰的玻碳电极,该复合膜修饰电极显示了更好的电催化活性。
第四章,合成了一种具有3D结构的聚氨基苯磺酸/Pt纳米颗粒修饰的玻碳电极,即poly-ABSA/Pt/GCE。研究了氯米帕明在该修饰玻碳电极上的电化学行为和电极反应机理。氯米帕明在该复合膜修饰电极上于电位+0.80 V处产生了一个灵敏的氧化峰。实验结果表明该传感器在伏安响应方面有了极大的改善:拓宽了线性范围并降低了检测限。氯米帕明氧化峰的电流和它的浓度在1×10~(_7)M～1.0×10~(-6)M和1×10~(-6) M～1.0×10~(-5)M范围内呈正比关系,且检测限为1×10~(-9)M。成功将其用于实际样品的检测,取得了满意的结果。实验中还采用了多种手段对该复合膜进行表征。
第五章,利用磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒和硅烷合成了新颖的具有超顺磁性的印迹微球用于苯肾上腺素的识别和分离。该印迹微球具有典型的核壳结构,其中核的直径为350 nm(扫描电镜显示每一个核是由成百上千个Fe_3O_4纳米粒子组成),外部硅壳SiO_2的厚度约为70 nm。石英晶体微天平和电化学等手段被用于检测印迹微球的亲和性及选择性。实验结果表明该磁性印迹微球对模板分子有着较高的灵敏度,较短的响应时间,较宽的线性检测范围以及较低的检测限。此外,控制实验的研究结果表明非印迹微球对模板分子的响应极其微弱。印迹微球对苯肾上腺素的这种专一性识别可能是对应于模板分子和印迹孔穴之间的形状匹配以及孔穴内部官能团的相互作用。
第六章,利用磁性核壳结构的硅球对乙酰化蛋白的识别进行了初步的探索。提出了如下的实验思路:通过接着羰基试剂对硅壳表面进行修饰,然后将其与乙酰化蛋白孵化作用后,通过外部磁场提取,利用质谱技术进行蛋白分子的识别检测。
第七章,对全文进行了总结,客观地评价了所取得的研究成果,同时指出了研究中存在的一些不足,并提出了后续工作的目标和研究路线。
This thesis is divided into two parts:one is electrochemical recognition of antipsychotic drugs;the other is recognition of acetylating protein based on magnetic core-shell microspheres.We provide the detailed routine for preparation of nanocompound polymers and analytes in determination process.
Antipsychotic drugs are widely used in clinical treatments.In the past years, increasing attentions have been to the treatments of psychiatric disorders,stimulants determination and drugs analysis.Accordingly,antipsychotic drugs relevant to the focus above have attracted enormous interest of researchers.Many analytical methods have been developed to study them.Among these methods,owing to some advantages such as simplicity,sensitivity,rapid response,low-cost,electrochemical methods play an important role in investigating antipsychotic drugs.The object of this thesis is to study the electrochemical behaviors and mechanisms of them and establish more sensitive,simpler and accurate quantitative methods by means of chemically modified electrodes.The new methods are expected to apply in the practical stimulants determination and drugs analysis.In addition,we also presented a novel and simple approach to create hydrophilic and uniform magnetic core-shell imprinting microspheres(MCSIMs) for the template recognition.MCSIMs combined the biocompatible silica shells as the recognition interface and immobilization matrix with magnetic microspheres as separation tool.Because of a high magnetic responsivity to magnetic fields and surface pores formed onto the silica shells,the prepared MCSIMs could be used to rebind analytes with the help of an applied magnetic field.
In chapter 1,we pointed out the importance of this thesis,described briefly the classification of antipsychotic drugs,proteins recognition,chemically modified electrode and molecularly imprinting technique.We suggested studying them by using chemically modified electrodes.Then,the electropolymer modified electrodes,Pt nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes(CNTs) were discussed in detail.Thirdly, magnetic core-shell imprinting microspheres were introduced to recognize analytes. Finally,the research scheme of this thesis was proposed.
