基于多速率和认知的无线Mesh网络关键技术研究
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摘要
无线Mesh网络(Wireless Mesh Network, WMN)作为Internet核心网的无线延伸,已经成为无线宽带通信领域的研究热点。未来Internet所承载的内容将是对带宽与实时性要求高的多媒体、视频会议等,因此对服务质量提出了更高要求。利用无线Mesh网络对多射频多信道的支持等特点,对传统无线网络面对的一些服务质量(Quality of Service, QoS)问题进行重新考虑,将是一个新思路。同时,最新的物理层技术如协作、认知等在传统无线Mesh网络中的应用,也带来诸多需要解决的问题。随着多射频技术的发展,系统容量得到很大提升的同时,多信道分配将是一个关键且具有挑战性的问题,也是对QoS进行保证的关键。
本论文针对无线Mesh网络中的若干关键技术问题,包括基于多速率的QoS路由、基于多速率的跨层信道分配、基于认知的跨层信道分配和基于协作的Mesh接入点选择等几个方面,展开深入地研究,以联合设计思想为主线,在相关技术方面形成一些创新性成果。主要研究工作与创新之处包括以下几个方面：
针对多速率无线Mesh网络路由判据中的链路质量和速率估计不准确,以及路由协议不能很好地支持服务质量问题,提出一种多速率感知的路由判据,并设计了一种多QoS指标约束的路由协议。通过深入分析路由判据和无线链路质量、速率自适应算法之间的关系,结合WMN中的QOS路由技术与多速率机制,将路由判据和速率自适应算法联合进行设计。该方法能够在保证链路质量和速率准确的前提下,得到准确的路由判据进行选路,保证带宽、时延等多个QoS指标同时得到满足。通过巧妙利用路由协议以及数据传输过程中的控制开销,完成封包冲突概率和链路速率的获取,减少大量额外控制开销的引入。通过仿真分析表明,本方法能够有效保证业务端到端时延和带宽等服务质量要求,并减少了协议控制开销。
针对多速率机制带来的多速率共享问题,利用无线Mesh网络多射频多信道的特点,使用不同的正交信道来区分高低不同的速率链路,提出一种跨层信道分配解决方法。通过将多速率共享问题对WMN系统的影响进行量化,提出吞吐量代价函数,考虑网络流量和多速率共享影响,同时保证新业务的带宽需求,设计出一种速率和信道的联合分配算法,实现系统吞吐量代价损失最小的目标。提出将速率和信道分配过程融入路由选路过程中的新方法,利用路由清求和路由应答报文携带速率和信道信息,尽量减少控制开销的引入,解决速率和信道分配过程中带来的大量开销问题。通过仿真分析表明,与已有研究文献中未考虑多速率影响的的CA-AODV算法以及考虑多速率影响的RL-CA算法相比,系统吞吐量得到很大提升,同时减少了大量控制开销,有效减轻了性能异常现象影响。
针对认知无线Mesh网络的协同频谱感知和频潜接入中公共控制信道的瓶颈问题及空闲频谱的分配问题,利用跨层设计思想,提出将协同频谱感知、频谱接入和路由技术三者进行联合设计的方法。在深入分析三者之间关系的基础上,首次提出将协同感知和信道分配过程部分融合到路由发现和维护过程中,在路由路径沿线以路由节点为中心形成协同感知节点簇,根据按需原则,只针对活动路由节点进行频谱协同感知和信道分配,以减少控制开销和活动认知用户的数量。提出将空闲频谱的可用概率作为信道分配的依据之一,并联合邻居认知用户的信道使用情况,以最大化认知网络的吞吐量为目标,实现对活动路由节点的信道分配。通过仿真分析表明,该方法提高了认知无线Mesh网络的系统吞吐量,大量减少了协议控制开销,有效提高了认知网络中公共控制信道的使用效率。
针对多速率无线Mesh网络中新用户接入网络或用户漫游切换过程中的最佳接入点选择问题,提出利用协作传输中的中继通信技术,提高客户端接入Mesh接入点(Mesh Access Point, MAP)的接入链路速率的解决方法。通过将Mesh接入点选择与协作中继选择联合进行设计,考虑无线Mesh骨干网中多跳路由的影响,提出了Mesh接入点选择和中继选择联合判据,并设计了中继和MAP联合选择的多目标最优化模型。同时,为了简化算法复杂度,提出一种考虑不同节点节能要求和QoS要求的次优启发式算法。该方法解决了接入网中客户端节点检测到某些MAP信号比较微弱,而这些MAP可能正是负载轻或多跳链路性能好的接入点问题,扩大了MAP的可选范围。通过仿真分析表明,与基于RSSI的经典选择方法以及已有文献中的CLASS算法相比,该方法在接入环境拥挤或接入速率低下的情况下,整体提高了接入链路的接入速度,保证了业务的时延要求,同时提高了系统的吞吐量,并减少了协议开销。
Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) has become a hot research field of wireless broadband communications, as the wireless extension of the core Internet network. In the future, the content carried by the Internet will be the multimedia, video conferencing, and so on, requiring high bandwidth and real-time, so there is a higher requirement for the Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. It will be a new idea to reconsider some QoS problems faced by traditional wireless networks, through exploiting the features such as supporting Multi-Radio Multi-Channel in WMN. At the same time, the latest physical layer technologies applying in the traditional WMN such as collaboration and cognition, which also brings many of the issues to be addressed. With the development of multi-radio technology, the system capacity has been greatly improved; meanwhile the multi-channel allocation will be a critical and challenging issue, but also the key of QoS guarantee.
