小波域静态图像数字水印技术的研究
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摘要
随着Internet的迅速发展，各种各样的数字多媒体信息包括文本、图像、音频、视频等通过网络广泛传播。但是网上的信息可以被方便地复制和修改，因特网上的侵权问题变得越来越严重。因此，如何保护作品的版权已经受到人们的广泛重视。为了解决这个问题，数字水印技术应运而生。
数字水印技术将特定信息嵌入数字产品中，是一种新型的版权保护机制。借助数字水印可以证明原创作者对其数字产品的所有权，并作为鉴定、起诉非法侵权的证据。一般而言，数字水印算法按嵌入域可分为空间域方法和变换域方法。空间域方法比较简单，但这类方法对于极小的改动都很脆弱。在许多情况下，即使由于有损压缩的很小变化也能使整个隐藏信息丢失。变换域方法是在宿主图像的重要区域嵌入水印，因而比空间域方法能够更好地抵抗压缩、剪切和其它一些图像处理操作的攻击。事实上，这类算法不仅能更好地抵抗各种信号处理操作，而且还保持对人类感观系统的不可感知性。目前主要有两种变换域方法，一种是使用离散余弦变换(DCT)，另一种是使用离散小波变换(DWT)。
本文主要讨论小波域的数字水印算法。小波分析是目前国际上公认的最新时间-频率分析工具。在小波系数中嵌入水印，可保证水印的鲁棒性较好。本文提出了一种DWT域的非盲数字水印算法，该方法根据人眼视觉特性和图像本身的特征决定水印嵌入的位置。实验结果表明水印是不可感知的，并且对于各种图像处理操作是鲁棒的。然后本文根据图像小波系数之间的树结构关系和图像小波系数的统计特征对该算法进行改进，并且将水印作为一幅二值图像来处理，根据JND阈值将小波系数分为两类，对不同的类采用不同的嵌入对策。改进后的算法在水印检测时不需要使用宿主图像。最后本文介绍了一种感兴趣区域的数字水印算法，该方法使特定区域得到更好的保护。
With the rapid development of the Internet, various kinds of digital multimedia information including text, image, audio and video etc. have widely distributed through network. But the information on Internet can be easily duplicated and modified. So the copyright infringing problem on Internet is becoming more and more serious. How to provide copyright protection has drawn extensive attention in recent years. To solve this problem, the digital watermarking technique has been investigated.
Digital watermarking technique, which embeds special information into digital products, is a new method for copyright protection. With the help of digital watermark, we can prove the originator's owner to digital products that he creates, and the watermark can be the proof of authentication and prosecuting illegal copyright infringing.
Basically, there are two common methods of digital watermarking technique: spatial domain methods and transform domain methods. Spatial domain techniques are easy ways to embed information, but they are highly vulnerable to even small cover modifications. In many cases even the small changes resulting out of lossy compression systems yield to total information loss.
Transform domain methods hide watermark in significant areas of the host image that makes them more robust to attacks, such as compression, cropping, and some other image processing, than the spatial methods. However, while they are more robust to various kinds of signal processing, they remain imperceptible to the human sensory system. There are two main transform domain methods, one is to use the discrete cosine transformation (DCT) ; the other would be the use of discrete wavelet transforms (DWT).
In this paper, we main discuss the digital watermarking algorithms in wavelet domain. Wavelet analysis is internationally recognized up to the minute tools for analyzing the time-frequency. It has higher robustness to embed digital watermark in wavelet coefficients. A non-blind digital watermarking algorithm is proposed in this paper. The positions of embedding watermark are decided according to human visual system and the image itself. Experimental results show that the watermark is perceptually invisible and the proposed scheme is robust to various image processing operations. Then the method is improved based on the relationship of image wavelet coefficients and statistical characteristic of the
image. The method processes the watermark as a binary image and classifies the wavelet coefficients into two groups using JND (Just Noticeable Distortion) . The watermark is embedded in different way respective to the class. The host image is not required for watermark detection. In the end, the paper introduced a digital watermarking method in regions of interest (ROI) , so special region does receive better protection.