In chapter 2,the electrochemical behaviors and mechanisms of phenylephrine at poly-aminobenzene sulfonic acid(ABSA) modified glassy carbon electrode were studied.It was found that phenylephrine generated an irreversible anodic peak at about +0.89V(vs.SCE) in 0.05M HAc-NaAc(pH=5.0) buffer solution at the modified electrode.Sensitive and quantitative measurement for phenylephrine based on the anodic peaks was established under the optimum conditions.The anodic peak current was linear to phenylephrine concentrations from 1×10~(-7)M to 1.5×10~(-5)M,the detection limits obtained was 1×10~(-8)M.The modified electrode exhibited some excellent characteristics including easy regeneration,high stability,good reproducibility and selectivity.The method proposed was successfully applied to the determination of phenylephrine in drug injections and proved to be reliable compared with ultraviolet spectrophotometry(UV).The modified electrode was characterized by electrochemical methods.
In chapter 3,a poly-ABSA/SWNTs composite-modified electrode was fabricated by electropolymerizing ABSA on the surface of glassy carbon electrode modified with single-wall carbon nanotubes(SWNTs).SWNTs provide a 3D porous and conductive network for the polymer immobilization.The nanocomposite film was characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).The results indicated that this composite-modified electrode had strong electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of trifluoperazine(TFP).TFP could effectively accumulate on the modified electrode and generate a sensitive anodic peak at 0.72V(versus SCE) in pH 6.1 phosphate buffer solution.Under the selected conditions,the anodic peak current of TFP was linear with its concentration within the range from 1.0×10~(-7) to 1.0×10~(-5)M and 1.0×10~(-5) to 1.0×10~(-4)M,and the detection limit was 1.0×10~(-9)M(S/N=3).This method was successfully applied to the detection of trifluoperazine in drug samples and the recovery was satisfactory.In comparison with the SWNTs/GCE or poly-ABSA/GCE prepared in the similar way,this composite-modified electrode exhibited better catalytic activity.
In chapter 4,clomipramine,an important tricylic antidepressant drug with low redox activity,was effectively electrocatalyzed on poly-ABSA/Pt nano-clusters modified glassy carbon electrode(i.e.poly-ABSA/Pt/GCE) and generated a sensitive anodic peak at about 0.80V(vs.SCE) in pH 8.1 PBS.ABSA was electropolymerized on the surface of Pt matrix pre-electrodeposited on GCE.Pt microparticles provide a 3D and conductive structure for the polymer immobilization.The resulting sensor exhibited a considerable enhancement in voltammetric response characteristics: extending the linear range and lowering the detection limit.The anodic peak current was linear to clomipramine concentration over two concentration intervals,viz, 1.0×10~(-7)～4.0×10~(-6)M and 4.0×10~(-6)～4.0×10~(-5)M,with the detection limit of 1.0×10~(-9) M.This method was successfully applied to the detection of clomipramine in drug tablets and proved to be reliable compared with UV.The poly-ABSA/Pt composite film surface features,A.C.impedance and other electrochemical characteristics were also studied in detail.
In chapter 5,novel superparamagnetic core-shell imprinting microspheres (MCSIMs) were synthesized using magnetite microspheres with 350 nm diameter and 70nm thicknesses silica gel to form core-shell Fe_3O_4/SiO_2 composite for template phenylephrine(Phen) recognition and high efficient separation.Compared to the previous imprinting recognition,the main advantage of this strategy lies in two aspects:one is the high stability and monodispersity of MCSIMs structure,the other is the use of superparamagnetic Fe_3O_4/SiO_2 microspheres as immobilization matrix and separation tool,thus greatly simplifying time-consuming washing steps.The affinity and selectivity of the MCSIMs were monitored by QCM and electrochemistry measurements.Imprinting microshpheres have a remarkable affinity to Phen over that of structurally related molecules,including DA,EP,Phe and Tyr.The relative binding selectivity for different analytes estimated from amperometric signals was Phen:DA:EP=40:5:1.The MCSIMs sensor showed a high sensitivity(400μA mM~(-1)), short response time(reaching 98%within 10s),and broad linear response range from 1μM to 0.1mM and low detection limit(0.1μM).Additionally,the results of control experiments showed that only negligible signal was obtained for non-imprinting microspheres.This could be reasonably attributed to the unique surface pores,charges and especially the nature of the functional groups inside MCSIMs cavities.
In chapter 6,recognition of acetylating protein based on magnetic core-shell microspheres was explored.We provide the detailed routine for preparation of microcompounds and determination of analytes.Firstly,carbonyl group agent was introduced on the surface of magnetic silica shell.Secondly,functional magnetic silica microspheres was hatched with acetylating protein and separated with the help of magnetic field.Finally,the compounds of magnetic microspheres and acetylating proteins are detemined by MALDI-TOF-MS.
