公共危机泛传播及其治理研究
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摘要
本文是第一篇系统性地论述公共危机泛传播的文章,回顾了其历史并界定了其概念,系统性地分析了其特征。在非传统安全的视角下,围绕公共危机泛传播这个中心,从历史和现实、理论与实践等四个视角展开研究。归纳和分析了公共危机泛传播模型及其面临的威胁,并理论结合实践地给出了公共危机泛传播的治理理念和方法。
本文绪论部分对所涉及的核心概念及范畴进行了界定,并介绍了本文的基本观点、研究方法和研究脉络。
第二部分对公共危机概念、生命周期理论和治理理论进行了概述,并回顾了公共危机和人类传播的历史,提出技术变革引发的人类传播的历史进程直接促使了公共危机的诞生和发展。
第三部分从本文立题的两个基本概念——“非传统安全”和“泛传播”入手。研究非传统安全的概念、与传统安全问题和公共危机之间的关联、以及安全化和去安全化的概念,并提出泛传播引起公共危机升级和异化；泛传播将本身并非安全问题的事件安全化；同时,泛传播本身也是一类特殊的非传统安全问题。研究泛媒介、泛传播的发展、概念和特征,并以非传统安全为视角,讨论公共危机泛传播问题。分析了泛传播对传统大众传播模式的解构,及其对公共危机传播的影响。
第四部分根据第三部分总结的公共危机泛传播特征,通过宏观和微观两个维度对公共危机泛传播进行建模——宏观层面上,划分了六类传播群体：直接威胁群DTC、拟态威胁群体VTC、无视威胁群体ITC、未知威胁群体UTC、政府和大众媒体GMM、利益相关团体SHG,给出公共危机泛传播网络模型,并研究六类群体间的传播渠道及其所受威胁；微观层面上,对泛传播的具体参与者——传播人的传播行为进行建模,依据传播内容的重要性和准确性影响传播效果、对信源传播入的信任度影响传播效果、传播效果具备叠加性及传播噪音是由传播人主观引入的等四点要素,给出传播效果公式和微观的公共危机泛传播人模型。针对上述两个模型,分析并总结了三大类十五点威胁,并针对威胁提出了三类十七点治理策略。
第五部分则引入“善治”的理念作为公共危机泛传播治理之“道”,并在此理念下,引出了包括强制性方法、引导性方法、预防性方法、应急性方法和支撑性方法在内的五类公共危机泛传播治理的具体措施和实施策略。最后,利用这些措施,针对医患关系安全和边疆地区安全这两类特殊的非传统安全问题提出了具体的建议。
结语部分论述了本文的意义、创新和局限性,并对进一步的研究进行了展望。
This paper is the first article which systematically discusses the pan-communication of public crisis (PPC). With reviewing the history and defining the concept, the characteristics of PPC are analysed. In non-traditional security (NTS) perspective, we study PPC from history to reality, from theory to practice. We analyze and summarize the model and threats of PPC, and propose the governance belief and methods of PPC combinine theory with practice.
The introduction part of this paper defines the key concepts and scopes involved. It also introduces the basic views, research methods and structure used in this paper.
The second part summarizes the concept of public crisis, the public crisis lifecycle theory, and the governance theory. With reviewing the history of public crisis and communication of human beings, we consider that the historical process of human communication triggered by technological advances directly impels the birth and development of the public crisis.
The third part starts with the two key concepts of this paper:NTS and pan-communication. It studies the concept of NTS, the association of security and public crisis and the concepts of securitization and desecuritization. We consider that pan-communication will cause the upgrade and dissimilation of public crisis and it can securitize a non-seurity incident. Meanwhile, pan-communication is a special kind of NTS itself. This part studies the development, concepts and characteristics of pan-media and pan-communication, and discusses the PPC problem in the perspective of NTS. We analyze the deconstruction of pan-communication to the traditional mass communication and its impact on PPC.
The fourth part models PPC in macro and micro dimensions based on the characteristic of PPC summarized in the third part. From the macro perspective, the whole communication community is divided into six parts:the direct threat crowds (DTC), the virtual threat crowds(VTC), the ignore threat crowds(ITC), the unknown threat crowds(UTC), the government and mass media(GMM), and the stakeholder group (SHG). We propose the model of PPC network based on the six crowds, and we study the communication channels and the threats among them. From the micro perspective, we model the communication behavior of a pan-communication person, which is the specific participant in pan-communication. Considering four key elements of communication effects that the significance and the accuracy affecting the effect, the trust level of source person affecting the effect, the composition feature of the effect and the noises are introduced by pan-communication person subjectively, we proposes the communication effect fomula and the micro PPC model. Based on these two models, we analyze and summarize15threats in3categories; and aimed at these threats, we propose17coutermesures in3categroris.
The fifth part introduces the idea of "good-governance" as the "Tao" of the governance of PPC. Guided by this idea,5categories of specific measures and implementation strategies, such as the mandatory measure, the leading measure, the precaution measure, the emergency measure and the supporting measure, are proposed. We exploit these measures to propose specific suggestions again two NTS problems, the security problem of doctor-patient relationship and the security problem of border areas.
