锆粉云瞬态火焰及连续喷射火焰特性的实验研究
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摘要
金属锆粉因其燃烧速度大和燃烧热量高的优点,作为金属燃料被广泛应用于航天和军事领域,主要用在闪光灯粉末,焰火、炮弹、导火管、炸弹的定时信管和固体火箭推进剂的燃料中。为了满足航天和军工上的应用,锆粉颗粒上被包覆上FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4纳米颗粒形成核-壳结构的包覆锆粉,包覆后的锆粉在燃烧性能上也发生了改变。为了全面了解锆粉、FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4包覆锆粉在燃烧过程中的火焰特性,本文研制了粉尘云连续吹喷燃烧实验系统,并利用粉尘云瞬态火焰传播实验系统,全面分析了锆粉云、FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4包覆锆粉云的瞬态火焰特性和连续喷射火焰特性,并结合粉体形貌分析、物相分析和高温抗氧化性分析,探索以上几种锆粉云在空气中的燃烧机理,为锆粉云瞬态火焰传播和载粒流喷射燃烧的应用提供理论基础。
本文首先利用粉尘云瞬态火焰实验系统,研究了不同浓度的锆粉云和FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4包覆锆粉云的火焰在管道中传播的特性。研究结果表明：(1)对于相同种类的粉尘云,当其浓度较低时,随粉尘云浓度的增大,燃烧强度增强发光强度增大,火焰传播速度加快,最高火焰温度也随之增加。当粉尘云浓度达到某一值时,此时火焰传播速度最快,火焰温度最高。而后随粉尘云浓度的增加火焰传播速度和火焰温度均缓慢下降；(2)对纯锆粉而言,火焰传播速度最快时对应的粉尘云浓度为0.625kg/m3。对于摩尔比为1：6(包覆物：纯锆粉)的Fe203包覆锆粉、FeOOH包覆锆粉和Fe304包覆锆粉,火焰传播速度最快时对应的粉尘云浓度分别为1.21kg/m3、1.15kg/m3和1.37kg/m3,当摩尔比为1：3时,对应的浓度分别为1.13kg/m3、0.96kg/m3和1.32kg/m3。对于摩尔比相同的FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4包覆锆粉,其最大火焰传播速度和最高火焰温度的排序都是：Fe203包覆锆粉>FeOOH包覆锆粉>Fe304包覆锆粉。
其次,本文研究了纯锆粉云、FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4包覆锆粉云的连续喷射火焰特性,得到连续喷射火焰的火焰结构、火焰稳定性、火焰高度等特征以及粉尘云浓度对火焰发射率、最高火焰温度和辐射热通量的影响规律。研究结果表明：(1)锆粉云喷射火焰可近似认为是一个轴对称火焰体,喷射火焰可分为火焰连续区、间歇区及离散粒子区。风速和粉尘云浓度之间的配比决定了粉尘云喷射火焰能否稳定在燃烧器上燃烧。随粉尘云浓度的增大,喷射火焰的平均火焰高度、平均火焰面积和平均火焰宽度均增大,但增大的幅度不同；(2)喷射火焰的温度在轴向高度上的变化规律是：从火焰底部到火焰连续区顶端,温度随高度的增加先升高后降低,在间歇区时火焰温度又有所回升,粉尘云浓度较高时,最高火焰温度的波动幅度较小。随粉尘云浓度的增加,火焰温度整体升高；(3)喷射火焰下部的辐射热通量大于上部,距喷射火焰越近,火焰的热辐射作用越强,火焰上下的辐射热通量的差值越大。随粉尘云浓度的增加,火焰热辐射作用整体增强；(4)锆粉被包覆后,火焰温度下降,火焰热辐射作用减弱,火焰发射率增大,最高火焰温度与火焰发射率成负相关关系。浓度分别为0.328kg/m3、0410kg/m3、0.485kg/m3的锆粉云,其喷射火焰的发射率分别为0.2、0.19、0.18,最高火焰温度分别为2147.5℃、2248.1℃、2377.8℃,辐射热通量分别为350.31kW/m2、435.19kW/m2、559.88kW/m2。对于摩尔比为1：6的FeOOH包覆锆粉云,当浓度为0.485kg/m3时,其喷射火焰的发射率为0.44,最高火焰温度为1528.4℃。
进而,本文建立了锆粉云瞬态火焰结构的物理模型,锆粉云火焰可划分为预热区、燃烧区和已燃区,在燃烧区内,又可进一步分为小粒子燃烧区、大小粒子混合燃烧区和大粒子燃烧区。同时还建立了锆粉云多管喷射火焰的物理模型,将粉尘云多管喷射火焰简化为多根单管喷射火焰相互作用形成的叠加火焰,单束火焰与单束火焰之间彼此相互作用,在距离喷管出口上方一定距离处的火焰温度达到最大。建立了喷射火焰中锆颗粒群燃烧运动的结构模型,将锆颗粒群向上燃烧运动过程分为点燃区、晶体转变区和燃尽区。
最后,本文分析了锆粉颗粒、FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4包覆锆粉颗粒在空气中燃烧的化学反应机理。研究结果表明：(1)锆粉、FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4包覆锆粉在空气中的燃烧都是增重的放热反应过程,锆粉比包覆锆粉的反应开始温度低,单位质量放热量大；包覆物越多(包覆层越厚),其反应开始温度越高,单位质量放热量越少；(2)根据固体化学中的金属晶体结构分析,锆粉颗粒在空气中燃烧时可能的化学反应机理是：二氧化锆与锆中含有的某些微量元素的氧化物形成了二氧化锆固溶体,固溶体中含有大量的氧离子空位,外界氧离子通过氧离子空位扩散到锆金属表面,与锆继续发生化学反应；(3) FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4包覆锆粉颗粒在空气中燃烧的化学反应机理是：包覆层与内核锆层发生了置换反应,内核锆与氧气发生了氧化还原反应,生成的铁单质在高温下被氧化,Fe203在800℃左右发生热分解,另外FeOOH包覆锆颗粒多了一个脱羟基过程。