数字水印技术将特定信息嵌入数字产品中，是一种新型的版权保护机制。借助数字水印可以证明原创作者对其数字产品的所有权，并作为鉴定、起诉非法侵权的证据。一般而言，数字水印算法按嵌入域可分为空间域方法和变换域方法。空间域方法比较简单，但这类方法对于极小的改动都很脆弱。在许多情况下，即使由于有损压缩的很小变化也能使整个隐藏信息丢失。变换域方法是在宿主图像的重要区域嵌入水印，因而比空间域方法能够更好地抵抗压缩、剪切和其它一些图像处理操作的攻击。事实上，这类算法不仅能更好地抵抗各种信号处理操作，而且还保持对人类感观系统的不可感知性。目前主要有两种变换域方法，一种是使用离散余弦变换(DCT)，另一种是使用离散小波变换(DWT)。
本文主要讨论小波域的数字水印算法。小波分析是目前国际上公认的最新时间-频率分析工具。在小波系数中嵌入水印，可保证水印的鲁棒性较好。本文提出了一种DWT域的非盲数字水印算法，该方法根据人眼视觉特性和图像本身的特征决定水印嵌入的位置。实验结果表明水印是不可感知的，并且对于各种图像处理操作是鲁棒的。然后本文根据图像小波系数之间的树结构关系和图像小波系数的统计特征对该算法进行改进，并且将水印作为一幅二值图像来处理，根据JND阈值将小波系数分为两类，对不同的类采用不同的嵌入对策。改进后的算法在水印检测时不需要使用宿主图像。最后本文介绍了一种感兴趣区域的数字水印算法，该方法使特定区域得到更好的保护。
With the rapid development of the Internet, various kinds of digital multimedia information including text, image, audio and video etc. have widely distributed through network. But the information on Internet can be easily duplicated and modified. So the copyright infringing problem on Internet is becoming more and more serious. How to provide copyright protection has drawn extensive attention in recent years. To solve this problem, the digital watermarking technique has been investigated.
Digital watermarking technique, which embeds special information into digital products, is a new method for copyright protection. With the help of digital watermark, we can prove the originator's owner to digital products that he creates, and the watermark can be the proof of authentication and prosecuting illegal copyright infringing.
Basically, there are two common methods of digital watermarking technique: spatial domain methods and transform domain methods. Spatial domain techniques are easy ways to embed information, but they are highly vulnerable to even small cover modifications. In many cases even the small changes resulting out of lossy compression systems yield to total information loss.
Transform domain methods hide watermark in significant areas of the host image that makes them more robust to attacks, such as compression, cropping, and some other image processing, than the spatial methods. However, while they are more robust to various kinds of signal processing, they remain imperceptible to the human sensory system. There are two main transform domain methods, one is to use the discrete cosine transformation (DCT) ; the other would be the use of discrete wavelet transforms (DWT).
In this paper, we main discuss the digital watermarking algorithms in wavelet domain. Wavelet analysis is internationally recognized up to the minute tools for analyzing the time-frequency. It has higher robustness to embed digital watermark in wavelet coefficients. A non-blind digital watermarking algorithm is proposed in this paper. The positions of embedding watermark are decided according to human visual system and the image itself. Experimental results show that the watermark is perceptually invisible and the proposed scheme is robust to various image processing operations. Then the method is improved based on the relationship of image wavelet coefficients and statistical characteristic of the
image. The method processes the watermark as a binary image and classifies the wavelet coefficients into two groups using JND (Just Noticeable Distortion) . The watermark is embedded in different way respective to the class. The host image is not required for watermark detection. In the end, the paper introduced a digital watermarking method in regions of interest (ROI) , so special region does receive better protection.
