抵抗异化：索尔·贝娄小说研究
|
摘要
第二次世界大战之后的30年是美国历史上极为重要的历史时期。在这一时期,科学技术突飞猛进,经济发展前所未有,美国政治、文化与社会在酝酿、发生着重大而影响久远的变革。贝娄发表于此一时期的五部长篇小说——《奥吉·马奇历险记》(1953),《雨王汉德森》(1959),《赫索格》(1964),《塞姆勒先生的行星》(1970),《洪堡的礼物》(1975),以及两篇短篇名作——《未来父亲》(1955)与《老一套》(1967)在很大程度上都是对这一时期美国社会所发生的一些重要问题的回应。本文以社会历史批评方法为框架,将这些作品置于其特有的历史语境中加以考察,以图对贝娄及其作品作出新认识。
在贝娄看来,异化是现代社会的组成部分,是社会现代化进程的必然现象。现代社会由于城市化、由于科学技术的发展而造成了太多的杂乱、混乱与纷繁扰攘,极易使人们陷入一种异化的状态,即人所创造的世界对于人自身所形成的渗透、重压、诱惑、挑逗使人与自我、人与人、人与自然之间的关系遭受扭曲与遮蔽的状态。但贝娄与经典现代主义作家不同,他并不同意人面对异化毫无希望之说。他相信,人能够克服异化。
因此,本文所探讨的问题是,贝娄的上述作品中的主人公为抵抗异化力量采取什么策略,换言之,就是探讨贝娄在其重要作品中所展示出的主人公践行其个体认同的策略,或抵抗“异化”的策略。本文将围绕如下问题展开：他笔下的人物采取什么样的策略抵抗异化?这些人物在当代美国社会背景下如何构建他们的身份?这些人物如何对待个体与群体的关系?
本文主要分三章。第一章探讨贝娄发表于20世纪50年代的两部作品《奥吉·马奇历险记》与《雨王汉德森》中的主人公抵抗异化的流动策略。这一时期美国经济蓬勃发展,处于鲍曼所称的资本主义从“沉重”到“轻快”的过渡期,福特主义的生产方式是这一时期社会的缩影。由于这一时期的主导生产方式及大规模的郊区化,同质化引发的焦虑成为当时社会所关注的主要问题。与此同时,美苏两大集团之间的冷战迅速展开,使美国社会笼罩在焦虑与恐惧之中。在这样的背景之下,贝娄创作了这两部作品作为对社会关注问题的回应。在《奥吉·马奇历险记》中,奥吉·马奇利用流动的浮士德策略与流亡策略来抵抗规训,由此来践行他的个体认同。《雨王汉德森》则是对冷战导致的焦虑与恐惧的回应。死亡的恐惧及生活空虚使汉德森处于异化的状态之中。他与奥吉·马奇相同,也同样选择流动的策略来应对固态时空的问题。他远赴非洲,历经两个部落。他利用从一时空到另一时空的策略,领悟到了生命的价值与意义。两部小说体现出来的是50年代美国社会的向往、焦虑与彷徨,同时也体现了贝娄对于人的一种信念,即人具有能够超越时空限制的潜质。
第二章主要考察《赫索格》与《塞姆勒先生的行星》两部作品中主人公抵抗异化的话语策略。20世纪60年代是美国走向“水平社会”进程中的关键节点。在这一时期,“水平社会”所具有的要素“多元平等”观念开始成为各弱势阶层的实际奋斗目标。民权运动,学生运动,反文化运动等推动美国社会走向“水平”化的力量与美国社会中“垂直”秩序的力量发生激烈冲撞,美国社会处于一个新旧交错、容易使人困惑、彷徨、不安乃至痛苦的历史时期。在这种背景下,贝娄创作了这两部作品。赫索格运用“书写”与“记忆”话语策略来构建自己丧失的社会关系网络,构建自己的身份；塞姆勒则使用“互动”与“记忆”非书写策略来构建自己的身份。两个人物体现了20世纪60年代美国社会的冲突、分裂与痛苦,体现了那一时期“水平”化运动及其所推动促进的多元文化主义与传统文化发生激烈交锋所形成的文化阵痛。这两部作品也形成了贝娄创作中的一个转折点,即由前两部作品对时空的关注转向了对人物内心关注。两个人物更加关注内心的“律法”。
个体与社会的关系是西方社会学界长期以来关注的问题。本文第三章也从这一关系来审视贝娄笔下的主人公们是如何看待两者之间的关系。欧美的个体意识的核心是孤独的个体,无论欧洲的个人主义还是美国个人主义,其核心均是如此。其不可避免的缺陷是只关注自身,只关注物质,最终使个体的生活沦为一种异化存在,即忽视人与人之间的关系且没有理想的存在。在贝娄的作品中,主要人物的个体认同是美国个人主义,其根源仍是孤独的个体,但又与其并不完全相同,“我们一认同”也是贝娄作品中的重要内容,是其人物生活中不可或缺的一部分,是贝娄小说中主人公抵抗异化的重要平衡力量。对于贝娄作品中的主要人物而言,个体的自由、自主与独立和人与人的关系,即“我们—认同”,一样重要。贝娄作品中主要人物所追求的是一种认同平衡,他们力图用“我们—认同”来抵抗美国社会对个人主义的认同所导致的异化性结果。贝娄的作品在某种程度上,既是对美国社会主流意识形态“能者居之制度论”的认同,也是一种力图对这种主导性的认同进行反思、批判与纠正的努力。“认同平衡”是贝娄笔下的主人公的重要认同策略。
在本文所涉及的这些作品中,贝娄笔下的主人公的个体认同是美国个人主义,其核心是孤独个体,但其不同之处是与此同时他们也强调用认同平衡来弥补这一个体认同的先天性不足；这些作品反映了第二次世界大战以来由于科学技术及经济发展所导致的美国乃至西方社会知识个体的认同危机及努力；贝娄是一位遭遇困境的人文主义者,是一位彰显了人文主义在当代美国社会乃至西方社会所遭受危机与挑战的人文主义者,或者说是一位在当代经济、文化与社会的急剧变革中坚持信念的理想主义者；他和他笔下的人物一样,力量更多地源自于其心中的信念而非外界社会现实。
The three decades following the Second World War was of profound significance in the history of the United States. With its booming economy, and rapidly developing science and technology in that period, the United States was undergoing sweeping and far-reaching social, political and cultural transformations. Abundance led to the expansion of the middle class, the Cold War to fear and anxiety, and social disturbances in the1960s to a "horizontal" society. It is against that context that Saul Bellow's five novels and two short stories are examined in this dissertation, and they are considered, to a great extent, as part of the response made by Saul Bellow to some issues, generated by the social, political and cultural transformations in that period, with which American society was confronted at that time. The five novels are The Adventures of Augie March (1953), Henderson the Rain King, Herzog (1959), Mr. Sammler's Planet (1970), and Humboldt's Gift (1975), and the two short stories "A Father-to-Be"(1955) and "The Old System"(1967). This dissertation explores those works from a social-historical perspective.
In Bellow's view, alienation is part of modern life and is the result of social modernization. Urbanization and the development of science and technology bring about too much chaos, confusion and distraction, and all this presses, seduces and misleads man to fall into a state of alienation, in which his relations to himself, to his fellow men, and to nature are eclipsed or distorted. But unlike high modernists, Bellow refuses to accept the idea that man is doomed in such a condition. Instead, he believes that man can resist and overcome alienating forces.
Therefore, the question under inquiry is as follows:What strategies do the protagonists of the above-mentioned works employ to resist alienation? This study revolves around these questions:What strategies do the protagonists in Bellow's works employ to defend their independence and give meaning to their life? How do they construct their identities in the social context at that time? And how do they see the relation of individual and society?
This dissertation mainly consists of three chapters. The first chapter deals with The Adventures of Augie March and Henderson the Rain King. In the1950s, while booming American economy was on the way of transforming, in Bauman's words, from "heavy" into "light", homogenization generated enormous anxiety throughout the country. In the meantime, the Cold War between the United States and Russia, breaking out immediately after the Second World War, plunged the country into fear and anxiety. Those two works can be considered as Bellow's response to that situation. In the former novel, Augie resists conformity, namely, being disciplined, by employing his mobile or "fluid" strategies; in the latter, alienated by fear of death and emptiness of life, Henderson adopts similar strategies to travel so far as Africa, and move on from Arnewi to Wariri. Both novels show aspirations and anxiety of America in the1950s, and also cast light on Bellow's faith in human's capacity to transcend the limits imposed by time and space.
The second chapter explores Herzog and Mr. Sammler's Planet. The1960s was a key period for the US in the process of transforming from the "vertical" society to the "horizontal" one. In that decade, while "plural equality", an integral element of a horizontal society, was gaining more momentum, severe clashes broke out between "horizontal" forces like Civil Rights Movement, the Student Movement, Counterculture and "vertical" ones which stood with the existing order. American society struggled through a period of transformation from old to new, which is often bewildering, confusing, disturbing, and frustrating. Herzog and Mr. Sammler's Planet can be regarded as Bellow's efforts to capture that mood in the form of novel. Herzog turns to "writing and memory," namely, discursive strategies, to reconstruct the network of social relationship and his social identity that he has lost while Mr. Sammler resorts to "non-writing and memory," also discursive strategies, to construct his identity. They both demonstrate conflicts and agony of American society in that turbulent decade. These two works form a turning point in Bellow's writing career, shifting from its obsession with the outside world to the inner one, with Herzog and Mr. Sammler more devoted to the "inner law".
The relation of individual and society is one of the long-debated issues among Western scholars. The third chapter is concerned with the manner in which Bellow's protagonists'deal with it. Central to European and American individual consciousness is the isolated individual. One of the alienating effects is that one is preoccupied with only oneself, ignoring the value of human relationship; the other is that one is reduced to a being who has no ideals and no moral code, who cherishes nothing above his personal interests. While Bellow's protagonists identify with American individualism, they are different from other individualists:"We-I balance" is part of Bellow's fiction, and also integral part of its protagonists'lives as a balance force. For Bellow's protagonists, who are devoted to individual freedom, autonomy and independence,"we-I balance" is of the same worth as well. They try to keep themselves balanced between the two identities so as to prevent the alienating effects caused by individualism. In a sense, while Bellow's fiction identifies with the Meritocracy myth, it is also an effort to criticize the myth.