With advantages of high combustion speed and high combustion heat, zirconium metal powder, as a kind of metal fuel, is widely used in aerospace and military fields, such as flash powder, fireworks, artillery shells, fuzes, timing bomb fuses and solid propellant rocket fuel. In order to meet some special application in aerospace industry and military industry, zirconium dust particles are coated with FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4nanoparticles to form a core-shell structure, after which the combustion performance of coated zirconium dusts has been changed. In order to fully understand the flame characteristics of zirconium dusts and FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4coated zirconium dusts during their combustion process, an experimental system of dust cloud continuous blowing spray combustion was developed in this work and combined a experimental system of dust cloud transient flame propagation, both the transient flame characteristics and continuous jet flame characteristics of zirconium dust cloud, FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4coated zirconium dust cloud were comprehensively analyzed. In addition, by combining with powder morphology analysis, phase analysis and high temperature oxidation resistance analysis, the combustion mechanisms of zirconium dust cloud and coated zirconium dust cloud in the air were explored, which provided the basic theories to the transient flame propagation and the spray combustion of carrier particles stream.
Firstly, the experimental system of dust cloud transient flame propagation was used to study the flame propagation characteristics of zirconium dust cloud in the pipeline at different dust cloud concentration. The flame propagation behaviors of FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4coated zirconium dust cloud was also investigated, basing on the same experimental methods. The results show that:(1) for the same kind of dust cloud, when the dust cloud concentration is low, the increase of dust cloud concentration will enhance combustion intensity, increase luminous intensity, flame propagation acceleration and maximum flame temperature. When the dust cloud concentration reaches a certain value, the flame will achieve the highest propagation speed.and the flame temperature will reach the maximum value. Then, with the continuous increase of dust cloud concentration, both the flame propagation speed and flame temperature will decrease slowly.(2) for pure zirconium dust cloud, there is the highest flame propagation speed at dust cloud concentration of0.625kg/m3. For FeOOH\Fe2O3\ Fe3O4coated zirconium dust cloud with molar ratio of1:6(coating material:pure zirconium), there are the highest flame propagation speed at dust cloud concentration of1.21kg/m3,1.15kg/m3and1.37kg/m3, respectively. The molar ratio changes to1:3, there are the highest flame propagation speed at dust cloud concentration of1.13kg/m3,0.96kg/m3and1.32kg/m3, respectively. For FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4coated zirconium dust cloud with the same molar ratio, the sequence of both the maximum flame propagation speed and the maximum flame temperature is:Fe2O3coated zirconium dust cloud> FeOOH coated zirconium dust cloud> Fe3O4coated zirconium dust cloud.