This thesis focuses on some key technologies in WMN, including the QoS routing based on the multi-rate, the cross-layer channel allocation based on the multi-rate, the cross-layer channel allocation based on the cognitive technique and the Mesh access point selection based on the cooperation, in which carries out in-depth study. Along the main line of joint design ideas, there form a number of innovative achievements in the related technologies. The main research work and innovation include the following aspects:
For the issue such as the inaccuracy of link quality and rate estimates in routing metric, as well as the routing protocol can not support QoS in multi-rate WMN, a multi-rate aware routing metric is proposed and a routing protocol with multi-index constraints of QoS is designed. Through the in-depth analysis of the relationship among the routing metric, the quality of wireless links and the rate adaptive algorithm, combined with QoS routing technology and multi-rate mechanism in WMN, the routing metric and rate adaptive algorithm are design jointly. Under the premise of the accurate link quality and rate, this method can get accurate routing metric, to guarantee bandwidth, delay and other QoS indexes at the same time. Through using the control overhead in the routing protocol and data transmission process cleverly, the packet collision probability and link rate is estimated, which reduces a large number of additional controls overhead. The simulation results show that, this method can effectively guarantee the QoS requirements of the business such as end-to-end delay and bandwidth, meanwhile reduce the overhead of protocol control.
For the multi-rate sharing problem along with the multi-rate mechanism, a cross-layer channel allocation method is proposed, through using different orthogonal channels to distinguish between high and low rate link, by exploiting the feature of multi-radio multi-channel in the WMN. A throughput cost function is proposed, by quantifying the impact on the WMN system of multi-rate sharing problem. Through considering the network traffic and multi-rate, while ensuring the bandwidth requirement of the new business, a rate and channel allocation joint algorithm is designed, to achieve minimal system throughput loss cost. A new method is proposed, in which the rate and channel allocation are blend into routing process, so the route request and route reply packets are used to carry the rate and channel information, and the introduced control overhead are reduced as possible, to solve the large number of overhead problem brought by the rate and channel allocation process. The simulation results show that, compared with the CA-AODV algorithm which does not consider the impact of multi-rate, and the RL-CA algorithm considering the impact of multi-rate in the existing research literature, the system throughput has been greatly improved, while reducing the large number of control overhead, and effectively reducing the impact of performance anomaly.
For the Common Control Channel (CCC) bottleneck of cooperative spectrum sensing and idle spectrum allocation issue in Cognitive Wireless Mesh Network, a joint design method among collaborative spectrum sensing, spectrum access and routing is put forward, by using the cross-layer design idea. Based on the in-depth analysis of the relationship among the three parts, it is proposed firstly that part of the collaborative spectrum sensing and channel allocation process are integrated into the route discovery and maintenance process, and the collaborative sensing node cluster is formed to the center of the routing node along the routing path. According to the on-demand principle, spectrum collaborative sensing and channel allocation are only worked for the active routing node, in order to reduce the control overhead and the number of active cognitive users. The idle spectrum available probability is proposed as one of the basis for channel allocation, and the channel allocation on activity routing node is realized, combining with channel usage of the cognitive user neighbor, to maximize the throughput of the cognitive network. The simulation results show that, the method improves the system throughput of the cognitive WMN, and reduces a large number of protocol controls overhead, meanwhile improves the efficiency of the CCC in the cognitive network.
For the issue of the best access point selection for the new user accessing the network or roaming and switching process in the multi-rate WMN, a solution for improving the access link rate of the client accessing Mesh Access Point (MAP) is proposed, by exploiting the relay communication technology in cooperative transmission. Through jointly designing the MAP selection and cooperative relay selection, a joint selection criterion of the MAP and the relay is proposed, with considering the multi-hop routing in wireless mesh backbone network, meanwhile a multi-objective optimization model of joint selection relay and MAP is designed. Further more, a sub-optimal heuristic algorithm is proposed considering the different energy-saving requirements and QoS requirements for nodes, in order to simplify the complexity of the algorithm. The method solve the problem that, a certain MAP signal is detected relatively weak by the client in the access network, but these MAP may just be with the light load or a good multi-hop link performance, so as to expand the selection range of the MAP. The simulation results show that, compared with the classic RSSI-based methods and the CLASS algorithm in the literature, the method can improve the access speed of the access link to ensure the delay requirements of the business, and improve the system throughput while reducing protocol overhead, under the crowded access circumstances or low access rate.