In the works covered by this study, Bellow's protagonists identify with American individualism, at the centre of which is the isolated individual, but they also dedicate themselves to "we-I balance" to try to keep off the alienating effects. All those works reveal the identity crisis with which intellectual individuals in American and European societies are confronted, brought about by economic development, and scientific and technological advancement since the Second World War. Bellow is a humanist trapped in a dilemma, who casts spotlight on the crises and challenges with which humanism is confronted in contemporary America and other Western societies. He is an idealist who struggles to hold onto his faith while dramatic contemporary economic, cultural and social transformations produce overwhelming impact on American society. Bellow's power, like those of his protagonists, results more from his inner faith than from outside reality.
在贝娄看来,异化是现代社会的组成部分,是社会现代化进程的必然现象。现代社会由于城市化、由于科学技术的发展而造成了太多的杂乱、混乱与纷繁扰攘,极易使人们陷入一种异化的状态,即人所创造的世界对于人自身所形成的渗透、重压、诱惑、挑逗使人与自我、人与人、人与自然之间的关系遭受扭曲与遮蔽的状态。但贝娄与经典现代主义作家不同,他并不同意人面对异化毫无希望之说。他相信,人能够克服异化。
因此,本文所探讨的问题是,贝娄的上述作品中的主人公为抵抗异化力量采取什么策略,换言之,就是探讨贝娄在其重要作品中所展示出的主人公践行其个体认同的策略,或抵抗“异化”的策略。本文将围绕如下问题展开：他笔下的人物采取什么样的策略抵抗异化?这些人物在当代美国社会背景下如何构建他们的身份?这些人物如何对待个体与群体的关系?
本文主要分三章。第一章探讨贝娄发表于20世纪50年代的两部作品《奥吉·马奇历险记》与《雨王汉德森》中的主人公抵抗异化的流动策略。这一时期美国经济蓬勃发展,处于鲍曼所称的资本主义从“沉重”到“轻快”的过渡期,福特主义的生产方式是这一时期社会的缩影。由于这一时期的主导生产方式及大规模的郊区化,同质化引发的焦虑成为当时社会所关注的主要问题。与此同时,美苏两大集团之间的冷战迅速展开,使美国社会笼罩在焦虑与恐惧之中。在这样的背景之下,贝娄创作了这两部作品作为对社会关注问题的回应。在《奥吉·马奇历险记》中,奥吉·马奇利用流动的浮士德策略与流亡策略来抵抗规训,由此来践行他的个体认同。《雨王汉德森》则是对冷战导致的焦虑与恐惧的回应。死亡的恐惧及生活空虚使汉德森处于异化的状态之中。他与奥吉·马奇相同,也同样选择流动的策略来应对固态时空的问题。他远赴非洲,历经两个部落。他利用从一时空到另一时空的策略,领悟到了生命的价值与意义。两部小说体现出来的是50年代美国社会的向往、焦虑与彷徨,同时也体现了贝娄对于人的一种信念,即人具有能够超越时空限制的潜质。
第二章主要考察《赫索格》与《塞姆勒先生的行星》两部作品中主人公抵抗异化的话语策略。20世纪60年代是美国走向“水平社会”进程中的关键节点。在这一时期,“水平社会”所具有的要素“多元平等”观念开始成为各弱势阶层的实际奋斗目标。民权运动,学生运动,反文化运动等推动美国社会走向“水平”化的力量与美国社会中“垂直”秩序的力量发生激烈冲撞,美国社会处于一个新旧交错、容易使人困惑、彷徨、不安乃至痛苦的历史时期。在这种背景下,贝娄创作了这两部作品。赫索格运用“书写”与“记忆”话语策略来构建自己丧失的社会关系网络,构建自己的身份；塞姆勒则使用“互动”与“记忆”非书写策略来构建自己的身份。两个人物体现了20世纪60年代美国社会的冲突、分裂与痛苦,体现了那一时期“水平”化运动及其所推动促进的多元文化主义与传统文化发生激烈交锋所形成的文化阵痛。这两部作品也形成了贝娄创作中的一个转折点,即由前两部作品对时空的关注转向了对人物内心关注。两个人物更加关注内心的“律法”。
个体与社会的关系是西方社会学界长期以来关注的问题。本文第三章也从这一关系来审视贝娄笔下的主人公们是如何看待两者之间的关系。欧美的个体意识的核心是孤独的个体,无论欧洲的个人主义还是美国个人主义,其核心均是如此。其不可避免的缺陷是只关注自身,只关注物质,最终使个体的生活沦为一种异化存在,即忽视人与人之间的关系且没有理想的存在。在贝娄的作品中,主要人物的个体认同是美国个人主义,其根源仍是孤独的个体,但又与其并不完全相同,“我们一认同”也是贝娄作品中的重要内容,是其人物生活中不可或缺的一部分,是贝娄小说中主人公抵抗异化的重要平衡力量。对于贝娄作品中的主要人物而言,个体的自由、自主与独立和人与人的关系,即“我们—认同”,一样重要。贝娄作品中主要人物所追求的是一种认同平衡,他们力图用“我们—认同”来抵抗美国社会对个人主义的认同所导致的异化性结果。贝娄的作品在某种程度上,既是对美国社会主流意识形态“能者居之制度论”的认同,也是一种力图对这种主导性的认同进行反思、批判与纠正的努力。“认同平衡”是贝娄笔下的主人公的重要认同策略。
在本文所涉及的这些作品中,贝娄笔下的主人公的个体认同是美国个人主义,其核心是孤独个体,但其不同之处是与此同时他们也强调用认同平衡来弥补这一个体认同的先天性不足；这些作品反映了第二次世界大战以来由于科学技术及经济发展所导致的美国乃至西方社会知识个体的认同危机及努力；贝娄是一位遭遇困境的人文主义者,是一位彰显了人文主义在当代美国社会乃至西方社会所遭受危机与挑战的人文主义者,或者说是一位在当代经济、文化与社会的急剧变革中坚持信念的理想主义者；他和他笔下的人物一样,力量更多地源自于其心中的信念而非外界社会现实。
The three decades following the Second World War was of profound significance in the history of the United States. With its booming economy, and rapidly developing science and technology in that period, the United States was undergoing sweeping and far-reaching social, political and cultural transformations. Abundance led to the expansion of the middle class, the Cold War to fear and anxiety, and social disturbances in the1960s to a "horizontal" society. It is against that context that Saul Bellow's five novels and two short stories are examined in this dissertation, and they are considered, to a great extent, as part of the response made by Saul Bellow to some issues, generated by the social, political and cultural transformations in that period, with which American society was confronted at that time. The five novels are The Adventures of Augie March (1953), Henderson the Rain King, Herzog (1959), Mr. Sammler's Planet (1970), and Humboldt's Gift (1975), and the two short stories "A Father-to-Be"(1955) and "The Old System"(1967). This dissertation explores those works from a social-historical perspective.
In Bellow's view, alienation is part of modern life and is the result of social modernization. Urbanization and the development of science and technology bring about too much chaos, confusion and distraction, and all this presses, seduces and misleads man to fall into a state of alienation, in which his relations to himself, to his fellow men, and to nature are eclipsed or distorted. But unlike high modernists, Bellow refuses to accept the idea that man is doomed in such a condition. Instead, he believes that man can resist and overcome alienating forces.
Therefore, the question under inquiry is as follows:What strategies do the protagonists of the above-mentioned works employ to resist alienation? This study revolves around these questions:What strategies do the protagonists in Bellow's works employ to defend their independence and give meaning to their life? How do they construct their identities in the social context at that time? And how do they see the relation of individual and society?
This dissertation mainly consists of three chapters. The first chapter deals with The Adventures of Augie March and Henderson the Rain King. In the1950s, while booming American economy was on the way of transforming, in Bauman's words, from "heavy" into "light", homogenization generated enormous anxiety throughout the country. In the meantime, the Cold War between the United States and Russia, breaking out immediately after the Second World War, plunged the country into fear and anxiety. Those two works can be considered as Bellow's response to that situation. In the former novel, Augie resists conformity, namely, being disciplined, by employing his mobile or "fluid" strategies; in the latter, alienated by fear of death and emptiness of life, Henderson adopts similar strategies to travel so far as Africa, and move on from Arnewi to Wariri. Both novels show aspirations and anxiety of America in the1950s, and also cast light on Bellow's faith in human's capacity to transcend the limits imposed by time and space.
The second chapter explores Herzog and Mr. Sammler's Planet. The1960s was a key period for the US in the process of transforming from the "vertical" society to the "horizontal" one. In that decade, while "plural equality", an integral element of a horizontal society, was gaining more momentum, severe clashes broke out between "horizontal" forces like Civil Rights Movement, the Student Movement, Counterculture and "vertical" ones which stood with the existing order. American society struggled through a period of transformation from old to new, which is often bewildering, confusing, disturbing, and frustrating. Herzog and Mr. Sammler's Planet can be regarded as Bellow's efforts to capture that mood in the form of novel. Herzog turns to "writing and memory," namely, discursive strategies, to reconstruct the network of social relationship and his social identity that he has lost while Mr. Sammler resorts to "non-writing and memory," also discursive strategies, to construct his identity. They both demonstrate conflicts and agony of American society in that turbulent decade. These two works form a turning point in Bellow's writing career, shifting from its obsession with the outside world to the inner one, with Herzog and Mr. Sammler more devoted to the "inner law".
The relation of individual and society is one of the long-debated issues among Western scholars. The third chapter is concerned with the manner in which Bellow's protagonists'deal with it. Central to European and American individual consciousness is the isolated individual. One of the alienating effects is that one is preoccupied with only oneself, ignoring the value of human relationship; the other is that one is reduced to a being who has no ideals and no moral code, who cherishes nothing above his personal interests. While Bellow's protagonists identify with American individualism, they are different from other individualists:"We-I balance" is part of Bellow's fiction, and also integral part of its protagonists'lives as a balance force. For Bellow's protagonists, who are devoted to individual freedom, autonomy and independence,"we-I balance" is of the same worth as well. They try to keep themselves balanced between the two identities so as to prevent the alienating effects caused by individualism. In a sense, while Bellow's fiction identifies with the Meritocracy myth, it is also an effort to criticize the myth.
