驾驶疲劳生成机理研究
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摘要
汽车驾驶员在疲劳状态下驾驶汽车存在着非常大的安全隐患。至今为止,尽管已经采取了很多的预防措施,但有效性都不高,疲劳肇事事故仍时有发生。本文认为,对研究对象的涵义和机理研究不足是造成预防措施有效性较低的主要原因。为了有效解决驾驶员的疲劳问题,本文从道路和交通工程专业角度出发,重点研究由道路、交通和环境条件引起的驾驶疲劳的生成机理,内容包括驾驶疲劳的生成模型、驾驶疲劳的测量指标、驾驶疲劳的阈值,以及驾驶疲劳的预防措施。
在对生理、心理学中与驾驶疲劳有关的唤醒水平的理论进行研究的基础上,参考国内外学者的相关研究成果,文中引入唤醒水平的概念,对驾驶疲劳的生成过程进行分析与研究,提出了一系列推理。通过试验研究道路交通环境各组成因素对驾驶员唤醒水平的影响,验证并完善了所做的推理。在此基础上,以唤醒水平为评价标准,建立了驾驶疲劳生成模型。应用该模型,以唤醒水平的变化特征确定了驾驶疲劳的生成时刻,并解释了长时间驾驶疲劳和短时间驾驶疲劳这两种最常见的驾驶疲劳的生成过程。
接着,通过对驾驶员的驾驶工作过程进行分析,本文确定了已有的驾驶疲劳测量方法的测量范围。根据驾驶疲劳时唤醒水平的变化特征筛选出了脑电图和心电图两种驾驶疲劳测量方法,并进一步提出了驾驶疲劳脑电图和心电图变异系数测量指标。在驾驶模拟舱中进行了室内实验,以刹车反应时为独立指标,研究了各测量指标的可靠性。在综合考虑测量指标可靠性和实用性的基础上,最终推荐心电图变异系数测量指标作为测量驾驶疲劳的有效指标。
为了得到对所有驾驶员都适用的判断驾驶疲劳的统一阈值评价标准,本文首先将心电图变异系数测量指标变换为驾驶疲劳度。在对常用阈值方法进行研究的基础上,提出了一种综合利用主、客观数据的阈值计算方法。运用该方法对现场试验采集的数据进行计算,得到了能够确定驾驶疲劳开始产生时刻的驾驶疲劳度的阈值。
最后,本文运用驾驶疲劳度及其阈值,根据道路交通环境对驾驶疲劳生成的影响,采用现场试验的方法,对驾驶时间的规定、路侧景观的设置以及路线设计等提出了一些预防驾驶疲劳的建议。
应用本文的研究成果,可以为相关法律法规的制定提供参考,为道路及相关设施的设计和管理提供指导,为驾驶疲劳检测系统的设计提供帮助,为驾驶员的教育和管理提供理论支持,从而减少或减缓驾驶疲劳的发生,提高道路交通安全水平。
There exists large potential safety hazard when drivers work under the state of fatigue. So far, driver fatigue accidents occur frequently despite many countermeasures are taken, which are seldom effective. The paper believes that the insufficient study of the meaning and mechanism of driver fatigue is the main reason for the lower effectiveness of countermeasures. In order to solve the problem of driver fatigue effectively, from the road and traffic engineering point of view, the paper focuses on the formation mechanism of driving fatigue caused by road, traffic and environmental conditions. It is included in the paper that the formation model, the measurement indicators, the threshold, and the countermeasures of driving fatigue.
Based on the study of arousal level theories related to driving fatigue in physiology and psychology, with relevant researches as reference, the paper brings in the concept of arousal level, makes analysis and research on the generation process of driving fatigue, and comes up with a series of reasoning. Experiments were taken to study the effect of the elements of road and traffic environment on arousal level, and the inferences were verified and improved. On this basis, driving fatigue formation model was established, with arousal level as the evaluation criteria. Through the model, the generation time of driving fatigue was determined according to the changing characteristics of arousal level. And the formation process of the two most common driving fatigue that the long time and the short time driving fatigue were explained.