本论文针对无线Mesh网络中的若干关键技术问题,包括基于多速率的QoS路由、基于多速率的跨层信道分配、基于认知的跨层信道分配和基于协作的Mesh接入点选择等几个方面,展开深入地研究,以联合设计思想为主线,在相关技术方面形成一些创新性成果。主要研究工作与创新之处包括以下几个方面：
针对多速率无线Mesh网络路由判据中的链路质量和速率估计不准确,以及路由协议不能很好地支持服务质量问题,提出一种多速率感知的路由判据,并设计了一种多QoS指标约束的路由协议。通过深入分析路由判据和无线链路质量、速率自适应算法之间的关系,结合WMN中的QOS路由技术与多速率机制,将路由判据和速率自适应算法联合进行设计。该方法能够在保证链路质量和速率准确的前提下,得到准确的路由判据进行选路,保证带宽、时延等多个QoS指标同时得到满足。通过巧妙利用路由协议以及数据传输过程中的控制开销,完成封包冲突概率和链路速率的获取,减少大量额外控制开销的引入。通过仿真分析表明,本方法能够有效保证业务端到端时延和带宽等服务质量要求,并减少了协议控制开销。
针对多速率机制带来的多速率共享问题,利用无线Mesh网络多射频多信道的特点,使用不同的正交信道来区分高低不同的速率链路,提出一种跨层信道分配解决方法。通过将多速率共享问题对WMN系统的影响进行量化,提出吞吐量代价函数,考虑网络流量和多速率共享影响,同时保证新业务的带宽需求,设计出一种速率和信道的联合分配算法,实现系统吞吐量代价损失最小的目标。提出将速率和信道分配过程融入路由选路过程中的新方法,利用路由清求和路由应答报文携带速率和信道信息,尽量减少控制开销的引入,解决速率和信道分配过程中带来的大量开销问题。通过仿真分析表明,与已有研究文献中未考虑多速率影响的的CA-AODV算法以及考虑多速率影响的RL-CA算法相比,系统吞吐量得到很大提升,同时减少了大量控制开销,有效减轻了性能异常现象影响。
针对认知无线Mesh网络的协同频谱感知和频潜接入中公共控制信道的瓶颈问题及空闲频谱的分配问题,利用跨层设计思想,提出将协同频谱感知、频谱接入和路由技术三者进行联合设计的方法。在深入分析三者之间关系的基础上,首次提出将协同感知和信道分配过程部分融合到路由发现和维护过程中,在路由路径沿线以路由节点为中心形成协同感知节点簇,根据按需原则,只针对活动路由节点进行频谱协同感知和信道分配,以减少控制开销和活动认知用户的数量。提出将空闲频谱的可用概率作为信道分配的依据之一,并联合邻居认知用户的信道使用情况,以最大化认知网络的吞吐量为目标,实现对活动路由节点的信道分配。通过仿真分析表明,该方法提高了认知无线Mesh网络的系统吞吐量,大量减少了协议控制开销,有效提高了认知网络中公共控制信道的使用效率。
针对多速率无线Mesh网络中新用户接入网络或用户漫游切换过程中的最佳接入点选择问题,提出利用协作传输中的中继通信技术,提高客户端接入Mesh接入点(Mesh Access Point, MAP)的接入链路速率的解决方法。通过将Mesh接入点选择与协作中继选择联合进行设计,考虑无线Mesh骨干网中多跳路由的影响,提出了Mesh接入点选择和中继选择联合判据,并设计了中继和MAP联合选择的多目标最优化模型。同时,为了简化算法复杂度,提出一种考虑不同节点节能要求和QoS要求的次优启发式算法。该方法解决了接入网中客户端节点检测到某些MAP信号比较微弱,而这些MAP可能正是负载轻或多跳链路性能好的接入点问题,扩大了MAP的可选范围。通过仿真分析表明,与基于RSSI的经典选择方法以及已有文献中的CLASS算法相比,该方法在接入环境拥挤或接入速率低下的情况下,整体提高了接入链路的接入速度,保证了业务的时延要求,同时提高了系统的吞吐量,并减少了协议开销。
Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) has become a hot research field of wireless broadband communications, as the wireless extension of the core Internet network. In the future, the content carried by the Internet will be the multimedia, video conferencing, and so on, requiring high bandwidth and real-time, so there is a higher requirement for the Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. It will be a new idea to reconsider some QoS problems faced by traditional wireless networks, through exploiting the features such as supporting Multi-Radio Multi-Channel in WMN. At the same time, the latest physical layer technologies applying in the traditional WMN such as collaboration and cognition, which also brings many of the issues to be addressed. With the development of multi-radio technology, the system capacity has been greatly improved; meanwhile the multi-channel allocation will be a critical and challenging issue, but also the key of QoS guarantee.