In chapter 7,we summarized and gave objective comments on the results obtained.Meanwhile,the problems and shortcomings of this thesis were pointed out. Finally,we proposed the objects and schemes of further research.
抗精神病药物是一类在临床上有着广泛应用的药物,随着人类对精神疾病的治疗,兴奋剂检测和毒品分析等问题的持续关注,与此息息相关的该类药物的研究已经引起了科研人员的浓厚兴趣。研究该类药物的分析手段多种多样,其中电化学方法因其具有简单、灵敏、响应快、成本低等优点,在药物的分析中发挥了很大的作用。在此基础上,我们采用性能优良的聚合膜修饰电极,同时利用Pt纳米颗粒和碳纳米管良好的导电性和优异的电催化能力来降低这些药物的氧化还原过电位,以增强响应信号,提高检测的灵敏度。并希望能将所建立的分析方法实际推广到相关毒品分析和兴奋剂检测中,因此该部分论文具有重大的理论和实际意义。
论文的后半部分围绕分子印迹展开,对抗精神病药物和乙酰化蛋白质分子识别进行了探讨。我们知道,传统的印迹制备方法所得到的印迹微球粒径范围分布大,外形不规则且产率低而使分子印迹技术的大范围应用受到约束。所以具有核壳结构的分子印迹微球因其规则的外形,大的专一性的比表面积,强烈的吸附能力以及可以控制的粒径而引起了我们的兴趣。如果在微球型印迹膜中再包覆有磁响应的无机粒子,然后借助于便利的外部磁场作为分离手段,那么磁性印迹微球就可以发挥其强大的识别能力,其应用前景不可估量。
论文的具体内容从以下几章展开:
第一章,明确了该课题的理论和实际意义。对抗精神病药物和蛋白分子识别的研究背景,化学修饰电极技术以及分子印迹技术进行了简述,提出采用化学修饰电极通过电化学方法和印迹磁球来研究该类药物的设想。随后,着重介绍了拟采用的聚合膜修饰电极、金属纳米颗粒和碳纳米管修饰电极。最后,提出了本论文的实验思路。
第二章,研究了苯肾上腺素在聚氨基苯磺酸修饰玻碳电极上的电化学行为和电极反应机理。研究结果发现,在pH=5.0的0.05 M HAc-NaAc缓沖溶液中,苯肾上腺素在该修饰电极上于+0.89V(vs.SCE)左右产生灵敏的阳极峰,基于此峰的定量分析方法被建立起来。在最优化条件下,该药物的阳极峰电流与浓度在1×10~(-7) M～1.5×10~(-5)M范围内呈线性关系,检测限为1×10~(-8) M。修饰电极显示出了许多优良的性质,如易再生性、高度的稳定性、良好的重现性和选择性。该方法成功用于药物制剂中苯肾上腺素含量的测定,通过与国标UV方法相对照,证实该方法是可信赖的。同时,采用电化学方法对该修饰电极进行了表征。
第三章,通过电聚合氨基苯磺酸在碳纳米管预沉积的玻碳电极表面,制得了复合膜修饰电极,即poly-ABSA/SWNTs/GCE。SWNTs为聚合膜的固定提供了3D的网状传导结构。扫描电镜和电化学阻抗手段表征了电极表面。实验结果显示该复合膜修饰电极对三氟拉嗪TFP的电化学氧化有着很好的电催化活性。TFP可以被有效的富集在电极表面并在电位+0.72 V处产生一灵敏的氧化峰。在选定的优化条件下,TFP的氧化峰电流和它的浓度在1×10~(-7)M～1.0×10~(-5) M和1×10~(-5)M～1.0×10~(-4)M范围内呈正比关系,且检测限为1×10~(-9) M。该法被成功应用到实际样品的检测之中,取得了满意的结果。比较于SWNTs或poly-ABSA分别修饰的玻碳电极,该复合膜修饰电极显示了更好的电催化活性。
第四章,合成了一种具有3D结构的聚氨基苯磺酸/Pt纳米颗粒修饰的玻碳电极,即poly-ABSA/Pt/GCE。研究了氯米帕明在该修饰玻碳电极上的电化学行为和电极反应机理。氯米帕明在该复合膜修饰电极上于电位+0.80 V处产生了一个灵敏的氧化峰。实验结果表明该传感器在伏安响应方面有了极大的改善:拓宽了线性范围并降低了检测限。氯米帕明氧化峰的电流和它的浓度在1×10~(_7)M～1.0×10~(-6)M和1×10~(-6) M～1.0×10~(-5)M范围内呈正比关系,且检测限为1×10~(-9)M。成功将其用于实际样品的检测,取得了满意的结果。实验中还采用了多种手段对该复合膜进行表征。
第五章,利用磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒和硅烷合成了新颖的具有超顺磁性的印迹微球用于苯肾上腺素的识别和分离。该印迹微球具有典型的核壳结构,其中核的直径为350 nm(扫描电镜显示每一个核是由成百上千个Fe_3O_4纳米粒子组成),外部硅壳SiO_2的厚度约为70 nm。石英晶体微天平和电化学等手段被用于检测印迹微球的亲和性及选择性。实验结果表明该磁性印迹微球对模板分子有着较高的灵敏度,较短的响应时间,较宽的线性检测范围以及较低的检测限。此外,控制实验的研究结果表明非印迹微球对模板分子的响应极其微弱。印迹微球对苯肾上腺素的这种专一性识别可能是对应于模板分子和印迹孔穴之间的形状匹配以及孔穴内部官能团的相互作用。
第六章,利用磁性核壳结构的硅球对乙酰化蛋白的识别进行了初步的探索。提出了如下的实验思路:通过接着羰基试剂对硅壳表面进行修饰,然后将其与乙酰化蛋白孵化作用后,通过外部磁场提取,利用质谱技术进行蛋白分子的识别检测。
第七章,对全文进行了总结,客观地评价了所取得的研究成果,同时指出了研究中存在的一些不足,并提出了后续工作的目标和研究路线。
This thesis is divided into two parts:one is electrochemical recognition of antipsychotic drugs;the other is recognition of acetylating protein based on magnetic core-shell microspheres.We provide the detailed routine for preparation of nanocompound polymers and analytes in determination process.