According to the analysis on the driving process and the changing characteristics of the arousal level while driving fatigue, two driving fatigue measurement methods, that EEG and ECG were selected, and the coefficient of variation indicators of EEG and ECG were put forward. Indoor experiments were made in the driving simulator system, with brake reaction time as the independent indicator, and the reliability of indicators was studied. Based on the consideration of the reliability and availability of the indicators, ECG coefficient of variation indicator, RRCV, was finally recommended as the valid measurement indicator of driving fatigue.
In order to gain an evaluation criterion of driving fatigue applicable for all the drivers, the paper first changed RRCV to the indicator of driving fatigue degree. On the basis of research on common used threshold method, a new threshold calculation method was put forward using subjective and objective data comprehensively. With this method, data collected from the field test were calculated, and the threshold was gained which can be used to determine the generation time of driving fatigue.
With the application of the indicator of driving fatigue degree and the threshold, according to the impact of road and traffic environment on driving fatigue, using the field test method, some recommendations about the regulations of the driving time, the design of roadside landscape and road alignment to prevent driving fatigue were proposed.
The research results can be used as reference for establishment of relevant laws and regulations, guidance for the design and management of roads and related facilities, help for the driver fatigue detection system design, and support for driver education and management. Thus the occurrence of driving fatigue can be reduced or mitigated, and traffic safety can be improved.
在对生理、心理学中与驾驶疲劳有关的唤醒水平的理论进行研究的基础上,参考国内外学者的相关研究成果,文中引入唤醒水平的概念,对驾驶疲劳的生成过程进行分析与研究,提出了一系列推理。通过试验研究道路交通环境各组成因素对驾驶员唤醒水平的影响,验证并完善了所做的推理。在此基础上,以唤醒水平为评价标准,建立了驾驶疲劳生成模型。应用该模型,以唤醒水平的变化特征确定了驾驶疲劳的生成时刻,并解释了长时间驾驶疲劳和短时间驾驶疲劳这两种最常见的驾驶疲劳的生成过程。
接着,通过对驾驶员的驾驶工作过程进行分析,本文确定了已有的驾驶疲劳测量方法的测量范围。根据驾驶疲劳时唤醒水平的变化特征筛选出了脑电图和心电图两种驾驶疲劳测量方法,并进一步提出了驾驶疲劳脑电图和心电图变异系数测量指标。在驾驶模拟舱中进行了室内实验,以刹车反应时为独立指标,研究了各测量指标的可靠性。在综合考虑测量指标可靠性和实用性的基础上,最终推荐心电图变异系数测量指标作为测量驾驶疲劳的有效指标。
为了得到对所有驾驶员都适用的判断驾驶疲劳的统一阈值评价标准,本文首先将心电图变异系数测量指标变换为驾驶疲劳度。在对常用阈值方法进行研究的基础上,提出了一种综合利用主、客观数据的阈值计算方法。运用该方法对现场试验采集的数据进行计算,得到了能够确定驾驶疲劳开始产生时刻的驾驶疲劳度的阈值。
最后,本文运用驾驶疲劳度及其阈值,根据道路交通环境对驾驶疲劳生成的影响,采用现场试验的方法,对驾驶时间的规定、路侧景观的设置以及路线设计等提出了一些预防驾驶疲劳的建议。
应用本文的研究成果,可以为相关法律法规的制定提供参考,为道路及相关设施的设计和管理提供指导,为驾驶疲劳检测系统的设计提供帮助,为驾驶员的教育和管理提供理论支持,从而减少或减缓驾驶疲劳的发生,提高道路交通安全水平。
There exists large potential safety hazard when drivers work under the state of fatigue. So far, driver fatigue accidents occur frequently despite many countermeasures are taken, which are seldom effective. The paper believes that the insufficient study of the meaning and mechanism of driver fatigue is the main reason for the lower effectiveness of countermeasures. In order to solve the problem of driver fatigue effectively, from the road and traffic engineering point of view, the paper focuses on the formation mechanism of driving fatigue caused by road, traffic and environmental conditions. It is included in the paper that the formation model, the measurement indicators, the threshold, and the countermeasures of driving fatigue.