引文
[1] Kundur D. Digital Watermarking Using Multiresolution Wavelet Decomposition[J]. Proc. IEEE Speech and Signal Processing, 1998,5:2969-2972.
[2] Emil Praum et al. Robust Mesh Watermarking. http://www.cs.princeton.edu/qfx/proj/meshwm, 1999.
[3] Chiou-Ting Hsu, Ja-Ling Wu. Hidden digital watermarks in images[J]. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 1999,8(1):58-68.
[4] A.B.Watson, G.Y.Yang, J.A.Solomon, J.Villasenor. Visibility of Wavelet Quantization Noise[J]. IEEE Trans. Image Processing, 1997,6:1164-1175.
[5] 李宁，卞玉存，王新伟，陈树中．频域数字水印算法的研究[J]．计算机应用，2001，21 (10)：41-43．
[6] Turner L.F. Digital Data Security System[P]. Patent IPN WO 89/08915,1989.
[7] Van Schyndel, R.G., A. Tirkel, C.F. Osborne. A Digital Watermark[J]. Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 1994, 2:86-90.
[8] Bender, W., D. Gruhl, N. Morimoto. Techniques for Data Hiding IBM Systems Journal, 1996, 35(3/4):131-336.
[9] Ingemar J. Cox, Joe Kilian, F. Thomson Leighton, Talal Shamoon. Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia[J]. IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, 1997,6(12): 1673-1687.
[10] Rakesh Dugad, Krishna Ratakonda, Narendra Ahuja. A New Wavelet-Based Scheme for Watermarking Images. IEEE 1998.
[11] Stefan Katzenbeisser, Fabien A．P Petitcolas编．吴秋新，钮心忻等译．信息隐藏技术——隐写术与数字水印．人民邮电出版社．
[12] 黄豫蕾，陈树中，王新伟，贺筠[J]．静态图像数字水印技术的研究．计算机应用研究．2004，21(增)：472-473．
[13] 刘振华，尹萍．信息隐藏技术及其应用．科学出版社．
[14] Bruce，Schneire著．吴世忠，祝世雄等译．应用密码学——协议、算法与C源程序．
[15] 胡广书．数字信号处理——理论、算法与实现．清华大学出版社．
[16] Wang.H.-J., C.-C.J.Kuo. Image Protection via Watermarking on Perceptually Significant Wavelet Coefficients. in Proceedings of the IEEE Multimedia Signal Processing Workshop, Redondo Beach, California, 1998,12:278-284.
[17] 王慧琴，李人厚．基于人类视觉系统的数字水印技术的理论框架[J]．计算机工程，2002，28(9)：1-3
[18] 郑治真，沈萍，杨选辉等．小波变换及其MATLAB工具的应用．地震出版社．
[19] 李建平．小波分析与信号处理——理论、应用及软件实现．重庆出版社．
[20] 张春田，苏育挺，管晓康．多媒体数字水印技术[J]．通信学报，2000，21(9)：46-51．
[21] 李建平，唐远炎．小波分析方法的应用．重庆大学出版社．
[22] 汪小帆，戴跃伟，茅耀斌．信息隐藏技术——方法与应用．机械工业出版社．
[23] Johnson N.F., S. Jajodia. Exploring Steganography: Seeing the Unseen[J]. IEEE Computer. 1998, 31 (2):26-34.
[24] Zhao, J., E. Koch. Embedding Robust Labels into Images for Copyright Protection [J]. Proceeding of the International Conference on Intellectual Property Rights for Information, Knowledge and New Techniques, Munchen, Wien: Oldenbourg Verlag, 1995: 242-251.