Secondly, the continuous jet flame characteristics of zirconium dust cloud and FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4coated zirconium dust cloud were studied. The features of flame structure, flame stability and flame height of jet flame and the influence s of dust cloud concentration on the flame emissivity, the maximum flame temperature and the radiation heat flux were obtained. The results show that:(1) the jet flame of zirconium dust cloud is considered as an axisymmetric flame, and the structure of the jet flame is divided into continuous flame zone, intermittent flame zone and discrete particles zone. Whether a jet flame of dust can burn steadily on the burner or not, which depends on the ratio of the gas flow velocity and the dust cloud concentration. With increase of dust cloud concentration, all of the average flame height, the average flame area and the average flame width increase, but their increasing rates are different.(2) the variation law of the temperature along the axis of jet flame is analyzed. From the bottom of flame to the top of continuous flame zone, as the height increases, the flame temperature first increases and then decreases, finally increases again in intermittent zone. The higher dust cloud concentration, the smaller the maximum flame temperature fluctuations, and as the dust cloud concentration increases, the overall flame temperature grows.(3) the radiation heat flux of the upper position of jet flame is larger than the lower, and the nearer to the jet flame, the radiation increases, the difference of radiation heat flux between the upper and the lower position of jet flame becomes larger. With increas e of dust cloud concentration, the whole flame radiation heat flux heightens.(4) compared with the pure zirconium dust cloud combustion, the flame temperature of coated zirconium dust cloud decreases, the flame radiation heat flux weakens, and the flame emissivity increases. The maximum flame temperature has a negative correlation to the flame emissivity. When the zirconium dust cloud concentration are0.328kg/m3,0.410kg/m3and 0.485kg/m3, the jet flame emissivity are0.2,0.19and0.18, respectively, the maximum flame temperature are2147.5℃,2248.1℃and2377.8℃, respectively, and the radiation heat flux are350.31kW/m2,435.19kW/m2and559.88kW/m2, respectively. For FeOOH coated zirconium dust cloud with molar ratio of1:6, there is the highest flame propagation speed at dust cloud concentration of0.485kg/m3, the jet flame emissivity is0.44, and the maximum flame temperature is1528.4℃.
Thirdly, a physical model of the instantaneous flame structure of zirconium dust cloud is established. The flame structure of zirconium dust cloud is divided into three zones:preheating zone, combustion zone and burned zone; and the combustion zone is further divided into three zones, small particles combustion zone, mixture combustion zone with small particles and larger particles, and larger particles combustion zone. Also, a physical model of multi-tube jet combustion of dust cloud is established. In this model, a jet flame is formed with single tube superposition flame, there is an interaction between single flame and other single flame, the flame temperature reached the maximum at a certain distance above the nozzle exit. A structure model of particles group combustion and movement in the jet flame is also established, the process of particles group combustion and movement is divided into three zones:ignition zone, crystal transition zone and burned zone.
Finally, the particles chemical reaction mechanisms of zirconium dust cloud combustion and FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4coated zirconium dust cloud combustion in air were analyzed. The results show that:(1) both the combustion process of zirconium dusts and coated zirconium dusts in air are characterized by the weight increase and heat release. The initial reaction temperature of zirconium dusts is lower than the coated zirconium dusts, and the heat emission of a unit mass of zirconium dusts is more than the coated zirconium dusts. Moreover, the more coating material mass (the thicker of coating layer), the higher initial reaction temperature and the less heat emission of a unit mass of dusts.(2) according to the metal crystal structure analysis of solid chemistry, the possible chemical reaction mechanism of the zirconium particles combustion in air is that the zirconium dioxide is capable of combining with the some trace elements oxide to form the solid solution of zirconium dioxide, a lot of oxygen vacancies exist in the solid solution, so a large number of oxygen ions spread to the surface of zirconium metal by oxygen vacancies diffusion, which makes the chemical reaction of zirconium particles combustion continue.(3) the chemical reaction mechanisms of FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4coated zirconium particles combustion in air are that coating layer makes a replacement reaction with the inner core zirconium, the inner core zirconium makes a oxidation-reduction reaction with oxygen, and pure Fe is oxidized at high temperatures, Fe2O3begins thermal decomposition aroud800℃, and FeOOH coated zirconium particles has a hydroxyl releasing process.