Based on the study of arousal level theories related to driving fatigue in physiology and psychology, with relevant researches as reference, the paper brings in the concept of arousal level, makes analysis and research on the generation process of driving fatigue, and comes up with a series of reasoning. Experiments were taken to study the effect of the elements of road and traffic environment on arousal level, and the inferences were verified and improved. On this basis, driving fatigue formation model was established, with arousal level as the evaluation criteria. Through the model, the generation time of driving fatigue was determined according to the changing characteristics of arousal level. And the formation process of the two most common driving fatigue that the long time and the short time driving fatigue were explained.
According to the analysis on the driving process and the changing characteristics of the arousal level while driving fatigue, two driving fatigue measurement methods, that EEG and ECG were selected, and the coefficient of variation indicators of EEG and ECG were put forward. Indoor experiments were made in the driving simulator system, with brake reaction time as the independent indicator, and the reliability of indicators was studied. Based on the consideration of the reliability and availability of the indicators, ECG coefficient of variation indicator, RRCV, was finally recommended as the valid measurement indicator of driving fatigue.
In order to gain an evaluation criterion of driving fatigue applicable for all the drivers, the paper first changed RRCV to the indicator of driving fatigue degree. On the basis of research on common used threshold method, a new threshold calculation method was put forward using subjective and objective data comprehensively. With this method, data collected from the field test were calculated, and the threshold was gained which can be used to determine the generation time of driving fatigue.
With the application of the indicator of driving fatigue degree and the threshold, according to the impact of road and traffic environment on driving fatigue, using the field test method, some recommendations about the regulations of the driving time, the design of roadside landscape and road alignment to prevent driving fatigue were proposed.
The research results can be used as reference for establishment of relevant laws and regulations, guidance for the design and management of roads and related facilities, help for the driver fatigue detection system design, and support for driver education and management. Thus the occurrence of driving fatigue can be reduced or mitigated, and traffic safety can be improved.
引文
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101 Saroj K.L. Lal, Ashley Craig, Peter Boord, Les Kirkup and Hung Nguyen.Development of an Algorithm for an EEG-based Driver Fatigue Countermeasure.Journal of Safety Research. 2003, 34:321~328
102 Mark A Schier. Changes in EEG Alpha Power during Simulated Driving: a Demonstration. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2000,37:155~162
103颜松,魏建勤,吴永红.汽车驾驶员瞌睡状态脑电波特征提取的研究.中国生物医学工程学报. 2005,24(1):110~113
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105 Ali A. Abdul-latif, Irena Cosic, Dinesh K. Kumar, Barbara Polus and Cliff Da Costa. Power Changes of EEG Signals Associated with Muscle Fatigue: The Root Mean Square Analysis of EEG Bands. IEEE, 2004:531~534
106彭军强,吴平东,殷罡,陈之龙,马树元. Hilbert-Huang变换结合近似熵在疲劳驾驶时脑电分析中的应用.公路交通科技. 2008,25(6):126~129
107 N.Egelund. Spectral Analysis of Heart Rate Variability as an Indicator of Driver Fatigue. Ergonomics.1982, 25: 663~672
108李增勇,焦昆,陈铭,杨渝书,王成焘.汽车驾驶员模拟精神负荷与心率变异性的相关性分析.北京生物医学工程.2002, 2l(3): 190~193
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111吴淑杰,方淑艳.工作状态下不同驾驶员心率变异性对比分析.内蒙古农业大学学报. 2008, 29(2): 118~123
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113李增勇,焦昆,陈铭,王成焘.汽车驾驶员驾驶过程中的心率变异性功率谱分析.中国生物医学工程学报. 2003, 22(6): 574~576
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119薛毅,陈立萍.统计建模与R软件.清华大学出版社, 2007
120邵峰晶,于忠清.数据挖掘原理与算法.中国水利水电出版社. 2003
121 Transit New Zealand National Office. Guidelines for Highway Landscaping. Debbie Firestone, 2003
122中交第一公路勘察设计研究院.公路路线设计规范(JTG D20-2006).人民交通出版社, 2006
123王炳泉.公路平面线形中长直线及其限制.西南公路. 1996, (4): 20~23
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