In the works covered by this study, Bellow's protagonists identify with American individualism, at the centre of which is the isolated individual, but they also dedicate themselves to "we-I balance" to try to keep off the alienating effects. All those works reveal the identity crisis with which intellectual individuals in American and European societies are confronted, brought about by economic development, and scientific and technological advancement since the Second World War. Bellow is a humanist trapped in a dilemma, who casts spotlight on the crises and challenges with which humanism is confronted in contemporary America and other Western societies. He is an idealist who struggles to hold onto his faith while dramatic contemporary economic, cultural and social transformations produce overwhelming impact on American society. Bellow's power, like those of his protagonists, results more from his inner faith than from outside reality.
引文
① 参见：肖明翰：《文学中的异化感与保守主义》,载《外国文学评论》,1994年,第2期,第65页。
① 1948年,时任总统的杜鲁门(Harry Truman)颁发命令,废止军队中的种族隔离制,在政府部门实行公平用人制度。但对此,军方行动迟缓,政府部门态度消极。1954年最高法院裁定,最高法院在1896年普莱西诉弗格森(Plessy v. Ferguson)一案中的裁定违宪。在1986年的那一案件中,最高法院认为,只要为白人与黑人提供相同设施,就不存在对平等权利的违反。“分离但平等”原则在美国南方成为一切设施的使用原则。实际上,对于黑人,很难有所谓的平等设施。见Rodney P. Carlisle and J. Geoffrey Golson, America in Revolt during the 1960s and 1970s (Santa Barbara, California:ABC-CLIO,2008),1-2.
② 埃米特·蒂尔(Emmett Till),一位芝加哥14岁少年。1955年其至密西西比州拜访亲戚,因被认为调戏白人女性(对一白人女性喊了一句：“嗨,宝贝儿。”),而遭肢解杀害。数位白人凶手被由白人组成的陪审团判定无罪而释放。见Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin, America Devided:The Civil War of the 1960s (New York:Oxford University Press,2000),35.
③ 罗莎·帕克斯(Rosa Parks)④ 裁缝,民权运动活动家。1955年12月1日,她在阿拉巴马州蒙哥马利市的公交车上,拒绝让座于白人而遭逮捕,由此引发当地抵制公交车运动。抵制运动长达381天,她也被称为“民权运动之母”。参见Rodney P. Carlisle and J. Geoffrey Golson, America in Revolt during the 1960s and 1970s (Santa Barbara, California:ABC-CLIO,2008),3.和 Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin, America Devided:The Civil War of the 1960s (New York:Oxford University Press,2000),29-30.
⑤ 如1957年的阿肯色州小石城中心高中入学事件,1960年的学生静坐行动,1961年的自由乘行动,1956-1965年间密西西比州大学融合行动,1963-1964伯明翰行动,1963年的挺进华盛顿行动(在这次行动中,在林肯纪念堂前,马丁·路德·金发表了著名的《我有一个梦想》的演讲),1963-1964年间的圣奥古斯丁行动,1964年的自由夏日行动等等。
① 这一短语是对奥吉这一人物颇具代表性的评述之一。见Robert Penn Warren, "The Man With No Commitments," New Republic, CXXIX (November 2,1953),22.
① 赫索格的博士论文《十八、十九世纪英法政治哲学的自然状况》很“出色”,也出版了若干论文,并出版了《浪漫主义与基督教》一书。见《赫索格》,第17页。
① 参见Alan M. Wald, The New York Intellectuals:The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s (Chapel Hill, NC:University of North Carolina Press,1987),364.
见Jo Brans, "Common Needs, Common Preoccupations:An Interview with Saul Bellow," in in Gloria L. Cronin and Ben Siegel (ed.), Conversations with Saul Bellow (Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1994), p.155.
Abrams, Richard M. America Transformed:Sixty Years of Revolutionary Changes, 1941-2001. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006.
Amis, Martin. "A Chicago of A Novel:In The Adventures of Augie March, Saul Bellow Retired the Cup. " The Atlantic Monthly October 2003:114-27.
Atlas, James. Bellow:A Biography. New York:Random House,2000.
Bach, Gerhard, ed. The Critical Response to Saul Bellow. Westport, CT:Greenwood Press,1995.
Bauman, Zygmunt. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge:Polity Press,2002.
Beach, Christopher. The Cambridge Introduction to Twentieth-Century American Poetry. Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press,2003.
Beck, Ulrich. World Risk Society. Cambridge:Polity Press,1999.
Beike, Denise R., James M. Lampinen, and Douglas A. Behrend. Evolving Conceptions of the Self and Memory. The Self and Memory. New York:Pschology Press.2004.3-7.
Bell, Daniel. The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. New York:Basic Books, 1976.
Bell, Pearl. "Bellow's Best and Worst." New York Leader 1 Sept.1975:19-20.
Bellow, Saul. The Adventures of Augie March. New York:Penguin Books,1953.
---. "Deep Readers of the World, Beware!" The New York Times Book Review 15 Feb. 1959:1 and 34.
---. Henderson the Rain King. London:Lowe and Brydone,1959.
---. Herzog. New York:The Viking Press.1964.
---. Humboldt's Gifts. New York:Avon Books,1975.
---. "Literature in the Age of Technology." Technology and the Frontiers of Knowledge. Garden City, New York:Doubleday & Company,1975.
---. Mr. Sammler's Planet. Greenwwich, Conn.:Fawcett Publications,1970.
---. Mosby's Memoirs and Other Stories. New York:Penguin Books,1977.144.
---.'The Old System." Mosby's Memoirs and Other Stories. New York:Penguin Books,1977.43-83.
---. "Saul Bellow:'Before I Go':A Conversation with Norman Manea." Salmagundi. 155/156. (Summer/Fall 2007):131-211.
---. "A World Too Much with Us." Critical Inquiry.2.1(1975):1-9.
---. "The Writer as Moralist." The Atlantic Mar.1963:58-62.
Berger, Allan. "The Logic of the Heart:Biblical Identity and American Culture in Saul Bellow's'The Old System'." Small Planets:Saul Bellow and the Art of Short Fiction. Eds. Gerhard Bach and Gloria Cronin. East Lansing, Michigan State University Press,2000.93-102.
Berryman, Charles. Decade of Novels:Fiction of the 1970s Form and Challenge. Troy, NY:Witson Publishing Company,1990.
Bower, Anne. Epistolary Responses:The Letter in 20th-Century American Fiction and Criticism. Tuscaloosa, AL:University of Alabama Press,1997.
Boyers, Robert. "Nature and Social Reality in Bellow's Sammler." Critical Quarterly, 15.3 (1973):251-71.
Bradbury, Malcolm. Saul Bellow. London:Methuen,1982.
Brans, Jo. "Common Needs, Common Preoccupations:An Interview with Saul Bllow." Gloria L. Cronin and Ben Siegel 140-60.
Bray, Joe. The Epistolary Novel:Representation of Consciousness. New York: Routledge,2003.
Breit, Harvey. "A Talk with Saul Bellow." Cronin and Siegel 3-5.
Brown, Helen Gurley. "Women Alone? Oh Come Now." America in the 1960s-Right, Left and Center:A Documentary History. Ed. Peter B. Levy. Westport, Connecticut:Praeger,1998.173-76.
Burg, David F. The Great Depression. New York:Facts On File, Inc.,2005.
Cahan, Abaham. The Rise of David Levinsk. New York:Penguin Books USA Inc., 1993.
Cantor, Norman F. Twentieth-Century Culture:Modernism to Deconstruction New York:Peter Lang,1988.
Cappell, Ezra. American Talmud:The Cultural Work of Jewish American Fiction. New York:State University of New York Press,2007.
Carlisle, Rodney P., and J. Geoffrey Golson, eds. America in Revolt during the 1960s and 1970s. Santa Barbara, California:ABC-CLIO,2008.
Chavkin, Allan. "Bellow and English Romanticism." Saul Bellow in the 1980s. Eds. Gloria L. Cronin and L. H. Goldman. East Lansing, Michigan:Michigan State University Press,1989.67-79.
---. "Mr. Sammler's War of the Planets." The Critical Response to H. G. Wells. Ed. William J. Scheick. Westport, CT:Greenwood Press,1995.33-47.
Clayton, John Jacob. Saul Bellow:In defense of Man. Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1979.
Cook, Bruce. "Saul Bellow:A Mood of Protest." Cronin and Siegel 6-18.
Cromie, Robert. "Saul Bellow Tells (among other things) the Thinking Behind Herzog." Chicago Tribune Books Today 24 Jan.1965:8-9.
Cronin. Gloria L. A Room of His Own:In Search of the Femine in the Novels of Saul Bellow. Syracuse, New York:Syracuse University Press,2001.
Cronin, Gloria L., and Ben Siegel, eds. Conversation with Saul Bellow. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,1994.
Cronin, Gloria L. and L. H. Goldman, eds. Saul Bellow in the 1980s:A Collection of Critical Essays. East Lansing, Michigan:Michigan University Press,1989.
Cusac, Anne-Marie. "Saul Bellow Reconsidered." The Progressive 29.6 (2005): 45-48.
Deleuze, Giles and Felix Grattari. Anti-Oedipus:Capitalism and Schizopnenia. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York:Viking Press,1977.
Demarest, David P., Jr. "The Theme of Discontinuity in Saul Bellow's Fiction: 'Looking for Mr. Green' and 'A father-to-Be'." Studies in Short Fiction 6 Jun. (1969):175-86.
Dietrich, Richard F. "The Biological Draft Doger in Bellow's'A Father-to-Be'." Small Planets:Saul Bellow and The Art of Short Fiction. Eds. Gerhard Bach and Gloria L. Cronin. East Lansing, Michigan:Michigan University Press,2000. 59-68.
Donaldson, Gary A. Abundance and Anxiety:America 1945-1960. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers,1997.
Dutton, Robert R. Saul Bellow. New York:Twayne Publishers,1971.
Echols, Alice. Shaky Gound:The 60s and Its Aftershocks. New York:Columbia University Press,2002.17-50.
Eiland, Howard. "Bellow's Crankiness." Chicago Review.32 no.4 Spring 1981.
Epstein, Joseph. "A Talk with Saul Bellow." Gloria L. Cronin and Ben Siegel 132-39.
"Exile." Cambridge International Dictionary of English.1995.
---Webster's New World College Dictionary.3rd ed.1997.
Fiedler, Leslie. "Saul Bellow." The Collected Essays of Leslie Fiedler. Vol.2. New York:Stein and Day,1971.56-64.