本文首先利用粉尘云瞬态火焰实验系统,研究了不同浓度的锆粉云和FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4包覆锆粉云的火焰在管道中传播的特性。研究结果表明：(1)对于相同种类的粉尘云,当其浓度较低时,随粉尘云浓度的增大,燃烧强度增强发光强度增大,火焰传播速度加快,最高火焰温度也随之增加。当粉尘云浓度达到某一值时,此时火焰传播速度最快,火焰温度最高。而后随粉尘云浓度的增加火焰传播速度和火焰温度均缓慢下降；(2)对纯锆粉而言,火焰传播速度最快时对应的粉尘云浓度为0.625kg/m3。对于摩尔比为1：6(包覆物：纯锆粉)的Fe203包覆锆粉、FeOOH包覆锆粉和Fe304包覆锆粉,火焰传播速度最快时对应的粉尘云浓度分别为1.21kg/m3、1.15kg/m3和1.37kg/m3,当摩尔比为1：3时,对应的浓度分别为1.13kg/m3、0.96kg/m3和1.32kg/m3。对于摩尔比相同的FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4包覆锆粉,其最大火焰传播速度和最高火焰温度的排序都是：Fe203包覆锆粉>FeOOH包覆锆粉>Fe304包覆锆粉。
其次,本文研究了纯锆粉云、FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4包覆锆粉云的连续喷射火焰特性,得到连续喷射火焰的火焰结构、火焰稳定性、火焰高度等特征以及粉尘云浓度对火焰发射率、最高火焰温度和辐射热通量的影响规律。研究结果表明：(1)锆粉云喷射火焰可近似认为是一个轴对称火焰体,喷射火焰可分为火焰连续区、间歇区及离散粒子区。风速和粉尘云浓度之间的配比决定了粉尘云喷射火焰能否稳定在燃烧器上燃烧。随粉尘云浓度的增大,喷射火焰的平均火焰高度、平均火焰面积和平均火焰宽度均增大,但增大的幅度不同；(2)喷射火焰的温度在轴向高度上的变化规律是：从火焰底部到火焰连续区顶端,温度随高度的增加先升高后降低,在间歇区时火焰温度又有所回升,粉尘云浓度较高时,最高火焰温度的波动幅度较小。随粉尘云浓度的增加,火焰温度整体升高；(3)喷射火焰下部的辐射热通量大于上部,距喷射火焰越近,火焰的热辐射作用越强,火焰上下的辐射热通量的差值越大。随粉尘云浓度的增加,火焰热辐射作用整体增强；(4)锆粉被包覆后,火焰温度下降,火焰热辐射作用减弱,火焰发射率增大,最高火焰温度与火焰发射率成负相关关系。浓度分别为0.328kg/m3、0410kg/m3、0.485kg/m3的锆粉云,其喷射火焰的发射率分别为0.2、0.19、0.18,最高火焰温度分别为2147.5℃、2248.1℃、2377.8℃,辐射热通量分别为350.31kW/m2、435.19kW/m2、559.88kW/m2。对于摩尔比为1：6的FeOOH包覆锆粉云,当浓度为0.485kg/m3时,其喷射火焰的发射率为0.44,最高火焰温度为1528.4℃。
进而,本文建立了锆粉云瞬态火焰结构的物理模型,锆粉云火焰可划分为预热区、燃烧区和已燃区,在燃烧区内,又可进一步分为小粒子燃烧区、大小粒子混合燃烧区和大粒子燃烧区。同时还建立了锆粉云多管喷射火焰的物理模型,将粉尘云多管喷射火焰简化为多根单管喷射火焰相互作用形成的叠加火焰,单束火焰与单束火焰之间彼此相互作用,在距离喷管出口上方一定距离处的火焰温度达到最大。建立了喷射火焰中锆颗粒群燃烧运动的结构模型,将锆颗粒群向上燃烧运动过程分为点燃区、晶体转变区和燃尽区。
最后,本文分析了锆粉颗粒、FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4包覆锆粉颗粒在空气中燃烧的化学反应机理。研究结果表明：(1)锆粉、FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4包覆锆粉在空气中的燃烧都是增重的放热反应过程,锆粉比包覆锆粉的反应开始温度低,单位质量放热量大；包覆物越多(包覆层越厚),其反应开始温度越高,单位质量放热量越少；(2)根据固体化学中的金属晶体结构分析,锆粉颗粒在空气中燃烧时可能的化学反应机理是：二氧化锆与锆中含有的某些微量元素的氧化物形成了二氧化锆固溶体,固溶体中含有大量的氧离子空位,外界氧离子通过氧离子空位扩散到锆金属表面,与锆继续发生化学反应；(3) FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4包覆锆粉颗粒在空气中燃烧的化学反应机理是：包覆层与内核锆层发生了置换反应,内核锆与氧气发生了氧化还原反应,生成的铁单质在高温下被氧化,Fe203在800℃左右发生热分解,另外FeOOH包覆锆颗粒多了一个脱羟基过程。
With advantages of high combustion speed and high combustion heat, zirconium metal powder, as a kind of metal fuel, is widely used in aerospace and military fields, such as flash powder, fireworks, artillery shells, fuzes, timing bomb fuses and solid propellant rocket fuel. In order to meet some special application in aerospace industry and military industry, zirconium dust particles are coated with FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4nanoparticles to form a core-shell structure, after which the combustion performance of coated zirconium dusts has been changed. In order to fully understand the flame characteristics of