Antipsychotic drugs are widely used in clinical treatments.In the past years, increasing attentions have been to the treatments of psychiatric disorders,stimulants determination and drugs analysis.Accordingly,antipsychotic drugs relevant to the focus above have attracted enormous interest of researchers.Many analytical methods have been developed to study them.Among these methods,owing to some advantages such as simplicity,sensitivity,rapid response,low-cost,electrochemical methods play an important role in investigating antipsychotic drugs.The object of this thesis is to study the electrochemical behaviors and mechanisms of them and establish more sensitive,simpler and accurate quantitative methods by means of chemically modified electrodes.The new methods are expected to apply in the practical stimulants determination and drugs analysis.In addition,we also presented a novel and simple approach to create hydrophilic and uniform magnetic core-shell imprinting microspheres(MCSIMs) for the template recognition.MCSIMs combined the biocompatible silica shells as the recognition interface and immobilization matrix with magnetic microspheres as separation tool.Because of a high magnetic responsivity to magnetic fields and surface pores formed onto the silica shells,the prepared MCSIMs could be used to rebind analytes with the help of an applied magnetic field.
In chapter 1,we pointed out the importance of this thesis,described briefly the classification of antipsychotic drugs,proteins recognition,chemically modified electrode and molecularly imprinting technique.We suggested studying them by using chemically modified electrodes.Then,the electropolymer modified electrodes,Pt nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes(CNTs) were discussed in detail.Thirdly, magnetic core-shell imprinting microspheres were introduced to recognize analytes. Finally,the research scheme of this thesis was proposed.
In chapter 2,the electrochemical behaviors and mechanisms of phenylephrine at poly-aminobenzene sulfonic acid(ABSA) modified glassy carbon electrode were studied.It was found that phenylephrine generated an irreversible anodic peak at about +0.89V(vs.SCE) in 0.05M HAc-NaAc(pH=5.0) buffer solution at the modified electrode.Sensitive and quantitative measurement for phenylephrine based on the anodic peaks was established under the optimum conditions.The anodic peak current was linear to phenylephrine concentrations from 1×10~(-7)M to 1.5×10~(-5)M,the detection limits obtained was 1×10~(-8)M.The modified electrode exhibited some excellent characteristics including easy regeneration,high stability,good reproducibility and selectivity.The method proposed was successfully applied to the determination of phenylephrine in drug injections and proved to be reliable compared with ultraviolet spectrophotometry(UV).The modified electrode was characterized by electrochemical methods.