Fox, Margalit. "Betty Friedan Who Ignited Cause in'Feminine Mystique,'Dies at 85." New York Times 5 Feb.2006.
Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. New York:W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2001.
Friedman, Lawrence M. The Horizontal Society. New Haven and London:Yale University Press,1999.
Friedrich, Marianne M. Character and Narration in the Short Fiction of Saul Bellow. New York · Washington, D. C./Baltimore · San Francisco:Peter Lang,1995.
Fromm, Erich. Marx's Concept of Man. New York:Frederick Ungar Publishing,1961.
Fuchs, Daniel. Saul Bellow:Vision and Revision. Durham, NC:Duke UP,1984.
Gair, Christopher. The American Counterculture. Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,2007.
Galbraith, John Kenneth. The Affluent Society. New York:Houghton Mifflin,1998.
Gans, Herbert J. Popular Culture and High Culture. New York:Basic Books,1999.
Giddens, Anthony. "Living in a Post-Traditional Society." Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order. Eds. Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens, and Scott Lash. Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press,1994.
Gilman, Richard. "Saul Bellow's New Open, Spacious Novel about Art, Society and a Bizzare Poet." New York Times Book Review 17 Aug.1975.
Glenday, Michael K. Saul Bellow and the Decline of Humanism. London:Macmillan, 1990.
Goffman, Ethan. "Between Guilt and Affluence:The Jewish Gaze and the Black Thief in Mr. Sammler's Planet." Contemporary Literature.38.4 (1997):705-25.
Cohen, Sarah Blacher. "Sex:Saul Bellow's Hedonistic Joke." Studies of American Fiction 2 (1974):223-29.
Goldman, L. H. "Saul Bellow and the Philosophy of Judaism." Saul Bellow in the 1980s:A Collection of Critical Essays. Eds. Gloria L. Cronin and L. H. Goldman. East Lansing:Michigan University Press,1989.51-65.
---. Saul Bellow s Moral Vision:A Critical Study of the Jewish Experience. New York: Irvington Publishers,1983.
Goodman, Paul. Growing Up Absurd:Problems of Youth in the Organized System. New York:Random House,1960.
Gray, Richard. A History of American Literature. Malden, Ma:Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
Hall, Stuart. "The Question of Cultural Identity". Modernity and Its Future. Eds. S. Hall et al. Cambridge:Polity Press,1992.273-326.
Harap, Louis. In the Main Stream:The Jewish Presence in Twentieth-Century American Literature,1950s-1980s. New York:Greenwood Press,1987.
Harper, Gordon Lloyd. "The Art of Fiction:Saul Bellow." Cronin and Siegel 58-76.
Harris, Mark. Saul Bellow:Drumlin Woodchuck. Athens, Georgia:The University of Georgia Press,1980.
Hassan, Ihab. Radical Innocence:Studies in the Contemporary American Novel. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1971.
---. Rumours of Change:Essays of five decades. Tuscaloosa, AL.:University of Alabama Press,1995.
Hicks, Granville. "The Search for Salvation." Bach 100-02.
Horowitz, Daniel. The Anxieties of Affluence:Critiques of American Consumer Culture,1939-1979. Amherst, MA:University of Massachusetts Press,2004.
Howard, Jane. "Mr. Bellow Consider His Planet." Cronin and Siegel 77-83.
Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. Rev. of The Horizontal Society, Lawrence M. Friedman. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.571, Feminist Views of the Social Sciences Sep.2000:228-29.
Howe, Irving. "Odysseus, Flat on His Back." Saul Bellow:Modern Critical Views. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York:Chelsea House of Publisher,1986.45-51.
---. "Mr. Sammler's Planet." Bach 169-73.
Hyland, Peter. Saul Bellow. Basingstoke, Hampshire:Macmllan,1992.
Isserman, Maurice, and Michael Kazin. America Divided:The Civil War of the 1960s. New York:Oxford University Press,2000.
Jameson, Fredric. "Periodizing the 60s." Social Text 9/10 (1984):178-209.
Jekins, Richard. Social Identity. New York:Routledge,2008.
Kakutani, Michiko. "A Talk with Saul Bellow:On His Work and Himself." Cronin and Siegel 181.
Kazin, Alfred. Bright Book of Light. New York:Dell,1971.
Kim, Kyung-Ae. Quest for Saivation in Saul Bellow's Novels. New York:Peter Lang, 1994.
Kimball, Roger. The Long March:How the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s Changed America. San Francisco:Encounter Books,2000.
King, Martin Luther, Jr. "Letter from a Birmingham City Jail." America in the Sixties-Right, Left, and Center:A Documentary History. Ed. Peter B. Levy. Westport, CT:Praeger,1998.74-77.
Klein, Marcus. "A Discipline of Nobility:Saul Bellow's Fiction." Saul Bellow:A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Earl H. Rovit. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall,1975.135-60.
Kuhne, Dave. African Settings in Contemporary American Novels. Westport, Connecticut:Greenwood Press,1999.
Kulthrestha, Chirantan. "A Conversation with Saul Bellow." Chicago Review 23, no. 4 & 24, no.11971-72:7-15.
---. Saul Bellow:The Problem of Affirmation. New Delhi:Arnold,1978.
Lamont, Rosette C. "Bellow Observed:A Serial Portrait." Mosiac 8.1 (1974):247-57.
Lamy, Pascal. Humanising Globalization. Geneva, Switzerland:The WTO,30 January 2006. Web.10 May 2010.
Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher. "The Monotonous Music of the Spheres." The New York Times 26 Jan.1970:26.
Levy, Peter B., ed. America in the Sixties—Right, Left, and Center:A Documentary History. Westport, CT:Praeger,1998.
Liu, Wensong. Saul Bellow's Fiction:Power Relations and Female Representation. Xiamen:Xiamen University Press,2004.
Lodge, David. "Dead Reckoning." Times Literary Supplement 10 Oct.1775:1773.
Lodrigues, Eusebio L. "Saul Bellow's Henderson as America." Bach 119-24.
Malin, Irving. Jews and Americans. Carbondale:Southern Illinois University Press, 1965.
---. Saul Bellow s Fiction. Carbondale and Edwardsville:Southern Illinois University Press,1969.
Markos, Donald W. "Life Against Death in Henderson the Rain King." Bach 107-19.
Markus, Rose Hazel, and Shinobu Kitayama. "Models of Agency:Sociocultural Diversity in the Construction of Action." Cross-Cultural Differences in Perspectives on the Self. Eds. Virginia Murphy-Berman and John J. Berman. Volume 49 of the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln:University of Nebaska Press,2003.1-57.
McCadden, Joseph F. The Flight from the Women in the Fiction of Saul Bellow. Lanham, MD:University of America,1980.
McConnell, Frank. "Saul Bellow and the Terms of Our Contract." Saul Bellow. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York:Chelsea House Publishers,1986.101-14.
McNamee, Stephen J., and Robert K. Miller Jr. The Meritocracy Myth. 2nd ed. Lanham, Maryland:The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.,2009.
Meyer, Michael A. Jewish Identity in the Modern World. Seattle:University of Washington Press,1990.
Miller, Ruth. A Biography of Imagination. New York:St. Martin's Press,1991.
Moravitz, Sanford E. Introduction. Contemporary Jewish-American Novelists:A Bio-Critical Source Book. Eds. Joel Shatzky and Michael Taub. Westport, Connecticutt:Greenwood Press,1997. xix-xxxi.
Mumford, Lewis. The City in History. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1961.
Murphy, Russell Elliot. Critical Companion to T. S. Eliot:A literary Reference to His Life and Work. New York:Facts On File, Inc.,2007.
Newman, Judie. Saul Bellow and History. London and Basingstoke:Macmillan,1984.
Opdahl, Keith Michael. The Novels of Saul Bellow:An Introduction. University Park and London:The Pennsylvania State University Press,1967.
Pifer, Ellen. Saul Bellow against the Grain. Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,1990.
Poirie, Richard. "Herzog, or, Bellow in Trouble." Saul Bellow:A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Earl Rovit. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall,1975. 81-89.
Polychroniou, Chronis J. "Globalization and Capitalism:An Interview with Zygmunt Bauman." New Politics 12.3 (Summer 2009).110-16.
Porter, M. Gilbert. Whence the Power. Columbia, Missourie:University of Missourie Press,1974.
"Post-Fordism." Encyclopedia of Postcolonial Studies.2001.
Quayum, M. A. Saul Bellow and American Transcendentalism. New York:Peter Lang, 2004.
Quayum, M. A. and Sukhbir Singh, eds. Saul Bellow:The Man and His Work. Delhi: B.R Pub.,2000.
Reis, Ronald A. The Dust Bowl:Great Historic Disasters. New York:Chelsea House, 2008.
Riesman, David. The Lonely Crowd:A Study of the Changing American Character. New Haven:Yale University Press,1961.
Ritzer, George and Todd Stillman. "Assessing McDonaldization, Americanization and Globalization," in Global America? The Cultural Consequences of Globalization. Eds. Ulrich Beck, Natan Sznaider and Rainer Winter. Liverpool, England:Liverpool University Press,2003.30-48.
Rodrigues, Eusebio L. Quest for the Human:An Exploration of Saul Bellow's Fiction. Lewisburg:Bucknell University Press,1981.
Roudane, Matthew C. "An Interview with Saul Bellow." Contemporary Literary 25.3 (1984):265-80.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Discourse on the Origin of Inequality.1755; reprint, New York:Alfred A. Knopf,1993.
Rubin, D. C., ed. Autobiographical memory. Cambridge, MA:Cambridge University Press,1986.
Russell, Marianne. "White Man's Black Man:Three Views," GLA Journal 17 (1973): 93-100.
Scheer-Schazler, Brigitte. Saul Bellow. Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.,1972.
Schwartz, Delmore. "Adventure in America." Critical Essays on Saul Bellow. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co.,1979.8-10.
Shattuck, Roger. "A Higher Selfishness?" Bach 194-203.
Siegel, Ben. "Artists and Opportunists in Saul Bellow's Humboldt's Gift." Contemporary Literature 19.2(1978):143-64.
---. "Saul Bellow and Mr. Sammler:Absurd Seekers of High Quality." Saul Bellow:A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Earl Rovit. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall,1975.122-34.
