基于人体生理参数的清醒和睡眠状态的热舒适研究
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摘要
热舒适评价通常采用的是主观调查方法，该方法较为简便可靠，但其评价结果受人的主观因素影响较大。因此考虑引入生理参数作为评价指标，生理参数可以客观反映人体发生的变化，不受主观因素影响。另外，现在的生理参数测量仪器小巧简便，戴在身上对受试者的主任务和心情几乎没有影响。本文采用主观问卷和生理参数测量相结合的方法对受试者的舒适感进行评价，该方法不仅得到生理参数评价的敏感性和可靠性，还试图找出人体舒适或者不舒适产生的机理。
研究分为清醒和睡眠两部分。清醒状态的研究主要是采用正交实验，对不同的温度、相对湿度、新风量和光环境下的生理参数进行研究，各环境参数水平为：20°C、25°C、30°C；30%、50%、80%；100m~3/h、350m~3/h、600m~3/h；50lux、300lux、3000lux。对声环境单独进行了研究。采用的生理参数包括：心电（心率和心率变异性）、血氧饱和度、皮肤电阻、指尖血流量、呼吸率和指尖脉搏。主观问卷包括环境的舒适评价问卷以及病态建筑综合症调查。睡眠实验在夏季和冬季进行，改变室内温度，夏季选取23°C、26°C、30°C，冬季选取17°C、20°C、23°C。所采用的生理参数包括：脑电、心电（心率和心率变异性）、血氧饱和度、皮肤电阻、指尖血流量和皮肤温度。主观问卷为热舒适问卷以及睡眠质量问卷。清醒和睡眠实验过程中的生理参数测量持续整个测试阶段，主观问卷均在生理测试结束后进行。
研究结果表明：（1）不同的生理参数可评价不同的环境；心率变异性和血氧饱和浓度可评价热湿环境；呼吸率可评价新风量；指尖血流量和皮肤电导可结合评价光环境；心率变异性、指尖血流量和呼吸率可结合评价声环境。（2）清醒状态下，可采用生理参数准确评价热舒适和热感觉；心率变异性，心率和呼吸率用来评价热舒适；血氧饱和度，皮肤电和指间血流量可评价热感觉。（3）本研究的舒适清醒环境：温度25°C、湿度50%、新风量600m~3/h和照度3000lux，表现为主观评价水平最高。本研究的舒适的睡眠环境温度：冬季工况23°C，夏季工况26°C，表现为睡眠质量主观评价最高，脑电δ波的能量比例最高，慢波睡眠时间最长，入睡潜时最短。（4）主观问卷和生理指标结合来评价睡眠质量是可靠的。其中，脑电最敏感，心率、心率变异性以及呼吸率可作为辅助参数。睡眠温度水平使用血氧饱和度、指尖血流量和皮肤温度来评价。清醒热舒适的评价指标和睡眠热舒适指标基本一致。（5）睡眠质量和舒适温度存在性别差异。男性的舒适睡眠温度低于女性。女性对稍冷的睡眠温度更加敏感，但是稍暖的温度对于男性来说更加难以忍受。该现象可通过实验测得指尖血流量、平均皮肤温度和指尖温度来解释。（6）清醒和睡眠热舒适评价存在差异。清醒状态的舒适环境温度要低于舒适的睡眠环境温度；醒来之后对同样的温度的热感觉评价要低于睡眠之前的热感觉评价。（7）醒来后对同样环境温度的热感觉评价比睡前冷。夏季醒来后，对环境热感觉评价的降低比冬季更明显。
The main applied method in thermal comfort evaluation is subjective questionnaires,which is reliable and convenient. However, the result of subjective evaluation be easilyinfluenced by the emotion of subjects. The physiological parameters measurement methodkept away this shortcoming, as it is objective enough. Besides, at present, the physiologicalequipment is smaller and more convenient to wear, which also gives no interruption to themain task. Therefore, applying the physiological measurements is meaningful. In thisresearch, the subjective and objective method are combined together to evaluated thethermal comfort of the subjects, and aiming at clarifying the reliability of this method, andfinding out the mechanism of thermal comfortable or thermal uncomfortable.
