受虐儿童的父母养育方式及其个性特征初探
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摘要
目的：探讨受虐儿童的父母养育方式与个性特征，发现儿童受虐的危险因素，以期降低儿童受虐的发生率。
方法：采用自编“一般资料问卷和儿童受虐筛查表”和“父母养育方式评价量表”(Egma Minnen av bardndosnauppforstan，EMBU)、“艾森克个性问卷Eysenck Personal Questionnaire EPQ(儿童版)”，随机抽取湘潭某工厂子弟中学二年级学生295名参与本次研究。对86名近一年内遭受虐待的儿童(child abuse，CA)与196名近一年未曾遭受虐待行为儿童(no child abuse，NCA)的父母养育方式的11个因子和艾森克个性问卷的四个纬度进行对照研究。
结果：1、两组父母养育方式的比较：CA组父、母的情感温暖、理解分值均低于NCA组；惩罚、严厉、拒绝、否认及过度干涉与保护的分值均高于NCA组，存在差异显著性。2、两组的个性比较：CA组的N分值(情绪不稳分)高于NCA组，而CA组的L分值(“掩饰”倾向)低于NCA组，均存在差异显著性。3、两组男性儿童中CA组的P分值高于NCA组，L分值较NCA组的分值低，且均存在差异显著性。两组女性儿童的EPQ各量表分值无差异。4、对父母养育方式评价量表及EPQ(儿童)共13个因子，采取Backward：Condition方法进行Logistic回归分析所得Logistic回归方程为：LogitP=-1.103+0.73X_1+0.115X_2-0.026X_3-0.035X_4，其Block及Step的卡方值均为444.248，P=0.000，除X_3的Logistic回归系数无差异显著性，余X_1、X_2、X_4的回归系数均有差异显著性。故Logistic回归方程有意义，总的正确预测率为74.0％。
结论：1、CA与NCA的父母养育方式存在明显的不同，增加父母对子女理解及感情交流，减少惩罚、严厉、拒绝、否认有望减少儿童虐待的发生。2、儿童的情绪不稳可能是儿童受虐的一个诱因，因此培养儿童的情绪控制与表达是有望减少儿童受虐的一个干预策略，另外儿童的掩饰程度亦可能是影响受虐的因素之一。
Objective
To explore the parental rearing behaviors and personality characteristics of child abuse, in order to reduce the incidence of child abuse.
Methods
Two hundreds and ninety five middle school students were investigated with general data questionnaire and EMBU, and Eysenck Personal Questionnaire of children. Eighty six students experiencing abuse in past year (CA) and one hundred and ninety six controls (NC A) were analyzed by means of EMBU and Eysenck Personal Questionnaire of children.
Results
The score of emotional warmth in CA group was significantly lower than that in control group, the scores of rejection, chastisement, interference, overprotection were significantly higher than those in control group. The score of neuroticism in CA group was significantly higher than that in control group. The score of lie in CA group was significantly lower than that in control group. On the impact of different sex, the psychoticism score of male was significantly higher than that in control group, the lie score was significantly lower than that in control group. The scores of those of female were not significantly.
Conclusion
Differences existed between CA and control group in the parental rearing behaviors. Increasing understanding and emotional exchange between parents and their children and decreasing parent's chastisement, interference, rejection, denial would decrease the incidence of child abuse. Unstable emotion in children is probable a risk factor of child being abused, So training emotional control and
2003
expression of children is probable an intervention strategy in the future, in addition, the degree of lie in children is probable an influent factor that determine whether children are abused or not.