zirconium dusts and FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4coated zirconium dusts during their combustion process, an experimental system of dust cloud continuous blowing spray combustion was developed in this work and combined a experimental system of dust cloud transient flame propagation, both the transient flame characteristics and continuous jet flame characteristics of zirconium dust cloud, FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4coated zirconium dust cloud were comprehensively analyzed. In addition, by combining with powder morphology analysis, phase analysis and high temperature oxidation resistance analysis, the combustion mechanisms of zirconium dust cloud and coated zirconium dust cloud in the air were explored, which provided the basic theories to the transient flame propagation and the spray combustion of carrier particles stream.
Firstly, the experimental system of dust cloud transient flame propagation was used to study the flame propagation characteristics of zirconium dust cloud in the pipeline at different dust cloud concentration. The flame propagation behaviors of FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4coated zirconium dust cloud was also investigated, basing on the same experimental methods. The results show that:(1) for the same kind of dust cloud, when the dust cloud concentration is low, the increase of dust cloud concentration will enhance combustion intensity, increase luminous intensity, flame propagation acceleration and maximum flame temperature. When the dust cloud concentration reaches a certain value, the flame will achieve the highest propagation speed.and the flame temperature will reach the maximum value. Then, with the continuous increase of dust cloud concentration, both the flame propagation speed and flame temperature will decrease slowly.(2) for pure zirconium dust cloud, there is the highest flame propagation speed at dust cloud concentration of0.625kg/m3. For FeOOH\Fe2O3\ Fe3O4coated zirconium dust cloud with molar ratio of1:6(coating material:pure zirconium), there are the highest flame propagation speed at dust cloud concentration of1.21kg/m3,1.15kg/m3and1.37kg/m3, respectively. The molar ratio changes to1:3, there are the highest flame propagation speed at dust cloud concentration of1.13kg/m3,0.96kg/m3and1.32kg/m3, respectively. For FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4coated zirconium dust cloud with the same molar ratio, the sequence of both the maximum flame propagation speed and the maximum flame temperature is:Fe2O3coated zirconium dust cloud> FeOOH coated zirconium dust cloud> Fe3O4coated zirconium dust cloud.