In chapter 3,a poly-ABSA/SWNTs composite-modified electrode was fabricated by electropolymerizing ABSA on the surface of glassy carbon electrode modified with single-wall carbon nanotubes(SWNTs).SWNTs provide a 3D porous and conductive network for the polymer immobilization.The nanocomposite film was characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).The results indicated that this composite-modified electrode had strong electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of trifluoperazine(TFP).TFP could effectively accumulate on the modified electrode and generate a sensitive anodic peak at 0.72V(versus SCE) in pH 6.1 phosphate buffer solution.Under the selected conditions,the anodic peak current of TFP was linear with its concentration within the range from 1.0×10~(-7) to 1.0×10~(-5)M and 1.0×10~(-5) to 1.0×10~(-4)M,and the detection limit was 1.0×10~(-9)M(S/N=3).This method was successfully applied to the detection of trifluoperazine in drug samples and the recovery was satisfactory.In comparison with the SWNTs/GCE or poly-ABSA/GCE prepared in the similar way,this composite-modified electrode exhibited better catalytic activity.
In chapter 4,clomipramine,an important tricylic antidepressant drug with low redox activity,was effectively electrocatalyzed on poly-ABSA/Pt nano-clusters modified glassy carbon electrode(i.e.poly-ABSA/Pt/GCE) and generated a sensitive anodic peak at about 0.80V(vs.SCE) in pH 8.1 PBS.ABSA was electropolymerized on the surface of Pt matrix pre-electrodeposited on GCE.Pt microparticles provide a 3D and conductive structure for the polymer immobilization.The resulting sensor exhibited a considerable enhancement in voltammetric response characteristics: extending the linear range and lowering the detection limit.The anodic peak current was linear to clomipramine concentration over two concentration intervals,viz, 1.0×10~(-7)～4.0×10~(-6)M and 4.0×10~(-6)～4.0×10~(-5)M,with the detection limit of 1.0×10~(-9) M.This method was successfully applied to the detection of clomipramine in drug tablets and proved to be reliable compared with UV.The poly-ABSA/Pt composite film surface features,A.C.impedance and other electrochemical characteristics were also studied in detail.
In chapter 5,novel superparamagnetic core-shell imprinting microspheres (MCSIMs) were synthesized using magnetite microspheres with 350 nm diameter and 70nm thicknesses silica gel to form core-shell Fe_3O_4/SiO_2 composite for template phenylephrine(Phen) recognition and high efficient separation.Compared to the previous imprinting recognition,the main advantage of this strategy lies in two aspects:one is the high stability and monodispersity of MCSIMs structure,the other is the use of superparamagnetic Fe_3O_4/SiO_2 microspheres as immobilization matrix and separation tool,thus greatly simplifying time-consuming washing steps.The affinity and selectivity of the MCSIMs were monitored by QCM and electrochemistry measurements.Imprinting microshpheres have a remarkable affinity to Phen over that of structurally related molecules,including DA,EP,Phe and Tyr.The relative binding selectivity for different analytes estimated from amperometric signals was Phen:DA:EP=40:5:1.The MCSIMs sensor showed a high sensitivity(400μA mM~(-1)), short response time(reaching 98%within 10s),and broad linear response range from 1μM to 0.1mM and low detection limit(0.1μM).Additionally,the results of control experiments showed that only negligible signal was obtained for non-imprinting microspheres.This could be reasonably attributed to the unique surface pores,charges and especially the nature of the functional groups inside MCSIMs cavities.
In chapter 6,recognition of acetylating protein based on magnetic core-shell microspheres was explored.We provide the detailed routine for preparation of microcompounds and determination of analytes.Firstly,carbonyl group agent was introduced on the surface of magnetic silica shell.Secondly,functional magnetic silica microspheres was hatched with acetylating protein and separated with the help of magnetic field.Finally,the compounds of magnetic microspheres and acetylating proteins are detemined by MALDI-TOF-MS.
In chapter 7,we summarized and gave objective comments on the results obtained.Meanwhile,the problems and shortcomings of this thesis were pointed out. Finally,we proposed the objects and schemes of further research.
引文
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