资源开发项目影响综合评价方法研究及生态修复对策
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摘要
随着经济的发展，自然资源的有限性与社会发展需求的无限性之间的矛盾越发突出，为改善生态环境，保护可持续利用的自然资源和生态环境，要对生态环境影响进行合理的定量评价和预测。生态环境影响评价是一个综合分析生态环境和开发建设活动特点以及二者相互作用的过程，由于生态影响有潜在性、累积性和整体性等特点，使得其与一般的污染型建设项目和活动不同，那么一种实用性强、简单易懂，并且能够对生态环境影响进行定量评价的方法就显得尤为重要。
生态环境影响综合评价方法体系，包括指标体系的选取和建立、指标权重的计算、生态评价及预测方法、数据标准化处理以及指数归一化系数的计算方法。对我国西北内陆区域生态系统的特征和特点进行系统分析的基础上，根据整体性、代表性、动态性、科学性、可操作性原则，构建了适用于平朔矿区生态影响评价指标体系，第一层指标是生态环境综合评价指标，第二层指标有土壤退化、水环境、植被覆盖度、环境质量指数。采用层次分析法确定指标权重值和指数法对数据标准化处理，结合生态系统综合评价法和综合指数法，依据不同区域生态评价方法中指数的全国归一化系数计算方法，对平朔矿区进行了生态环境影响综合评价。主要研究某指数评价区域归一化系数的计算方法，即：因评价区域可能跨不同地区，而不同地区整体生态环境质量不同，存在地域差异性，所以将评价范围划分为若干小区域，对每个小区域进行各个指数的中间值计算，然后选择最大的中间值计算某指数的评价区域归一化系数。
研究表明：此体系是一种简单合理、实用性较强的方法，用数值直观地表现出工程建设前后对生态环境影响的变化量，得出平朔矿区2010年生态环境指数为82.56，变化量|△EI|=6.76＞5，生态环境明显变差。此体系不但适用于区域生态环境质量评价，而且适用于建设项目的生态环境影响评价。研究成果可以为以后的生态环境影响评价工作提供基础；对我国区域生态环境质量状况评价、建设项目和资源开发项目的生态环境影响综合评价提供参考，并以此为自然资源开发者在选择生态环境的开发方向、开发规模时提供依据，为生态系统恢复和重建的设计提供依据，为生态环境保护提出有效的途径和措施，从而实现生态资源的可持续发展。
With the development of economic, the contradictory between the limited natural resources and the limitless social demand has being more and more obvious gradually. in order to improve the ecological environment and protect the precious natural resources and ecological environment, the eco-environment impact should be evaluated quantitatively and forecasted reasonably. Ecological environmental impact Ecological environmental is a comprehensive analysis that the eco-environment and construction activities, as for the trait of ecological impact is potential, cumulative and integrity, it is different from common pollution construction projects and activities, so it is of vital significance to find a simple and practical method to quantitatively evaluate the ecological environment quality.
The system of comprehensive eco-environmental impact assessment, including the selection of index system, weight calculation, ecological environmental assessment, forecasting method, data normalization and index normalized coefficient calculating procedure.
The index system for evaluating the eco-environment quality in Pingshuo mining area was developed based on analyzing the peculiar properties and features of the ecosystems in northwest China according to the principles of the integration, representation, dynamics, scientific and practicability, the first layer of the index system was the eco-environment quality index, The second layer include soil degradation index, water quality index, vegetation coverage index and environmental quality index. Moreover, the weights of all the evaluating factors were defined by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the indexes were processed by index method. Combined the ecosystem comprehensive evaluation with comprehensive index method, and then according to the index normalized coefficient method. This system was applied to the eco-environmental impact assessment in Pingshuo area. The index normalized coefficient method was discussed and studied mostly. The ecological environment quality index in different area was different, so the assessment area was divided into many small regions. The middle eco-environment quality index in every region was counted, and then the max one was chosen as the index normalized coefficient.
The result indicated that the system was simple and logical, practicable. The variation of eco-environment quality was digitized visually between before and after the project. It was estimated that the synthetic index of the ecological environment in Pingshuo area will be 82.56 in2010. it became worse obviously, the variation of the eco- environment quality index(|△EI) is 6.76>5. This system was applied not only to regional eco-environmental status evaluation, but also to the eco-environmental impact assessment. Provide Research findings paved the way for the work of the eco-environmental impact assessment in the future, and charted the path for exploiting the natural resources and designing the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the ecosystem. In the final analysis, in terms of the finding, the effective ways and measures were come up to protect the ecological environment and achieve ecological resources for sustainable development.