Secondly, the continuous jet flame characteristics of zirconium dust cloud and FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4coated zirconium dust cloud were studied. The features of flame structure, flame stability and flame height of jet flame and the influence s of dust cloud concentration on the flame emissivity, the maximum flame temperature and the radiation heat flux were obtained. The results show that:(1) the jet flame of zirconium dust cloud is considered as an axisymmetric flame, and the structure of the jet flame is divided into continuous flame zone, intermittent flame zone and discrete particles zone. Whether a jet flame of dust can burn steadily on the burner or not, which depends on the ratio of the gas flow velocity and the dust cloud concentration. With increase of dust cloud concentration, all of the average flame height, the average flame area and the average flame width increase, but their increasing rates are different.(2) the variation law of the temperature along the axis of jet flame is analyzed. From the bottom of flame to the top of continuous flame zone, as the height increases, the flame temperature first increases and then decreases, finally increases again in intermittent zone. The higher dust cloud concentration, the smaller the maximum flame temperature fluctuations, and as the dust cloud concentration increases, the overall flame temperature grows.(3) the radiation heat flux of the upper position of jet flame is larger than the lower, and the nearer to the jet flame, the radiation increases, the difference of radiation heat flux between the upper and the lower position of jet flame becomes larger. With increas e of dust cloud concentration, the whole flame radiation heat flux heightens.(4) compared with the pure zirconium dust cloud combustion, the flame temperature of coated zirconium dust cloud decreases, the flame radiation heat flux weakens, and the flame emissivity increases. The maximum flame temperature has a negative correlation to the flame emissivity. When the zirconium dust cloud concentration are0.328kg/m3,0.410kg/m3and 0.485kg/m3, the jet flame emissivity are0.2,0.19and0.18, respectively, the maximum flame temperature are2147.5℃,2248.1℃and2377.8℃, respectively, and the radiation heat flux are350.31kW/m2,435.19kW/m2and559.88kW/m2, respectively. For FeOOH coated zirconium dust cloud with molar ratio of1:6, there is the highest flame propagation speed at dust cloud concentration of0.485kg/m3, the jet flame emissivity is0.44, and the maximum flame temperature is1528.4℃.
Thirdly, a physical model of the instantaneous flame structure of zirconium dust cloud is established. The flame structure of zirconium dust cloud is divided into three zones:preheating zone, combustion zone and burned zone; and the combustion zone is further divided into three zones, small particles combustion zone, mixture combustion zone with small particles and larger particles, and larger particles combustion zone. Also, a physical model of multi-tube jet combustion of dust cloud is established. In this model, a jet flame is formed with single tube superposition flame, there is an interaction between single flame and other single flame, the flame temperature reached the maximum at a certain distance above the nozzle exit. A structure model of particles group combustion and movement in the jet flame is also established, the process of particles group combustion and movement is divided into three zones:ignition zone, crystal transition zone and burned zone.
Finally, the particles chemical reaction mechanisms of zirconium dust cloud combustion and FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4coated zirconium dust cloud combustion in air were analyzed. The results show that:(1) both the combustion process of zirconium dusts and coated zirconium dusts in air are characterized by the weight increase and heat release. The initial reaction temperature of zirconium dusts is lower than the coated zirconium dusts, and the heat emission of a unit mass of zirconium dusts is more than the coated zirconium dusts. Moreover, the more coating material mass (the thicker of coating layer), the higher initial reaction temperature and the less heat emission of a unit mass of dusts.(2) according to the metal crystal structure analysis of solid chemistry, the possible chemical reaction mechanism of the zirconium particles combustion in air is that the zirconium dioxide is capable of combining with the some trace elements oxide to form the solid solution of zirconium dioxide, a lot of oxygen vacancies exist in the solid solution, so a large number of oxygen ions spread to the surface of zirconium metal by oxygen vacancies diffusion, which makes the chemical reaction of zirconium particles combustion continue.(3) the chemical reaction mechanisms of FeOOH\Fe2O3\Fe3O4coated zirconium particles combustion in air are that coating layer makes a replacement reaction with the inner core zirconium, the inner core zirconium makes a oxidation-reduction reaction with oxygen, and pure Fe is oxidized at high temperatures, Fe2O3begins thermal decomposition aroud800℃, and FeOOH coated zirconium particles has a hydroxyl releasing process.
引文
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