The conclusion part discusses the significance, innovation and limitation of this paper, and forecasts the future research.
本文绪论部分对所涉及的核心概念及范畴进行了界定,并介绍了本文的基本观点、研究方法和研究脉络。
第二部分对公共危机概念、生命周期理论和治理理论进行了概述,并回顾了公共危机和人类传播的历史,提出技术变革引发的人类传播的历史进程直接促使了公共危机的诞生和发展。
第三部分从本文立题的两个基本概念——“非传统安全”和“泛传播”入手。研究非传统安全的概念、与传统安全问题和公共危机之间的关联、以及安全化和去安全化的概念,并提出泛传播引起公共危机升级和异化；泛传播将本身并非安全问题的事件安全化；同时,泛传播本身也是一类特殊的非传统安全问题。研究泛媒介、泛传播的发展、概念和特征,并以非传统安全为视角,讨论公共危机泛传播问题。分析了泛传播对传统大众传播模式的解构,及其对公共危机传播的影响。
第四部分根据第三部分总结的公共危机泛传播特征,通过宏观和微观两个维度对公共危机泛传播进行建模——宏观层面上,划分了六类传播群体：直接威胁群DTC、拟态威胁群体VTC、无视威胁群体ITC、未知威胁群体UTC、政府和大众媒体GMM、利益相关团体SHG,给出公共危机泛传播网络模型,并研究六类群体间的传播渠道及其所受威胁；微观层面上,对泛传播的具体参与者——传播人的传播行为进行建模,依据传播内容的重要性和准确性影响传播效果、对信源传播入的信任度影响传播效果、传播效果具备叠加性及传播噪音是由传播人主观引入的等四点要素,给出传播效果公式和微观的公共危机泛传播人模型。针对上述两个模型,分析并总结了三大类十五点威胁,并针对威胁提出了三类十七点治理策略。
第五部分则引入“善治”的理念作为公共危机泛传播治理之“道”,并在此理念下,引出了包括强制性方法、引导性方法、预防性方法、应急性方法和支撑性方法在内的五类公共危机泛传播治理的具体措施和实施策略。最后,利用这些措施,针对医患关系安全和边疆地区安全这两类特殊的非传统安全问题提出了具体的建议。
结语部分论述了本文的意义、创新和局限性,并对进一步的研究进行了展望。
This paper is the first article which systematically discusses the pan-communication of public crisis (PPC). With reviewing the history and defining the concept, the characteristics of PPC are analysed. In non-traditional security (NTS) perspective, we study PPC from history to reality, from theory to practice. We analyze and summarize the model and threats of PPC, and propose the governance belief and methods of PPC combinine theory with practice.
The introduction part of this paper defines the key concepts and scopes involved. It also introduces the basic views, research methods and structure used in this paper.
The second part summarizes the concept of public crisis, the public crisis lifecycle theory, and the governance theory. With reviewing the history of public crisis and communication of human beings, we consider that the historical process of human communication triggered by technological advances directly impels the birth and development of the public crisis.
The third part starts with the two key concepts of this paper:NTS and pan-communication. It studies the concept of NTS, the association of security and public crisis and the concepts of securitization and desecuritization. We consider that pan-communication will cause the upgrade and dissimilation of public crisis and it can securitize a non-seurity incident. Meanwhile, pan-communication is a special kind of NTS itself. This part studies the development, concepts and characteristics of pan-media and pan-communication, and discusses the PPC problem in the perspective of NTS. We analyze the deconstruction of pan-communication to the traditional mass communication and its impact on PPC.
The fourth part models PPC in macro and micro dimensions based on the characteristic of PPC summarized in the third part. From the macro perspective, the whole communication community is divided into six parts:the direct threat crowds (DTC), the virtual threat crowds(VTC), the ignore threat crowds(ITC), the unknown threat crowds(UTC), the government and mass media(GMM), and the stakeholder group (SHG). We propose the model of PPC network based on the six crowds, and we study the communication channels and the threats among them. From the micro perspective, we model the communication behavior of a pan-communication person, which is the specific participant in pan-communication. Considering four key elements of communication effects that the significance and the accuracy affecting the effect, the trust level of source person affecting the effect, the composition feature of the effect and the noises are introduced by pan-communication person subjectively, we proposes the communication effect fomula and the micro PPC model. Based on these two models, we analyze and summarize15threats in3categories; and aimed at these threats, we propose17coutermesures in3categroris.
The fifth part introduces the idea of "good-governance" as the "Tao" of the governance of PPC. Guided by this idea,5categories of specific measures and implementation strategies, such as the mandatory measure, the leading measure, the precaution measure, the emergency measure and the supporting measure, are proposed. We exploit these measures to propose specific suggestions again two NTS problems, the security problem of doctor-patient relationship and the security problem of border areas.
The conclusion part discusses the significance, innovation and limitation of this paper, and forecasts the future research.
引文
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