The research is divided into two major parts: awakening and sleeping.The awakeningstate research completed in summer with an orthogonal experimental design. Theconcerned environmental factors are indoor temperature, relative humidity, fresh airflowand illuminating. In addition, the physiological parameters sensitivity under noiseenvironment was also studied. The different level for every factor are20°C,25°C,30°C;30%,50%,80%;100m~3/h,350m~3/h,600m~3/h;50lux,300lux,3000lux, respectively. Themajor utilized parameters are electrocardiogram (ECG)(heart rate [HR] and heart ratevariability [HRV]), saturation of blood oxygen (SaO2), skin resistant (SR), finger bloodflow (FBF), respiratory rate (RR) and finger pulse. The questionnaires used wereenvironment comfort evaluation and SBS investigations. The sleeping experiment wasdone in both summer and winter. The single variable in environmental factors is indoortemperature. The levels set for the summer and winter are23°C,26°C,30°C;17°C,20°C,23°C. The major utilized parameters are electroencephalography (EEG),electrocardiogram (ECG)(heart rate [HR] and heart rate variability [HRV] included),saturation of blood oxygen (SaO2), skin resistant (SR), finger blood flow (FBF) and meanskin temperature (MST), finger temperature. The questionnaires used are thermal comfort evaluation and sleep quality investigation. The physiological measurement lasts the wholeexperiment procedure and the subjective investigations were done after that.
The results show that:(1) different physiological parameters can be used to evaluatedifferent environmental parameters. Such as, HRV, FBF and RR can be combined toevaluate acoustical environment, HRV and SaO2is suitable for thermal environment, RRcan be chosen for fresh air volume changing environment, FBF and SC can be selectedaltogether to judge lighting environment.(2) Different physiological parameters can beused to evaluate the thermal comfort and thermal sensations respectively, such as HRV, HRand RR can evaluate thermal comfort, SaO2, SC and FBF can evaluate thermal sensation.(3) The most comfortable environment at wake is: temperature-25°C， relativehumidity-50%，fresh air-600m~3/h，illuminating-3000lux。The most comfortable sleepingenvironment is23°C(winter)，26°C(summer), which has a most satisfied sleep quality,highest power of-wave，shortest sleep latency and longest slow eave sleep. The spectrumanalysis of EEG frequencies is reliable.(4) The method of using subjective and objectivemethods to evaluate sleeping comfort is scientific and reliable. EEG is the most sensitiveparameter to judge the sleeping condition, and the HR, HRV and RR can be used as theassistant index. Parameters of SaO2, FBF and MST are relating to the levels of sleepenvironment temperatures. That is accordance with awakening.(5) Moreover, there aregender differences exist in sleeping quality and sleeping comfort temperature preference.The female is more sensitive to cool environment, and the male is more intolerence withwarm temperature. The preferable ambient temperature for female is higher than the male.All can be due to the measured physiological features difference of measn skin temperature,blood flow and finger temperature.(6) The most comfortable temperature for awakeningsubjects is lower than for the sleeping ones. Meanwhile, the thermal sensation for the sametemperatures before sleeping is cooler compared with that after awakening, which is due tothe body temperature changing through the sleeping process.(7) The themal sensation afterawakening lowers more significant in summer than in winter, which is caused by biggermean skin temperature dropping during sleeping in summer.
研究分为清醒和睡眠两部分。清醒状态的研究主要是采用正交实验，对不同的温度、相对湿度、新风量和光环境下的生理参数进行研究，各环境参数水平为：20°C、25°C、30°C；30%、50%、80%；100m~3/h、350m~3/h、600m~3/h；50lux、300lux、3000lux。对声环境单独进行了研究。采用的生理参数包括：心电（心率和心率变异性）、血氧饱和度、皮肤电阻、指尖血流量、呼吸率和指尖脉搏。主观问卷包括环境的舒适评价问卷以及病态建筑综合症调查。睡眠实验在夏季和冬季进行，改变室内温度，夏季选取23°C、26°C、30°C，冬季选取17°C、20°C、23°C。所采用的生理参数包括：脑电、心电（心率和心率变异性）、血氧饱和度、皮肤电阻、指尖血流量和皮肤温度。主观问卷为热舒适问卷以及睡眠质量问卷。清醒和睡眠实验过程中的生理参数测量持续整个测试阶段，主观问卷均在生理测试结束后进行。
研究结果表明：（1）不同的生理参数可评价不同的环境；心率变异性和血氧饱和浓度可评价热湿环境；呼吸率可评价新风量；指尖血流量和皮肤电导可结合评价光环境；心率变异性、指尖血流量和呼吸率可结合评价声环境。（2）清醒状态下，可采用生理参数准确评价热舒适和热感觉；心率变异性，心率和呼吸率用来评价热舒适；血氧饱和度，皮肤电和指间血流量可评价热感觉。（3）本研究的舒适清醒环境：温度25°C、湿度50%、新风量600m~3/h和照度3000lux，表现为主观评价水平最高。本研究的舒适的睡眠环境温度：冬季工况23°C，夏季工况26°C，表现为睡眠质量主观评价最高，脑电δ波的能量比例最高，慢波睡眠时间最长，入睡潜时最短。（4）主观问卷和生理指标结合来评价睡眠质量是可靠的。其中，脑电最敏感，心率、心率变异性以及呼吸率可作为辅助参数。睡眠温度水平使用血氧饱和度、指尖血流量和皮肤温度来评价。清醒热舒适的评价指标和睡眠热舒适指标基本一致。（5）睡眠质量和舒适温度存在性别差异。男性的舒适睡眠温度低于女性。女性对稍冷的睡眠温度更加敏感，但是稍暖的温度对于男性来说更加难以忍受。该现象可通过实验测得指尖血流量、平均皮肤温度和指尖温度来解释。（6）清醒和睡眠热舒适评价存在差异。清醒状态的舒适环境温度要低于舒适的睡眠环境温度；醒来之后对同样的温度的热感觉评价要低于睡眠之前的热感觉评价。（7）醒来后对同样环境温度的热感觉评价比睡前冷。夏季醒来后，对环境热感觉评价的降低比冬季更明显。