Singer, Jefferson A., and Pavel Blagov. "The Integrative Function of Narrative Processing:Autobiographical Memory, Self-Defining Memories, and the life Story of Identity." The Self and Memory. Ed. Denise R. Bieke, et al. New York: Psychology Press,2004.117-38.
Smith, Herbert J. "Humboldt's Gift and Rudolf Steiner." Centennial Review 22.4 (1978):478-89.
Steers, Nina. "Successor to Faulkner?" Cronin and Siegel 28-36.
Tanner, Tony. Saul Bellow. London:Oliver & Boyd,1965.
Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America. New York:Schocken Books,1967.
Todorov, Tzvetan. Imperfect Garden. Trans. Carol Cosman. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2002.
Turner, Jackson Frederick. The Frontier in American History. New York:Henry Holt, 1947.
Wade, Steven. Jewish American Literature Since 1945:An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,1999.
Wald, Alan M. The New York Intellectuals:The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s. Chapel Hill, NC:University of North Carolina Press,1987.
Wallace, George C. " Inaugural Address." America in the Sixties-Right, Left, and Center:A Documentary History. Ed. Peter B. Levy. Westport, CT:Praeger,1998. 82-84.
Wang, Ling. "The Victimization of Male Protagonists in Saul Bellow's Major Fiction." Diss. Shanghai International Studies University,2008.
Warren, Robert Penn. "The Man with No Commitments." New Republic 2 Nov.1953: 22-23.
Wasserman, Harriet. Handsome Is:Adventures with Saul Bellow. New York:Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1997.
Whyte, William H. The Organization Man. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:University of Pennsylvania Press,2002.
Wilson, Jonathan. Herzog:Limits of Ideas. Boston:Twayne Publishers,1990.
---. On Bellow's Planet. Readings From the Dark Side. Rutherford, N J:Dickinson UP; London and Toronto:Associated University Presses,1985.
Wu, Lingying, and Jiang Jingzhi. Marginal Protagonists'Journey:A Study on Saul Bellow and Ralph Ellison. Changsha:Central South University Press,2005.
Young, Julian. The Death of God and the Meaning of Life. New York:Routledge, 2003.
Young, William H., and Nancy K. Young. The 1950s. Westport, CT:Greenwood Press, 2004.
Zhang, Jun. Passover from Darkness to Light:A Study of Saul Bellow's Early Fiction. Changchun:Northeast Normal University Press,2007.
Zheng, Li. Liberating Pandora:A Study of the Female Images and Bisexual Relationship in Saul Bellow's Four Novels. Beijing:Foreign Teaching and Research Press,2009.
Zhou, Nanyi. Toward A New Utopia:A Study of the Novels by Saul Bellow, Bernard Malamud, and Cynthia Ozick. Xiamen:Xiamen University Press,2005.
诺贝特·埃利亚斯：《个体的社会》,翟三江,陆兴华译。南京：译林出版社,2003年。
米哈伊尔·巴赫金：《小说理论》,白春仁、晓河译。石家庄：河北教育出版社,1998年。
齐格蒙特·鲍曼：《被围困的社会》,郇建立译,南京：江苏人民出版社,2005年。
——《立法者与阐释者——论现代性、后现代性与知识分子》,洪涛译。上海：上海人民出版社,2000年。
——《流动的现代性》,欧阳景根译。上海：上海三联书店,2002年。
索尔·贝娄：《索尔·贝娄全集第十四卷·集腋成裘集》,宋兆霖主编,李自修等译。石家庄：河北教育出版社,2002年。
——《索尔·贝娄全集第一卷·奥吉·马奇历险记(上)》,宋兆霖主编,宋兆霖译。石家庄：河北教育出版社,2002年。
——《索尔·贝娄全集第二卷·奥吉·马奇历险记(下)》,宋兆霖主编,宋兆霖译。石家庄：河北教育出版社,2002年。
——《索尔·贝娄全集第三卷·雨王汉德森》,宋兆霖主编,毛敏渚译,张子清校。石家庄：河北教育出版社,2002年。
——《索尔·贝娄全集第四卷·赫索格》,宋兆霖主编,宋兆霖译。石家庄：河北教育出版社,2002年。
——《索尔·贝娄全集第六卷·洪堡的礼物》,宋兆霖主编,蒲隆译。石家庄：河北教育出版社,2002年。
——《索尔·贝娄全集第五卷·赛姆勒先生的行星》,宋兆霖主编,汤永宽、主万译。石家庄：河北教育出版社,2002年。
——“半生尘缘续”,《索尔·贝娄全集第十四卷·集腋成裘集》,宋兆霖主编,李自修等译。河北教育出版社,2002年。389-406。
——“诺贝尔获奖受奖演说”,索尔·贝娄全集第十四卷·集腋成裘集》,宋兆霖主编,李自修等译。河北教育出版社,2002年。111-123。
——“序言”,《走向封闭的美国精神》,艾伦·布鲁姆著,缪青、宋丽娜等译。北京：中国社会科学出版社,1994年。1-12。
彼得·毕尔格：《主体的退隐》,陈良梅、夏清译。南京：南京大学出版社,2004年。
艾伦·布鲁姆：《走向封闭的美国精神》。缪青、宋丽娜等译。北京：社会科学出版社,1994年。
陈榕：“索尔·贝娄《赫索格》：书信技巧的挖掘与创新”,《解放军外国语学院学报》1999(1)：91-94。
程锡林：“西特林的思与忧”,《当代外国文学》2007(4)：14-20。
段良亮、单小明：“《赫索格》的戏仿解读”,《外国文学》2004(3)：79-83。
莫里斯·迪克斯坦：“小说与社会——1940年至1970年”,《剑桥美国文学史》(第七卷),萨克文·伯科维奇主编。孙宏主译。北京：中央编译出版社,2005年。103-327。
米歇尔·福柯：《词与物——人文知识考古学》,莫伟民译。上海三联书店,2002年。
——《规训与惩罚——监狱的诞生》,刘北成、杨远婴译。北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003年。
歌德：《歌德文集第一卷·浮士德》,绿原译。北京：人民文学出版社,2003年。
韩维：“新颖的视角深邃的意蕴——评索尔·贝娄新作《偷窃》”,《外国文学》1991(6)：87-90。
——“一幕当代生活的喜剧——评索尔·贝娄新作《更多的人死于伤心》”,《外国文学研究》1991(3)：99-103。
卡伦·霍妮：《我们时代的神经症人格》,冯川译。贵阳：贵州人民出版社,2004年。
籍晓红：“行走在理想与现实之间——索尔·贝娄中后期五部小说对后工业社会人类生存困境的揭示”。博士学位论文。浙江大学,2009年。
——“索尔·贝娄对于消费主义的批判——以《更多的人死于心碎》为例”,《外国文学研究》2008(5)：125-30。
江宁康：“评《拉维尔斯坦》的文化母题：寻找自我的民族家园”,《当代外国文 学》2006(1)：81-86。
金惠敏：“主体的沉浮与我们的现代性”,《外国文学》2001(6)：12-14。
李为民：“一曲存在者的咏叹调——贝娄小说价值重估”,《外国文学》1990(3)：82-84。
廖七一：“论<奥吉·马奇历险记)中的神话母题”,《外国文学研究》1994(4)：5-9。
买琳燕：“从歌德到索尔·贝娄的成长小说研究”。博士学位论文。吉林大学,2008年。
大卫·理斯曼：《孤独的人群》,王昆,朱虹译。南京：南京大学出版社,2002年。
李鑫华：“格雷布为什么找不到格林先生”,《外国文学评论》2001(4)：17-22。
刘兮颖：“论索尔·贝娄长篇小说中隐喻的‘父与子’主题”,《外国文学研究》2004(3)：61-68。
——“《更多的人死于心碎》中的‘对话’哲学”,《外国文学研究》2007(6)：121-29。
刘文松：“《赫索格》与索尔·贝娄其他小说比较”,《当代外国文学》1997(4)：167-170。
卡尔·马克思：《1844年经济学—哲学手稿》,刘丕坤译。北京：人民出版社,1979年。
戚咏梅：“试析索尔·贝娄小说中的人文主义精神”,《外国文学研究》2004(3)：69-73。
爱德华·W·萨伊德：《知识分子论》,单德兴译。北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2002年。
列维-斯特劳斯：《忧郁的热带》,王志明译。北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2005年。
苏晖：“焦虑·探索·回归”,《外国文学研究》1995(3)：34-39。
陶家俊、郑佰青：“论《格列佛游记》和《赛姆勒先生的行星》中的反社会人性母题”,《外国文学研究》2004(4)：142-146。
汪海如：“女性意识的觉醒——论贝娄笔下的职业女性”,《国外文学》1995(4)： 60-65。
汪汉利：“索尔·贝娄的文化渊源”。博士学位论文。天津师范大学,2008年。
王守仁：《新编美国文学史》第四卷。上海：上海外语教育出版社,2002年。
王阳：“索尔·贝娄与二项对立”,《外国文学评论》1996(2)：47-54。
王云弟：“叙述中的自我”,《外国文学评论》1995(1)：65-71。
魏啸飞：“美国犹太小说中的犹太精神”。博士学位论文。中国社会科学院,2001年。
——“诺亚方舟的火种——贝娄《哀思伤情》的多重视角”,《外国文学》2006(6)：51-58。
夏光武：“外国文学领域中的本土视角问题”,《外国文学评论》2004(4)：128-34。
肖明翰：“文学中的异化感与保守主义”,《外国文学评论》1994(1)：64-71。
修立梅：“从‘我要’出发试析雨王汉德森的精神危机”,《国外文学》2003(4)：85-93。
徐新：“美国作家贝娄析论”,《当代外国文学》1991(1)：162-68。
郁青：“《雨王汉德森》与《黑暗的心》”,《外国文学评论》1997(3)：90-95。
张群：“男人世界中的女性——论索尔·贝娄小说中的女性形象”,《外国语》2002(6)：74-78。
张晓君：“解读《只争朝夕》中的泰姆金医生”,《外国文学研究》2002(2)：87-90。
周南翼：《贝娄》。成都：四川人民出版社,2003年。
——“犹太小说中的父亲形象”,《外国文学研究》2000(2)：66-70。
邹智勇：“论当代美国犹太文学的犹太性及其形而上性”,《外国文学研究》2001(4)：37-40。
祝平：“悖论的迷宫”,《当代外国文学》2006(1)：73-80。
——“索尔·贝娄的肯定伦理观”,《外国文学评论》2007(2)：27-35。
——“乌云后的亮光”。博士学位论文。上海师范大学,2006年。
——“‘最好莫如作一个士兵’——索尔·贝娄《只争朝夕》中的伦理指向”,《国外文学》2009(2)：89-97。
① 1948年,时任总统的杜鲁门(Harry Truman)颁发命令,废止军队中的种族隔离制,在政府部门实行公平用人制度。但对此,军方行动迟缓,政府部门态度消极。1954年最高法院裁定,最高法院在1896年普莱西诉弗格森(Plessy v. Ferguson)一案中的裁定违宪。在1986年的那一案件中,最高法院认为,只要为白人与黑人提供相同设施,就不存在对平等权利的违反。“分离但平等”原则在美国南方成为一切设施的使用原则。实际上,对于黑人,很难有所谓的平等设施。见Rodney P. Carlisle and J. Geoffrey Golson, America in Revolt during the 1960s and 1970s (Santa Barbara, California:ABC-CLIO,2008),1-2.