[25] 刘九芬，黄达人，胡军全．数字水印中的双正交小波基[J]．中山大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，41(4)：1-3．
[26] 黄豫蕾，陈树中，王新伟，贺筠[J]．基于HVS和图像统计特征的数字水印技术．计算机应用与软件．(已录用)
[27] 胡昌华，张军波，夏军，张伟．基于MATLAB的系统分析与设计．西安电子科技大学出版社．
[28] 陈武凡．小波分析及其在图像处理中的应用．科学出版社．
[29] 徐佩霞，孙功宪．小波分析与应用实例．中国科学技术大学出版社．
[30] Koch, E., J. Zhao. Towards Robust and Hidden Image Copyright Labeling[J]. IEEE Workshop on Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing, 1995: 452-455.
[31] Koch, E., J. Rindfrey, J. Zhao. Copyright Protection for Multimedia Data[J]. Proceeding of the International Conference on Digital Media and Electronic Publishing, Leeds, UK, 1994.
[32] Xia, X., C.G. Boncelet, G.R. Arce. A Multiresolution Watermark for Digital Images[J] Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICLP'97), 1997.
[33] Cox, I., et al. A Secure, Robust Watermark for Multimedia[J]. Information Hiding: First International Workshop, Proceedings, vol.1174 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, 1996: 185-206.
[34] 李华，朱光喜，朱耀庭．一种基于人眼视觉感知模型的数字水印隐藏方法[J]．电子学报，2000，28(10)：111-113．
[35] 孟兵，周良柱，万建伟，楼生强．基于小波变换的静态图像数字水印算法[J]，计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2000，12(10)：752-755．
[36] 黄豫蕾，陈树中，王新伟[J]．感兴趣区域的数字水印方法．计算机应用与软件．(已录用)
[37] 李弼程，罗建书．小波分析及其应用．电子工业出版社．
[38] C.-S. Lu, H.-Y.M. Liao. Multipurpose Watermarking for Image Authentication and Protection[J]. Proceeding IEEE, 2001,10(10): 1579-1592.
[39] C.I. Podilchuk, E.J. Delp. Digital Watermarking: Algorithms and Applications[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 2001, 18(.4):33-46.
[40] Kundur D. A Robust Digital Image Watermarking Method Using Wavelet-based Fusion. Proc.IEEE Int.Conf. on Image Processing,Santa Barbara,California, 1997-01:544-547.
[2] Emil Praum et al. Robust Mesh Watermarking. http://www.cs.princeton.edu/qfx/proj/meshwm, 1999.
[3] Chiou-Ting Hsu, Ja-Ling Wu. Hidden digital watermarks in images[J]. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 1999,8(1):58-68.
[4] A.B.Watson, G.Y.Yang, J.A.Solomon, J.Villasenor. Visibility of Wavelet Quantization Noise[J]. IEEE Trans. Image Processing, 1997,6:1164-1175.
[5] 李宁，卞玉存，王新伟，陈树中．频域数字水印算法的研究[J]．计算机应用，2001，21 (10)：41-43．
[6] Turner L.F. Digital Data Security System[P]. Patent IPN WO 89/08915,1989.
[7] Van Schyndel, R.G., A. Tirkel, C.F. Osborne. A Digital Watermark[J]. Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 1994, 2:86-90.
[8] Bender, W., D. Gruhl, N. Morimoto. Techniques for Data Hiding IBM Systems Journal, 1996, 35(3/4):131-336.
[9] Ingemar J. Cox, Joe Kilian, F. Thomson Leighton, Talal Shamoon. Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia[J]. IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, 1997,6(12): 1673-1687.
[10] Rakesh Dugad, Krishna Ratakonda, Narendra Ahuja. A New Wavelet-Based Scheme for Watermarking Images. IEEE 1998.
[11] Stefan Katzenbeisser, Fabien A．P Petitcolas编．吴秋新，钮心忻等译．信息隐藏技术——隐写术与数字水印．人民邮电出版社．
[12] 黄豫蕾，陈树中，王新伟，贺筠[J]．静态图像数字水印技术的研究．计算机应用研究．2004，21(增)：472-473．
[13] 刘振华，尹萍．信息隐藏技术及其应用．科学出版社．
[14] Bruce，Schneire著．吴世忠，祝世雄等译．应用密码学——协议、算法与C源程序．
[15] 胡广书．数字信号处理——理论、算法与实现．清华大学出版社．
[16] Wang.H.-J., C.-C.J.Kuo. Image Protection via Watermarking on Perceptually Significant Wavelet Coefficients. in Proceedings of the IEEE Multimedia Signal Processing Workshop, Redondo Beach, California, 1998,12:278-284.