方法：采用自编“一般资料问卷和儿童受虐筛查表”和“父母养育方式评价量表”(Egma Minnen av bardndosnauppforstan，EMBU)、“艾森克个性问卷Eysenck Personal Questionnaire EPQ(儿童版)”，随机抽取湘潭某工厂子弟中学二年级学生295名参与本次研究。对86名近一年内遭受虐待的儿童(child abuse，CA)与196名近一年未曾遭受虐待行为儿童(no child abuse，NCA)的父母养育方式的11个因子和艾森克个性问卷的四个纬度进行对照研究。
结果：1、两组父母养育方式的比较：CA组父、母的情感温暖、理解分值均低于NCA组；惩罚、严厉、拒绝、否认及过度干涉与保护的分值均高于NCA组，存在差异显著性。2、两组的个性比较：CA组的N分值(情绪不稳分)高于NCA组，而CA组的L分值(“掩饰”倾向)低于NCA组，均存在差异显著性。3、两组男性儿童中CA组的P分值高于NCA组，L分值较NCA组的分值低，且均存在差异显著性。两组女性儿童的EPQ各量表分值无差异。4、对父母养育方式评价量表及EPQ(儿童)共13个因子，采取Backward：Condition方法进行Logistic回归分析所得Logistic回归方程为：LogitP=-1.103+0.73X_1+0.115X_2-0.026X_3-0.035X_4，其Block及Step的卡方值均为444.248，P=0.000，除X_3的Logistic回归系数无差异显著性，余X_1、X_2、X_4的回归系数均有差异显著性。故Logistic回归方程有意义，总的正确预测率为74.0％。
结论：1、CA与NCA的父母养育方式存在明显的不同，增加父母对子女理解及感情交流，减少惩罚、严厉、拒绝、否认有望减少儿童虐待的发生。2、儿童的情绪不稳可能是儿童受虐的一个诱因，因此培养儿童的情绪控制与表达是有望减少儿童受虐的一个干预策略，另外儿童的掩饰程度亦可能是影响受虐的因素之一。
Objective
To explore the parental rearing behaviors and personality characteristics of child abuse, in order to reduce the incidence of child abuse.
Methods
Two hundreds and ninety five middle school students were investigated with general data questionnaire and EMBU, and Eysenck Personal Questionnaire of children. Eighty six students experiencing abuse in past year (CA) and one hundred and ninety six controls (NC A) were analyzed by means of EMBU and Eysenck Personal Questionnaire of children.
Results
The score of emotional warmth in CA group was significantly lower than that in control group, the scores of rejection, chastisement, interference, overprotection were significantly higher than those in control group. The score of neuroticism in CA group was significantly higher than that in control group. The score of lie in CA group was significantly lower than that in control group. On the impact of different sex, the psychoticism score of male was significantly higher than that in control group, the lie score was significantly lower than that in control group. The scores of those of female were not significantly.
Conclusion
Differences existed between CA and control group in the parental rearing behaviors. Increasing understanding and emotional exchange between parents and their children and decreasing parent's chastisement, interference, rejection, denial would decrease the incidence of child abuse. Unstable emotion in children is probable a risk factor of child being abused, So training emotional control and
2003
expression of children is probable an intervention strategy in the future, in addition, the degree of lie in children is probable an influent factor that determine whether children are abused or not.
引文
[1] World Health Organisation (WHO). Report of the consultation on child abuse prevention [R]. Geneva, 1999:29-31
[2] Dock JE. Management of abuse and neglect at the international level: trends and perspectives[J]. Child Abuse Neglect 1991, 15:51-56.
[3] Kempe CH, Silvermann FN, Steele BF, et al. The battered child syndrome [J]. JAMA, 1962, 181:17-24
[4] http://www. kids-abc.com/article/2002109175108.htm
[5] Anderson RJ, Taliaferro EH. Injury prevention and control [J]. J Emerg Med, 1998, 16:489-498
[6] Hanyay L. The health of Canada's children: a CICH profile [J]. Can J of Child Health, 1994, 3:97
[7] Marshall WN, Puls T, Davidsonc S. New child abuse spectrum in an era of increased awareness [J]. American Journal diseases of Child, 1988, 142 (6): 664-667
[8] Jibbons J, Conroy S, Bell C. Operation the child protection system. London: HMSO, 1995,10.