The main applied method in thermal comfort evaluation is subjective questionnaires,which is reliable and convenient. However, the result of subjective evaluation be easilyinfluenced by the emotion of subjects. The physiological parameters measurement methodkept away this shortcoming, as it is objective enough. Besides, at present, the physiologicalequipment is smaller and more convenient to wear, which also gives no interruption to themain task. Therefore, applying the physiological measurements is meaningful. In thisresearch, the subjective and objective method are combined together to evaluated thethermal comfort of the subjects, and aiming at clarifying the reliability of this method, andfinding out the mechanism of thermal comfortable or thermal uncomfortable.
The research is divided into two major parts: awakening and sleeping.The awakeningstate research completed in summer with an orthogonal experimental design. Theconcerned environmental factors are indoor temperature, relative humidity, fresh airflowand illuminating. In addition, the physiological parameters sensitivity under noiseenvironment was also studied. The different level for every factor are20°C,25°C,30°C;30%,50%,80%;100m~3/h,350m~3/h,600m~3/h;50lux,300lux,3000lux, respectively. Themajor utilized parameters are electrocardiogram (ECG)(heart rate [HR] and heart ratevariability [HRV]), saturation of blood oxygen (SaO2), skin resistant (SR), finger bloodflow (FBF), respiratory rate (RR) and finger pulse. The questionnaires used wereenvironment comfort evaluation and SBS investigations. The sleeping experiment wasdone in both summer and winter. The single variable in environmental factors is indoortemperature. The levels set for the summer and winter are23°C,26°C,30°C;17°C,20°C,23°C. The major utilized parameters are electroencephalography (EEG),electrocardiogram (ECG)(heart rate [HR] and heart rate variability [HRV] included),saturation of blood oxygen (SaO2), skin resistant (SR), finger blood flow (FBF) and meanskin temperature (MST), finger temperature. The questionnaires used are thermal comfort evaluation and sleep quality investigation. The physiological measurement lasts the wholeexperiment procedure and the subjective investigations were done after that.
The results show that:(1) different physiological parameters can be used to evaluatedifferent environmental parameters. Such as, HRV, FBF and RR can be combined toevaluate acoustical environment, HRV and SaO2is suitable for thermal environment, RRcan be chosen for fresh air volume changing environment, FBF and SC can be selectedaltogether to judge lighting environment.(2) Different physiological parameters can beused to evaluate the thermal comfort and thermal sensations respectively, such as HRV, HRand RR can evaluate thermal comfort, SaO2, SC and FBF can evaluate thermal sensation.(3) The most comfortable environment at wake is: temperature-25°C， relativehumidity-50%，fresh air-600m~3/h，illuminating-3000lux。The most comfortable sleepingenvironment is23°C(winter)，26°C(summer), which has a most satisfied sleep quality,highest power of-wave，shortest sleep latency and longest slow eave sleep. The spectrumanalysis of EEG frequencies is reliable.(4) The method of using subjective and objectivemethods to evaluate sleeping comfort is scientific and reliable. EEG is the most sensitiveparameter to judge the sleeping condition, and the HR, HRV and RR can be used as theassistant index. Parameters of SaO2, FBF and MST are relating to the levels of sleepenvironment temperatures. That is accordance with awakening.(5) Moreover, there aregender differences exist in sleeping quality and sleeping comfort temperature preference.The female is more sensitive to cool environment, and the male is more intolerence withwarm temperature. The preferable ambient temperature for female is higher than the male.All can be due to the measured physiological features difference of measn skin temperature,blood flow and finger temperature.(6) The most comfortable temperature for awakeningsubjects is lower than for the sleeping ones. Meanwhile, the thermal sensation for the sametemperatures before sleeping is cooler compared with that after awakening, which is due tothe body temperature changing through the sleeping process.(7) The themal sensation afterawakening lowers more significant in summer than in winter, which is caused by biggermean skin temperature dropping during sleeping in summer.
引文
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