[17] 王慧琴，李人厚．基于人类视觉系统的数字水印技术的理论框架[J]．计算机工程，2002，28(9)：1-3
[18] 郑治真，沈萍，杨选辉等．小波变换及其MATLAB工具的应用．地震出版社．
[19] 李建平．小波分析与信号处理——理论、应用及软件实现．重庆出版社．
[20] 张春田，苏育挺，管晓康．多媒体数字水印技术[J]．通信学报，2000，21(9)：46-51．
[21] 李建平，唐远炎．小波分析方法的应用．重庆大学出版社．
[22] 汪小帆，戴跃伟，茅耀斌．信息隐藏技术——方法与应用．机械工业出版社．
[23] Johnson N.F., S. Jajodia. Exploring Steganography: Seeing the Unseen[J]. IEEE Computer. 1998, 31 (2):26-34.
[24] Zhao, J., E. Koch. Embedding Robust Labels into Images for Copyright Protection [J]. Proceeding of the International Conference on Intellectual Property Rights for Information, Knowledge and New Techniques, Munchen, Wien: Oldenbourg Verlag, 1995: 242-251.
[25] 刘九芬，黄达人，胡军全．数字水印中的双正交小波基[J]．中山大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，41(4)：1-3．
[26] 黄豫蕾，陈树中，王新伟，贺筠[J]．基于HVS和图像统计特征的数字水印技术．计算机应用与软件．(已录用)
[27] 胡昌华，张军波，夏军，张伟．基于MATLAB的系统分析与设计．西安电子科技大学出版社．
[28] 陈武凡．小波分析及其在图像处理中的应用．科学出版社．
[29] 徐佩霞，孙功宪．小波分析与应用实例．中国科学技术大学出版社．
[30] Koch, E., J. Zhao. Towards Robust and Hidden Image Copyright Labeling[J]. IEEE Workshop on Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing, 1995: 452-455.
[31] Koch, E., J. Rindfrey, J. Zhao. Copyright Protection for Multimedia Data[J]. Proceeding of the International Conference on Digital Media and Electronic Publishing, Leeds, UK, 1994.
[32] Xia, X., C.G. Boncelet, G.R. Arce. A Multiresolution Watermark for Digital Images[J] Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICLP'97), 1997.
[33] Cox, I., et al. A Secure, Robust Watermark for Multimedia[J]. Information Hiding: First International Workshop, Proceedings, vol.1174 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, 1996: 185-206.
[34] 李华，朱光喜，朱耀庭．一种基于人眼视觉感知模型的数字水印隐藏方法[J]．电子学报，2000，28(10)：111-113．
[35] 孟兵，周良柱，万建伟，楼生强．基于小波变换的静态图像数字水印算法[J]，计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2000，12(10)：752-755．
[36] 黄豫蕾，陈树中，王新伟[J]．感兴趣区域的数字水印方法．计算机应用与软件．(已录用)
[37] 李弼程，罗建书．小波分析及其应用．电子工业出版社．
[38] C.-S. Lu, H.-Y.M. Liao. Multipurpose Watermarking for Image Authentication and Protection[J]. Proceeding IEEE, 2001,10(10): 1579-1592.
[39] C.I. Podilchuk, E.J. Delp. Digital Watermarking: Algorithms and Applications[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 2001, 18(.4):33-46.
[40] Kundur D. A Robust Digital Image Watermarking Method Using Wavelet-based Fusion. Proc.IEEE Int.Conf. on Image Processing,Santa Barbara,California, 1997-01:544-547.
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