生态环境影响综合评价方法体系，包括指标体系的选取和建立、指标权重的计算、生态评价及预测方法、数据标准化处理以及指数归一化系数的计算方法。对我国西北内陆区域生态系统的特征和特点进行系统分析的基础上，根据整体性、代表性、动态性、科学性、可操作性原则，构建了适用于平朔矿区生态影响评价指标体系，第一层指标是生态环境综合评价指标，第二层指标有土壤退化、水环境、植被覆盖度、环境质量指数。采用层次分析法确定指标权重值和指数法对数据标准化处理，结合生态系统综合评价法和综合指数法，依据不同区域生态评价方法中指数的全国归一化系数计算方法，对平朔矿区进行了生态环境影响综合评价。主要研究某指数评价区域归一化系数的计算方法，即：因评价区域可能跨不同地区，而不同地区整体生态环境质量不同，存在地域差异性，所以将评价范围划分为若干小区域，对每个小区域进行各个指数的中间值计算，然后选择最大的中间值计算某指数的评价区域归一化系数。
研究表明：此体系是一种简单合理、实用性较强的方法，用数值直观地表现出工程建设前后对生态环境影响的变化量，得出平朔矿区2010年生态环境指数为82.56，变化量|△EI|=6.76＞5，生态环境明显变差。此体系不但适用于区域生态环境质量评价，而且适用于建设项目的生态环境影响评价。研究成果可以为以后的生态环境影响评价工作提供基础；对我国区域生态环境质量状况评价、建设项目和资源开发项目的生态环境影响综合评价提供参考，并以此为自然资源开发者在选择生态环境的开发方向、开发规模时提供依据，为生态系统恢复和重建的设计提供依据，为生态环境保护提出有效的途径和措施，从而实现生态资源的可持续发展。
With the development of economic, the contradictory between the limited natural resources and the limitless social demand has being more and more obvious gradually. in order to improve the ecological environment and protect the precious natural resources and ecological environment, the eco-environment impact should be evaluated quantitatively and forecasted reasonably. Ecological environmental impact Ecological environmental is a comprehensive analysis that the eco-environment and construction activities, as for the trait of ecological impact is potential, cumulative and integrity, it is different from common pollution construction projects and activities, so it is of vital significance to find a simple and practical method to quantitatively evaluate the ecological environment quality.
The system of comprehensive eco-environmental impact assessment, including the selection of index system, weight calculation, ecological environmental assessment, forecasting method, data normalization and index normalized coefficient calculating procedure.
The index system for evaluating the eco-environment quality in Pingshuo mining area was developed based on analyzing the peculiar properties and features of the ecosystems in northwest China according to the principles of the integration, representation, dynamics, scientific and practicability, the first layer of the index system was the eco-environment quality index, The second layer include soil degradation index, water quality index, vegetation coverage index and environmental quality index. Moreover, the weights of all the evaluating factors were defined by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the indexes were processed by index method. Combined the ecosystem comprehensive evaluation with comprehensive index method, and then according to the index normalized coefficient method. This system was applied to the eco-environmental impact assessment in Pingshuo area. The index normalized coefficient method was discussed and studied mostly. The ecological environment quality index in different area was different, so the assessment area was divided into many small regions. The middle eco-environment quality index in every region was counted, and then the max one was chosen as the index normalized coefficient.
The result indicated that the system was simple and logical, practicable. The variation of eco-environment quality was digitized visually between before and after the project. It was estimated that the synthetic index of the ecological environment in Pingshuo area will be 82.56 in2010. it became worse obviously, the variation of the eco- environment quality index(|△EI) is 6.76>5. This system was applied not only to regional eco-environmental status evaluation, but also to the eco-environmental impact assessment. Provide Research findings paved the way for the work of the eco-environmental impact assessment in the future, and charted the path for exploiting the natural resources and designing the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the ecosystem. In the final analysis, in terms of the finding, the effective ways and measures were come up to protect the ecological environment and achieve ecological resources for sustainable development.
引文
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