② 埃米特·蒂尔(Emmett Till),一位芝加哥14岁少年。1955年其至密西西比州拜访亲戚,因被认为调戏白人女性(对一白人女性喊了一句：“嗨,宝贝儿。”),而遭肢解杀害。数位白人凶手被由白人组成的陪审团判定无罪而释放。见Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin, America Devided:The Civil War of the 1960s (New York:Oxford University Press,2000),35.
③ 罗莎·帕克斯(Rosa Parks)④ 裁缝,民权运动活动家。1955年12月1日,她在阿拉巴马州蒙哥马利市的公交车上,拒绝让座于白人而遭逮捕,由此引发当地抵制公交车运动。抵制运动长达381天,她也被称为“民权运动之母”。参见Rodney P. Carlisle and J. Geoffrey Golson, America in Revolt during the 1960s and 1970s (Santa Barbara, California:ABC-CLIO,2008),3.和 Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin, America Devided:The Civil War of the 1960s (New York:Oxford University Press,2000),29-30.
⑤ 如1957年的阿肯色州小石城中心高中入学事件,1960年的学生静坐行动,1961年的自由乘行动,1956-1965年间密西西比州大学融合行动,1963-1964伯明翰行动,1963年的挺进华盛顿行动(在这次行动中,在林肯纪念堂前,马丁·路德·金发表了著名的《我有一个梦想》的演讲),1963-1964年间的圣奥古斯丁行动,1964年的自由夏日行动等等。
① 这一短语是对奥吉这一人物颇具代表性的评述之一。见Robert Penn Warren, "The Man With No Commitments," New Republic, CXXIX (November 2,1953),22.
① 赫索格的博士论文《十八、十九世纪英法政治哲学的自然状况》很“出色”,也出版了若干论文,并出版了《浪漫主义与基督教》一书。见《赫索格》,第17页。
① 参见Alan M. Wald, The New York Intellectuals:The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s (Chapel Hill, NC:University of North Carolina Press,1987),364.
见Jo Brans, "Common Needs, Common Preoccupations:An Interview with Saul Bellow," in in Gloria L. Cronin and Ben Siegel (ed.), Conversations with Saul Bellow (Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1994), p.155.
Abrams, Richard M. America Transformed:Sixty Years of Revolutionary Changes, 1941-2001. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006.
Amis, Martin. "A Chicago of A Novel:In The Adventures of Augie March, Saul Bellow Retired the Cup. " The Atlantic Monthly October 2003:114-27.
Atlas, James. Bellow:A Biography. New York:Random House,2000.
Bach, Gerhard, ed. The Critical Response to Saul Bellow. Westport, CT:Greenwood Press,1995.
Bauman, Zygmunt. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge:Polity Press,2002.
Beach, Christopher. The Cambridge Introduction to Twentieth-Century American Poetry. Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press,2003.
Beck, Ulrich. World Risk Society. Cambridge:Polity Press,1999.
Beike, Denise R., James M. Lampinen, and Douglas A. Behrend. Evolving Conceptions of the Self and Memory. The Self and Memory. New York:Pschology Press.2004.3-7.
Bell, Daniel. The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. New York:Basic Books, 1976.
Bell, Pearl. "Bellow's Best and Worst." New York Leader 1 Sept.1975:19-20.
Bellow, Saul. The Adventures of Augie March. New York:Penguin Books,1953.
---. "Deep Readers of the World, Beware!" The New York Times Book Review 15 Feb. 1959:1 and 34.
---. Henderson the Rain King. London:Lowe and Brydone,1959.
---. Herzog. New York:The Viking Press.1964.
---. Humboldt's Gifts. New York:Avon Books,1975.
---. "Literature in the Age of Technology." Technology and the Frontiers of Knowledge. Garden City, New York:Doubleday & Company,1975.
---. Mr. Sammler's Planet. Greenwwich, Conn.:Fawcett Publications,1970.
---. Mosby's Memoirs and Other Stories. New York:Penguin Books,1977.144.
---.'The Old System." Mosby's Memoirs and Other Stories. New York:Penguin Books,1977.43-83.
---. "Saul Bellow:'Before I Go':A Conversation with Norman Manea." Salmagundi. 155/156. (Summer/Fall 2007):131-211.
---. "A World Too Much with Us." Critical Inquiry.2.1(1975):1-9.
---. "The Writer as Moralist." The Atlantic Mar.1963:58-62.
Berger, Allan. "The Logic of the Heart:Biblical Identity and American Culture in Saul Bellow's'The Old System'." Small Planets:Saul Bellow and the Art of Short Fiction. Eds. Gerhard Bach and Gloria Cronin. East Lansing, Michigan State University Press,2000.93-102.
Berryman, Charles. Decade of Novels:Fiction of the 1970s Form and Challenge. Troy, NY:Witson Publishing Company,1990.
Bower, Anne. Epistolary Responses:The Letter in 20th-Century American Fiction and Criticism. Tuscaloosa, AL:University of Alabama Press,1997.
Boyers, Robert. "Nature and Social Reality in Bellow's Sammler." Critical Quarterly, 15.3 (1973):251-71.
Bradbury, Malcolm. Saul Bellow. London:Methuen,1982.
Brans, Jo. "Common Needs, Common Preoccupations:An Interview with Saul Bllow." Gloria L. Cronin and Ben Siegel 140-60.
Bray, Joe. The Epistolary Novel:Representation of Consciousness. New York: Routledge,2003.
Breit, Harvey. "A Talk with Saul Bellow." Cronin and Siegel 3-5.
Brown, Helen Gurley. "Women Alone? Oh Come Now." America in the 1960s-Right, Left and Center:A Documentary History. Ed. Peter B. Levy. Westport, Connecticut:Praeger,1998.173-76.
Burg, David F. The Great Depression. New York:Facts On File, Inc.,2005.
Cahan, Abaham. The Rise of David Levinsk. New York:Penguin Books USA Inc., 1993.
Cantor, Norman F. Twentieth-Century Culture:Modernism to Deconstruction New York:Peter Lang,1988.
Cappell, Ezra. American Talmud:The Cultural Work of Jewish American Fiction. New York:State University of New York Press,2007.
Carlisle, Rodney P., and J. Geoffrey Golson, eds. America in Revolt during the 1960s and 1970s. Santa Barbara, California:ABC-CLIO,2008.
Chavkin, Allan. "Bellow and English Romanticism." Saul Bellow in the 1980s. Eds. Gloria L. Cronin and L. H. Goldman. East Lansing, Michigan:Michigan State University Press,1989.67-79.
---. "Mr. Sammler's War of the Planets." The Critical Response to H. G. Wells. Ed. William J. Scheick. Westport, CT:Greenwood Press,1995.33-47.
Clayton, John Jacob. Saul Bellow:In defense of Man. Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1979.
Cook, Bruce. "Saul Bellow:A Mood of Protest." Cronin and Siegel 6-18.
Cromie, Robert. "Saul Bellow Tells (among other things) the Thinking Behind Herzog." Chicago Tribune Books Today 24 Jan.1965:8-9.
Cronin. Gloria L. A Room of His Own:In Search of the Femine in the Novels of Saul Bellow. Syracuse, New York:Syracuse University Press,2001.
Cronin, Gloria L., and Ben Siegel, eds. Conversation with Saul Bellow. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,1994.
Cronin, Gloria L. and L. H. Goldman, eds. Saul Bellow in the 1980s:A Collection of Critical Essays. East Lansing, Michigan:Michigan University Press,1989.
Cusac, Anne-Marie. "Saul Bellow Reconsidered." The Progressive 29.6 (2005): 45-48.
Deleuze, Giles and Felix Grattari. Anti-Oedipus:Capitalism and Schizopnenia. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York:Viking Press,1977.
Demarest, David P., Jr. "The Theme of Discontinuity in Saul Bellow's Fiction: 'Looking for Mr. Green' and 'A father-to-Be'." Studies in Short Fiction 6 Jun. (1969):175-86.
Dietrich, Richard F. "The Biological Draft Doger in Bellow's'A Father-to-Be'." Small Planets:Saul Bellow and The Art of Short Fiction. Eds. Gerhard Bach and Gloria L. Cronin. East Lansing, Michigan:Michigan University Press,2000. 59-68.
Donaldson, Gary A. Abundance and Anxiety:America 1945-1960. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers,1997.
Dutton, Robert R. Saul Bellow. New York:Twayne Publishers,1971.
Echols, Alice. Shaky Gound:The 60s and Its Aftershocks. New York:Columbia University Press,2002.17-50.
Eiland, Howard. "Bellow's Crankiness." Chicago Review.32 no.4 Spring 1981.
Epstein, Joseph. "A Talk with Saul Bellow." Gloria L. Cronin and Ben Siegel 132-39.
"Exile." Cambridge International Dictionary of English.1995.
---Webster's New World College Dictionary.3rd ed.1997.
Fiedler, Leslie. "Saul Bellow." The Collected Essays of Leslie Fiedler. Vol.2. New York:Stein and Day,1971.56-64.
Fox, Margalit. "Betty Friedan Who Ignited Cause in'Feminine Mystique,'Dies at 85." New York Times 5 Feb.2006.
Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. New York:W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2001.
Friedman, Lawrence M. The Horizontal Society. New Haven and London:Yale University Press,1999.