[9] Kim K, Ko B. An incidence survey of battered child in two elementary schools of Seoul[J]. Child abuse and Neglect. 1990, 14(2): 273-276
[10] Miller J, Moeller D, Kaufman A, et al. Recidivism among assault victims [J]. Am J Psychiatry. 1978, 135:1103-1104
[11] Thomsen CJ, Gold SR, Milner JS. Childhood abuse and premilitary sexual assault in male navy recruits [J]. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2001, 69(2): 252-261
[12] Oliver JE. Successive generation of child maltreatment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1988;153:543-553
[13] Tintinalli JE,Kelen JD, Stadczynski JS, et al. Emergency medicine: A comprehensive study guide[M]. 5th ed New York, NY: McGraw hill, 2000, 1956-1960
[14] Coid J, Petruckevitch A, Feder G, et al. Relation between childhood sexual and physical abuse and risk of revictimisation in women: a cross-sectional survey [J]. The Lancet, 2001,358 (11): 450-454
[15] BeebSA, Rosenberg Rb, Wilkerson RJ, et al. Adrenal hemorrhage in a pediatric burn patient [J]. Burns, 2001, 27(6): 658-661
[16] Ruppel RA, Kocbanek PM, Adeloon PD, et al. Excitatory amino acid
concentrations in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children: The role of child abuse [J]. J Ped 138(1), 18-25
[17] Allen DM, Tamowski KJ. Depressive characteristics of physically abused children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1989 Feb;17(1):1-11.
[18] Jones ED. The links between types of maltreatment and demographic characteristics of children [J]. Child Abuse and Neglect. 1992, 16(2): 210-215
[19] MacMillan HL, Fleming JE, Streiner DL, et al. Childhood abuse and lifetime psychopathology in a community sample [J]. 2001, 158 (11): 1878-1883
[20] Johnson JG, Cohen P, Brown J, et al. Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood [J]. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1999, 56: 600-606
[21] Hill J, Pickles A, Burnside E, et al. Child sexual abuse, poor parental care and adult depression: evidence for different mechanisms [J]. British Journal of Psychiatry, 2001, 179, 104-109
[22] Johnson JG, Cohen P, Smaies EM, et al. Childhood verbal abuse and risk for personality disorders during adolescence and early adulthood [J]. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 2001, 42(1): 16-23
[23] 轶名著．三字经[M]．北岳文艺出版社，2002；17
[24] 孟庆跃；刘兴柱；王峰．公众对严重侵犯儿童权利行为的认识[J]．中国社会医学，1994．02．25；(1)：15-17
[25] Gigi EB,Marie LB,Yolanda H.Domestic violence in women[J].Med clinics North America,1998；82：391-400
[26] 汪向东，王希林，马弘．心理卫生评定量表手册(增订版)[M]．北京，中国心理卫生杂志社，1999；161-167
[27] 龚耀先 编著．艾森克个性问卷(修订版)[M]．长沙，湖南地图出版社，1992．1-45
[28] 黄正南 编著．医用多因素分析[M]．长沙，湖南科学技术出版社，1995．299-320
[29] 卢纹岱 主编．SPSS for Windows统计分析(第二版)[M]．北京，电子工业出版社，2002．231-359
[30] 倪宗瓒 主编．卫生统计学(第四版)[M]．北京，人民卫生出版社，2001．26-61 132-138
[31] Crillo S,Di Blasio P. Families that abuse .Diagnosis and therapy [M].New York:Norton, 1992.10.
[32] 丁宗一．重视儿童虐待的现状[J]．中华儿科杂志，2000；38(9)：582-583
[33] Kempe RS,Kempe CH著(凌红，徐玉燕，梅青等译)．虐待儿童[M]，辽海出版社，2000．
[34] Zanarini MC,Williams AA,Lewis RE,Reich RB,et al. Reported pathological childhood experiences associated With the development of borderline personality disotder[J]．Am J Psychiatry 1997；154：1101-1106
[35] 杨世昌，张亚林．国外儿童虐待的研究进展[J]．实用儿科临床杂志， 2002；17(3)：257-258
[2] Dock JE. Management of abuse and neglect at the international level: trends and perspectives[J]. Child Abuse Neglect 1991, 15:51-56.
[3] Kempe CH, Silvermann FN, Steele BF, et al. The battered child syndrome [J]. JAMA, 1962, 181:17-24
[4] http://www. kids-abc.com/article/2002109175108.htm
[5] Anderson RJ, Taliaferro EH. Injury prevention and control [J]. J Emerg Med, 1998, 16:489-498
[6] Hanyay L. The health of Canada's children: a CICH profile [J]. Can J of Child Health, 1994, 3:97
[7] Marshall WN, Puls T, Davidsonc S. New child abuse spectrum in an era of increased awareness [J]. American Journal diseases of Child, 1988, 142 (6): 664-667
[8] Jibbons J, Conroy S, Bell C. Operation the child protection system. London: HMSO, 1995,10.