This thesis focuses on some key technologies in WMN, including the QoS routing based on the multi-rate, the cross-layer channel allocation based on the multi-rate, the cross-layer channel allocation based on the cognitive technique and the Mesh access point selection based on the cooperation, in which carries out in-depth study. Along the main line of joint design ideas, there form a number of innovative achievements in the related technologies. The main research work and innovation include the following aspects:
For the issue such as the inaccuracy of link quality and rate estimates in routing metric, as well as the routing protocol can not support QoS in multi-rate WMN, a multi-rate aware routing metric is proposed and a routing protocol with multi-index constraints of QoS is designed. Through the in-depth analysis of the relationship among the routing metric, the quality of wireless links and the rate adaptive algorithm, combined with QoS routing technology and multi-rate mechanism in WMN, the routing metric and rate adaptive algorithm are design jointly. Under the premise of the accurate link quality and rate, this method can get accurate routing metric, to guarantee bandwidth, delay and other QoS indexes at the same time. Through using the control overhead in the routing protocol and data transmission process cleverly, the packet collision probability and link rate is estimated, which reduces a large number of additional controls overhead. The simulation results show that, this method can effectively guarantee the QoS requirements of the business such as end-to-end delay and bandwidth, meanwhile reduce the overhead of protocol control.
For the multi-rate sharing problem along with the multi-rate mechanism, a cross-layer channel allocation method is proposed, through using different orthogonal channels to distinguish between high and low rate link, by exploiting the feature of multi-radio multi-channel in the WMN. A throughput cost function is proposed, by quantifying the impact on the WMN system of multi-rate sharing problem. Through considering the network traffic and multi-rate, while ensuring the bandwidth requirement of the new business, a rate and channel allocation joint algorithm is designed, to achieve minimal system throughput loss cost. A new method is proposed, in which the rate and channel allocation are blend into routing process, so the route request and route reply packets are used to carry the rate and channel information, and the introduced control overhead are reduced as possible, to solve the large number of overhead problem brought by the rate and channel allocation process. The simulation results show that, compared with the CA-AODV algorithm which does not consider the impact of multi-rate, and the RL-CA algorithm considering the impact of multi-rate in the existing research literature, the system throughput has been greatly improved, while reducing the large number of control overhead, and effectively reducing the impact of performance anomaly.
For the Common Control Channel (CCC) bottleneck of cooperative spectrum sensing and idle spectrum allocation issue in Cognitive Wireless Mesh Network, a joint design method among collaborative spectrum sensing, spectrum access and routing is put forward, by using the cross-layer design idea. Based on the in-depth analysis of the relationship among the three parts, it is proposed firstly that part of the collaborative spectrum sensing and channel allocation process are integrated into the route discovery and maintenance process, and the collaborative sensing node cluster is formed to the center of the routing node along the routing path. According to the on-demand principle, spectrum collaborative sensing and channel allocation are only worked for the active routing node, in order to reduce the control overhead and the number of active cognitive users. The idle spectrum available probability is proposed as one of the basis for channel allocation, and the channel allocation on activity routing node is realized, combining with channel usage of the cognitive user neighbor, to maximize the throughput of the cognitive network. The simulation results show that, the method improves the system throughput of the cognitive WMN, and reduces a large number of protocol controls overhead, meanwhile improves the efficiency of the CCC in the cognitive network.
For the issue of the best access point selection for the new user accessing the network or roaming and switching process in the multi-rate WMN, a solution for improving the access link rate of the client accessing Mesh Access Point (MAP) is proposed, by exploiting the relay communication technology in cooperative transmission. Through jointly designing the MAP selection and cooperative relay selection, a joint selection criterion of the MAP and the relay is proposed, with considering the multi-hop routing in wireless mesh backbone network, meanwhile a multi-objective optimization model of joint selection relay and MAP is designed. Further more, a sub-optimal heuristic algorithm is proposed considering the different energy-saving requirements and QoS requirements for nodes, in order to simplify the complexity of the algorithm. The method solve the problem that, a certain MAP signal is detected relatively weak by the client in the access network, but these MAP may just be with the light load or a good multi-hop link performance, so as to expand the selection range of the MAP. The simulation results show that, compared with the classic RSSI-based methods and the CLASS algorithm in the literature, the method can improve the access speed of the access link to ensure the delay requirements of the business, and improve the system throughput while reducing protocol overhead, under the crowded access circumstances or low access rate.
引文
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