Friedrich, Marianne M. Character and Narration in the Short Fiction of Saul Bellow. New York · Washington, D. C./Baltimore · San Francisco:Peter Lang,1995.
Fromm, Erich. Marx's Concept of Man. New York:Frederick Ungar Publishing,1961.
Fuchs, Daniel. Saul Bellow:Vision and Revision. Durham, NC:Duke UP,1984.
Gair, Christopher. The American Counterculture. Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,2007.
Galbraith, John Kenneth. The Affluent Society. New York:Houghton Mifflin,1998.
Gans, Herbert J. Popular Culture and High Culture. New York:Basic Books,1999.
Giddens, Anthony. "Living in a Post-Traditional Society." Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order. Eds. Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens, and Scott Lash. Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press,1994.
Gilman, Richard. "Saul Bellow's New Open, Spacious Novel about Art, Society and a Bizzare Poet." New York Times Book Review 17 Aug.1975.
Glenday, Michael K. Saul Bellow and the Decline of Humanism. London:Macmillan, 1990.
Goffman, Ethan. "Between Guilt and Affluence:The Jewish Gaze and the Black Thief in Mr. Sammler's Planet." Contemporary Literature.38.4 (1997):705-25.
Cohen, Sarah Blacher. "Sex:Saul Bellow's Hedonistic Joke." Studies of American Fiction 2 (1974):223-29.
Goldman, L. H. "Saul Bellow and the Philosophy of Judaism." Saul Bellow in the 1980s:A Collection of Critical Essays. Eds. Gloria L. Cronin and L. H. Goldman. East Lansing:Michigan University Press,1989.51-65.
---. Saul Bellow s Moral Vision:A Critical Study of the Jewish Experience. New York: Irvington Publishers,1983.
Goodman, Paul. Growing Up Absurd:Problems of Youth in the Organized System. New York:Random House,1960.
Gray, Richard. A History of American Literature. Malden, Ma:Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
Hall, Stuart. "The Question of Cultural Identity". Modernity and Its Future. Eds. S. Hall et al. Cambridge:Polity Press,1992.273-326.
Harap, Louis. In the Main Stream:The Jewish Presence in Twentieth-Century American Literature,1950s-1980s. New York:Greenwood Press,1987.
Harper, Gordon Lloyd. "The Art of Fiction:Saul Bellow." Cronin and Siegel 58-76.
Harris, Mark. Saul Bellow:Drumlin Woodchuck. Athens, Georgia:The University of Georgia Press,1980.
Hassan, Ihab. Radical Innocence:Studies in the Contemporary American Novel. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1971.
---. Rumours of Change:Essays of five decades. Tuscaloosa, AL.:University of Alabama Press,1995.
Hicks, Granville. "The Search for Salvation." Bach 100-02.
Horowitz, Daniel. The Anxieties of Affluence:Critiques of American Consumer Culture,1939-1979. Amherst, MA:University of Massachusetts Press,2004.
Howard, Jane. "Mr. Bellow Consider His Planet." Cronin and Siegel 77-83.
Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. Rev. of The Horizontal Society, Lawrence M. Friedman. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.571, Feminist Views of the Social Sciences Sep.2000:228-29.
Howe, Irving. "Odysseus, Flat on His Back." Saul Bellow:Modern Critical Views. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York:Chelsea House of Publisher,1986.45-51.
---. "Mr. Sammler's Planet." Bach 169-73.
Hyland, Peter. Saul Bellow. Basingstoke, Hampshire:Macmllan,1992.
Isserman, Maurice, and Michael Kazin. America Divided:The Civil War of the 1960s. New York:Oxford University Press,2000.
Jameson, Fredric. "Periodizing the 60s." Social Text 9/10 (1984):178-209.
Jekins, Richard. Social Identity. New York:Routledge,2008.
Kakutani, Michiko. "A Talk with Saul Bellow:On His Work and Himself." Cronin and Siegel 181.
Kazin, Alfred. Bright Book of Light. New York:Dell,1971.
Kim, Kyung-Ae. Quest for Saivation in Saul Bellow's Novels. New York:Peter Lang, 1994.
Kimball, Roger. The Long March:How the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s Changed America. San Francisco:Encounter Books,2000.
King, Martin Luther, Jr. "Letter from a Birmingham City Jail." America in the Sixties-Right, Left, and Center:A Documentary History. Ed. Peter B. Levy. Westport, CT:Praeger,1998.74-77.
Klein, Marcus. "A Discipline of Nobility:Saul Bellow's Fiction." Saul Bellow:A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Earl H. Rovit. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall,1975.135-60.
Kuhne, Dave. African Settings in Contemporary American Novels. Westport, Connecticut:Greenwood Press,1999.
Kulthrestha, Chirantan. "A Conversation with Saul Bellow." Chicago Review 23, no. 4 & 24, no.11971-72:7-15.
---. Saul Bellow:The Problem of Affirmation. New Delhi:Arnold,1978.
Lamont, Rosette C. "Bellow Observed:A Serial Portrait." Mosiac 8.1 (1974):247-57.
Lamy, Pascal. Humanising Globalization. Geneva, Switzerland:The WTO,30 January 2006. Web.10 May 2010.
Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher. "The Monotonous Music of the Spheres." The New York Times 26 Jan.1970:26.
Levy, Peter B., ed. America in the Sixties—Right, Left, and Center:A Documentary History. Westport, CT:Praeger,1998.
Liu, Wensong. Saul Bellow's Fiction:Power Relations and Female Representation. Xiamen:Xiamen University Press,2004.
Lodge, David. "Dead Reckoning." Times Literary Supplement 10 Oct.1775:1773.
Lodrigues, Eusebio L. "Saul Bellow's Henderson as America." Bach 119-24.
Malin, Irving. Jews and Americans. Carbondale:Southern Illinois University Press, 1965.
---. Saul Bellow s Fiction. Carbondale and Edwardsville:Southern Illinois University Press,1969.
Markos, Donald W. "Life Against Death in Henderson the Rain King." Bach 107-19.
Markus, Rose Hazel, and Shinobu Kitayama. "Models of Agency:Sociocultural Diversity in the Construction of Action." Cross-Cultural Differences in Perspectives on the Self. Eds. Virginia Murphy-Berman and John J. Berman. Volume 49 of the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln:University of Nebaska Press,2003.1-57.
McCadden, Joseph F. The Flight from the Women in the Fiction of Saul Bellow. Lanham, MD:University of America,1980.
McConnell, Frank. "Saul Bellow and the Terms of Our Contract." Saul Bellow. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York:Chelsea House Publishers,1986.101-14.
McNamee, Stephen J., and Robert K. Miller Jr. The Meritocracy Myth. 2nd ed. Lanham, Maryland:The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.,2009.
Meyer, Michael A. Jewish Identity in the Modern World. Seattle:University of Washington Press,1990.
Miller, Ruth. A Biography of Imagination. New York:St. Martin's Press,1991.
Moravitz, Sanford E. Introduction. Contemporary Jewish-American Novelists:A Bio-Critical Source Book. Eds. Joel Shatzky and Michael Taub. Westport, Connecticutt:Greenwood Press,1997. xix-xxxi.
Mumford, Lewis. The City in History. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1961.
Murphy, Russell Elliot. Critical Companion to T. S. Eliot:A literary Reference to His Life and Work. New York:Facts On File, Inc.,2007.
Newman, Judie. Saul Bellow and History. London and Basingstoke:Macmillan,1984.
Opdahl, Keith Michael. The Novels of Saul Bellow:An Introduction. University Park and London:The Pennsylvania State University Press,1967.
Pifer, Ellen. Saul Bellow against the Grain. Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,1990.
Poirie, Richard. "Herzog, or, Bellow in Trouble." Saul Bellow:A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Earl Rovit. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall,1975. 81-89.
Polychroniou, Chronis J. "Globalization and Capitalism:An Interview with Zygmunt Bauman." New Politics 12.3 (Summer 2009).110-16.
Porter, M. Gilbert. Whence the Power. Columbia, Missourie:University of Missourie Press,1974.
"Post-Fordism." Encyclopedia of Postcolonial Studies.2001.
Quayum, M. A. Saul Bellow and American Transcendentalism. New York:Peter Lang, 2004.
Quayum, M. A. and Sukhbir Singh, eds. Saul Bellow:The Man and His Work. Delhi: B.R Pub.,2000.
Reis, Ronald A. The Dust Bowl:Great Historic Disasters. New York:Chelsea House, 2008.
Riesman, David. The Lonely Crowd:A Study of the Changing American Character. New Haven:Yale University Press,1961.
Ritzer, George and Todd Stillman. "Assessing McDonaldization, Americanization and Globalization," in Global America? The Cultural Consequences of Globalization. Eds. Ulrich Beck, Natan Sznaider and Rainer Winter. Liverpool, England:Liverpool University Press,2003.30-48.
Rodrigues, Eusebio L. Quest for the Human:An Exploration of Saul Bellow's Fiction. Lewisburg:Bucknell University Press,1981.
Roudane, Matthew C. "An Interview with Saul Bellow." Contemporary Literary 25.3 (1984):265-80.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Discourse on the Origin of Inequality.1755; reprint, New York:Alfred A. Knopf,1993.
Rubin, D. C., ed. Autobiographical memory. Cambridge, MA:Cambridge University Press,1986.
Russell, Marianne. "White Man's Black Man:Three Views," GLA Journal 17 (1973): 93-100.
Scheer-Schazler, Brigitte. Saul Bellow. Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.,1972.
Schwartz, Delmore. "Adventure in America." Critical Essays on Saul Bellow. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co.,1979.8-10.
Shattuck, Roger. "A Higher Selfishness?" Bach 194-203.
Siegel, Ben. "Artists and Opportunists in Saul Bellow's Humboldt's Gift." Contemporary Literature 19.2(1978):143-64.
---. "Saul Bellow and Mr. Sammler:Absurd Seekers of High Quality." Saul Bellow:A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Earl Rovit. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall,1975.122-34.
Singer, Jefferson A., and Pavel Blagov. "The Integrative Function of Narrative Processing:Autobiographical Memory, Self-Defining Memories, and the life Story of Identity." The Self and Memory. Ed. Denise R. Bieke, et al. New York: Psychology Press,2004.117-38.
Smith, Herbert J. "Humboldt's Gift and Rudolf Steiner." Centennial Review 22.4 (1978):478-89.