[9] Kim K, Ko B. An incidence survey of battered child in two elementary schools of Seoul[J]. Child abuse and Neglect. 1990, 14(2): 273-276
[10] Miller J, Moeller D, Kaufman A, et al. Recidivism among assault victims [J]. Am J Psychiatry. 1978, 135:1103-1104
[11] Thomsen CJ, Gold SR, Milner JS. Childhood abuse and premilitary sexual assault in male navy recruits [J]. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2001, 69(2): 252-261
[12] Oliver JE. Successive generation of child maltreatment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1988;153:543-553
[13] Tintinalli JE,Kelen JD, Stadczynski JS, et al. Emergency medicine: A comprehensive study guide[M]. 5th ed New York, NY: McGraw hill, 2000, 1956-1960
[14] Coid J, Petruckevitch A, Feder G, et al. Relation between childhood sexual and physical abuse and risk of revictimisation in women: a cross-sectional survey [J]. The Lancet, 2001,358 (11): 450-454
[15] BeebSA, Rosenberg Rb, Wilkerson RJ, et al. Adrenal hemorrhage in a pediatric burn patient [J]. Burns, 2001, 27(6): 658-661
[16] Ruppel RA, Kocbanek PM, Adeloon PD, et al. Excitatory amino acid
concentrations in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children: The role of child abuse [J]. J Ped 138(1), 18-25
[17] Allen DM, Tamowski KJ. Depressive characteristics of physically abused children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1989 Feb;17(1):1-11.
[18] Jones ED. The links between types of maltreatment and demographic characteristics of children [J]. Child Abuse and Neglect. 1992, 16(2): 210-215
[19] MacMillan HL, Fleming JE, Streiner DL, et al. Childhood abuse and lifetime psychopathology in a community sample [J]. 2001, 158 (11): 1878-1883
[20] Johnson JG, Cohen P, Brown J, et al. Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood [J]. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1999, 56: 600-606
[21] Hill J, Pickles A, Burnside E, et al. Child sexual abuse, poor parental care and adult depression: evidence for different mechanisms [J]. British Journal of Psychiatry, 2001, 179, 104-109
[22] Johnson JG, Cohen P, Smaies EM, et al. Childhood verbal abuse and risk for personality disorders during adolescence and early adulthood [J]. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 2001, 42(1): 16-23
[23] 轶名著．三字经[M]．北岳文艺出版社，2002；17
[24] 孟庆跃；刘兴柱；王峰．公众对严重侵犯儿童权利行为的认识[J]．中国社会医学，1994．02．25；(1)：15-17
[25] Gigi EB,Marie LB,Yolanda H.Domestic violence in women[J].Med clinics North America,1998；82：391-400
[26] 汪向东，王希林，马弘．心理卫生评定量表手册(增订版)[M]．北京，中国心理卫生杂志社，1999；161-167
[27] 龚耀先 编著．艾森克个性问卷(修订版)[M]．长沙，湖南地图出版社，1992．1-45
[28] 黄正南 编著．医用多因素分析[M]．长沙，湖南科学技术出版社，1995．299-320
[29] 卢纹岱 主编．SPSS for Windows统计分析(第二版)[M]．北京，电子工业出版社，2002．231-359
[30] 倪宗瓒 主编．卫生统计学(第四版)[M]．北京，人民卫生出版社，2001．26-61 132-138
[31] Crillo S,Di Blasio P. Families that abuse .Diagnosis and therapy [M].New York:Norton, 1992.10.
[32] 丁宗一．重视儿童虐待的现状[J]．中华儿科杂志，2000；38(9)：582-583
[33] Kempe RS,Kempe CH著(凌红，徐玉燕，梅青等译)．虐待儿童[M]，辽海出版社，2000．
[34] Zanarini MC,Williams AA,Lewis RE,Reich RB,et al. Reported pathological childhood experiences associated With the development of borderline personality disotder[J]．Am J Psychiatry 1997；154：1101-1106
[35] 杨世昌，张亚林．国外儿童虐待的研究进展[J]．实用儿科临床杂志， 2002；17(3)：257-258