Steers, Nina. "Successor to Faulkner?" Cronin and Siegel 28-36.
Tanner, Tony. Saul Bellow. London:Oliver & Boyd,1965.
Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America. New York:Schocken Books,1967.
Todorov, Tzvetan. Imperfect Garden. Trans. Carol Cosman. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2002.
Turner, Jackson Frederick. The Frontier in American History. New York:Henry Holt, 1947.
Wade, Steven. Jewish American Literature Since 1945:An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,1999.
Wald, Alan M. The New York Intellectuals:The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s. Chapel Hill, NC:University of North Carolina Press,1987.
Wallace, George C. " Inaugural Address." America in the Sixties-Right, Left, and Center:A Documentary History. Ed. Peter B. Levy. Westport, CT:Praeger,1998. 82-84.
Wang, Ling. "The Victimization of Male Protagonists in Saul Bellow's Major Fiction." Diss. Shanghai International Studies University,2008.
Warren, Robert Penn. "The Man with No Commitments." New Republic 2 Nov.1953: 22-23.
Wasserman, Harriet. Handsome Is:Adventures with Saul Bellow. New York:Fromm International Publishing Corporation,1997.
Whyte, William H. The Organization Man. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:University of Pennsylvania Press,2002.
Wilson, Jonathan. Herzog:Limits of Ideas. Boston:Twayne Publishers,1990.
---. On Bellow's Planet. Readings From the Dark Side. Rutherford, N J:Dickinson UP; London and Toronto:Associated University Presses,1985.
Wu, Lingying, and Jiang Jingzhi. Marginal Protagonists'Journey:A Study on Saul Bellow and Ralph Ellison. Changsha:Central South University Press,2005.
Young, Julian. The Death of God and the Meaning of Life. New York:Routledge, 2003.
Young, William H., and Nancy K. Young. The 1950s. Westport, CT:Greenwood Press, 2004.
Zhang, Jun. Passover from Darkness to Light:A Study of Saul Bellow's Early Fiction. Changchun:Northeast Normal University Press,2007.
Zheng, Li. Liberating Pandora:A Study of the Female Images and Bisexual Relationship in Saul Bellow's Four Novels. Beijing:Foreign Teaching and Research Press,2009.
Zhou, Nanyi. Toward A New Utopia:A Study of the Novels by Saul Bellow, Bernard Malamud, and Cynthia Ozick. Xiamen:Xiamen University Press,2005.
诺贝特·埃利亚斯：《个体的社会》,翟三江,陆兴华译。南京：译林出版社,2003年。
米哈伊尔·巴赫金：《小说理论》,白春仁、晓河译。石家庄：河北教育出版社,1998年。
齐格蒙特·鲍曼：《被围困的社会》,郇建立译,南京：江苏人民出版社,2005年。
——《立法者与阐释者——论现代性、后现代性与知识分子》,洪涛译。上海：上海人民出版社,2000年。
——《流动的现代性》,欧阳景根译。上海：上海三联书店,2002年。
索尔·贝娄：《索尔·贝娄全集第十四卷·集腋成裘集》,宋兆霖主编,李自修等译。石家庄：河北教育出版社,2002年。
——《索尔·贝娄全集第一卷·奥吉·马奇历险记(上)》,宋兆霖主编,宋兆霖译。石家庄：河北教育出版社,2002年。
——《索尔·贝娄全集第二卷·奥吉·马奇历险记(下)》,宋兆霖主编,宋兆霖译。石家庄：河北教育出版社,2002年。
——《索尔·贝娄全集第三卷·雨王汉德森》,宋兆霖主编,毛敏渚译,张子清校。石家庄：河北教育出版社,2002年。
——《索尔·贝娄全集第四卷·赫索格》,宋兆霖主编,宋兆霖译。石家庄：河北教育出版社,2002年。
——《索尔·贝娄全集第六卷·洪堡的礼物》,宋兆霖主编,蒲隆译。石家庄：河北教育出版社,2002年。
——《索尔·贝娄全集第五卷·赛姆勒先生的行星》,宋兆霖主编,汤永宽、主万译。石家庄：河北教育出版社,2002年。
——“半生尘缘续”,《索尔·贝娄全集第十四卷·集腋成裘集》,宋兆霖主编,李自修等译。河北教育出版社,2002年。389-406。
——“诺贝尔获奖受奖演说”,索尔·贝娄全集第十四卷·集腋成裘集》,宋兆霖主编,李自修等译。河北教育出版社,2002年。111-123。
——“序言”,《走向封闭的美国精神》,艾伦·布鲁姆著,缪青、宋丽娜等译。北京：中国社会科学出版社,1994年。1-12。
彼得·毕尔格：《主体的退隐》,陈良梅、夏清译。南京：南京大学出版社,2004年。
艾伦·布鲁姆：《走向封闭的美国精神》。缪青、宋丽娜等译。北京：社会科学出版社,1994年。
陈榕：“索尔·贝娄《赫索格》：书信技巧的挖掘与创新”,《解放军外国语学院学报》1999(1)：91-94。
程锡林：“西特林的思与忧”,《当代外国文学》2007(4)：14-20。
段良亮、单小明：“《赫索格》的戏仿解读”,《外国文学》2004(3)：79-83。
莫里斯·迪克斯坦：“小说与社会——1940年至1970年”,《剑桥美国文学史》(第七卷),萨克文·伯科维奇主编。孙宏主译。北京：中央编译出版社,2005年。103-327。
米歇尔·福柯：《词与物——人文知识考古学》,莫伟民译。上海三联书店,2002年。
——《规训与惩罚——监狱的诞生》,刘北成、杨远婴译。北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003年。
歌德：《歌德文集第一卷·浮士德》,绿原译。北京：人民文学出版社,2003年。
韩维：“新颖的视角深邃的意蕴——评索尔·贝娄新作《偷窃》”,《外国文学》1991(6)：87-90。
——“一幕当代生活的喜剧——评索尔·贝娄新作《更多的人死于伤心》”,《外国文学研究》1991(3)：99-103。
卡伦·霍妮：《我们时代的神经症人格》,冯川译。贵阳：贵州人民出版社,2004年。
籍晓红：“行走在理想与现实之间——索尔·贝娄中后期五部小说对后工业社会人类生存困境的揭示”。博士学位论文。浙江大学,2009年。
——“索尔·贝娄对于消费主义的批判——以《更多的人死于心碎》为例”,《外国文学研究》2008(5)：125-30。
江宁康：“评《拉维尔斯坦》的文化母题：寻找自我的民族家园”,《当代外国文 学》2006(1)：81-86。
金惠敏：“主体的沉浮与我们的现代性”,《外国文学》2001(6)：12-14。
李为民：“一曲存在者的咏叹调——贝娄小说价值重估”,《外国文学》1990(3)：82-84。
廖七一：“论<奥吉·马奇历险记)中的神话母题”,《外国文学研究》1994(4)：5-9。
买琳燕：“从歌德到索尔·贝娄的成长小说研究”。博士学位论文。吉林大学,2008年。
大卫·理斯曼：《孤独的人群》,王昆,朱虹译。南京：南京大学出版社,2002年。
李鑫华：“格雷布为什么找不到格林先生”,《外国文学评论》2001(4)：17-22。
刘兮颖：“论索尔·贝娄长篇小说中隐喻的‘父与子’主题”,《外国文学研究》2004(3)：61-68。
——“《更多的人死于心碎》中的‘对话’哲学”,《外国文学研究》2007(6)：121-29。
刘文松：“《赫索格》与索尔·贝娄其他小说比较”,《当代外国文学》1997(4)：167-170。
卡尔·马克思：《1844年经济学—哲学手稿》,刘丕坤译。北京：人民出版社,1979年。
戚咏梅：“试析索尔·贝娄小说中的人文主义精神”,《外国文学研究》2004(3)：69-73。
爱德华·W·萨伊德：《知识分子论》,单德兴译。北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2002年。
列维-斯特劳斯：《忧郁的热带》,王志明译。北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2005年。
苏晖：“焦虑·探索·回归”,《外国文学研究》1995(3)：34-39。
陶家俊、郑佰青：“论《格列佛游记》和《赛姆勒先生的行星》中的反社会人性母题”,《外国文学研究》2004(4)：142-146。
汪海如：“女性意识的觉醒——论贝娄笔下的职业女性”,《国外文学》1995(4)： 60-65。
汪汉利：“索尔·贝娄的文化渊源”。博士学位论文。天津师范大学,2008年。
王守仁：《新编美国文学史》第四卷。上海：上海外语教育出版社,2002年。
王阳：“索尔·贝娄与二项对立”,《外国文学评论》1996(2)：47-54。
王云弟：“叙述中的自我”,《外国文学评论》1995(1)：65-71。
魏啸飞：“美国犹太小说中的犹太精神”。博士学位论文。中国社会科学院,2001年。
——“诺亚方舟的火种——贝娄《哀思伤情》的多重视角”,《外国文学》2006(6)：51-58。
夏光武：“外国文学领域中的本土视角问题”,《外国文学评论》2004(4)：128-34。
肖明翰：“文学中的异化感与保守主义”,《外国文学评论》1994(1)：64-71。
修立梅：“从‘我要’出发试析雨王汉德森的精神危机”,《国外文学》2003(4)：85-93。
徐新：“美国作家贝娄析论”,《当代外国文学》1991(1)：162-68。
郁青：“《雨王汉德森》与《黑暗的心》”,《外国文学评论》1997(3)：90-95。
张群：“男人世界中的女性——论索尔·贝娄小说中的女性形象”,《外国语》2002(6)：74-78。
张晓君：“解读《只争朝夕》中的泰姆金医生”,《外国文学研究》2002(2)：87-90。
周南翼：《贝娄》。成都：四川人民出版社,2003年。
——“犹太小说中的父亲形象”,《外国文学研究》2000(2)：66-70。
邹智勇：“论当代美国犹太文学的犹太性及其形而上性”,《外国文学研究》2001(4)：37-40。
祝平：“悖论的迷宫”,《当代外国文学》2006(1)：73-80。
——“索尔·贝娄的肯定伦理观”,《外国文学评论》2007(2)：27-35。
——“乌云后的亮光”。博士学位论文。上海师范大学,2006年。
——“‘最好莫如作一个士兵’——索尔·贝娄《只争朝夕》中的伦理指向”,《国外文学》2009(2)：89-97。
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |