除草剂对小麦产量和品质的影响及其残留特性
|
摘要
麦田草害成为影响和制约小麦稳产高产的限制性因子之一,全世界小麦因草害引起产量损失达总产的10%左右。如何合理的使用麦田除草剂来提高小麦产量与品质及资源利用效率是我国农业发展面临的重要课题之一。本研究以麦田常用的5种除草剂苯磺隆、使它隆、异丙隆、骠马、绿麦隆为研究对象,以弱筋小麦扬麦13为供试小麦品种,于2008-2010年在扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室试验场进行,在评价麦田除草剂不同施用剂量(0.5倍推荐剂量,推荐剂量,2倍推荐剂量,4倍推荐剂量)、不同施药时期(冬季施药,春季施药)对麦田杂草防效及小麦安全生产技术的基础上,重点研究了除草剂对小麦产量和品质的影响及其生理特性,分析了不同除草剂的残留特性,提出了除草剂安全使用的药剂种类、剂量与施用时期,为进一步建立小麦优质高产安全生产体系提供理论与技术依据。主要研究结果如下：
1除草剂对小麦籽粒产量的影响
使它隆、苯磺隆对阔叶杂草防效较好,药后15d推荐剂量处理株防效达到90%以上,但对禾本科杂草基本无效。骠马对禾本科杂草防治效果好,推荐剂量防效为90%左右,而对阔叶杂草基本无效；异丙隆、绿麦隆对阔叶类及禾本科杂草均有定的兼治效果。2个施药时期中以冬季施药防效优于春季施药。有草条件下,施用除草剂对扬麦13均有不同程度的增产效果,增产幅度在4-20%之间,且增产效果与除草剂的综合防效呈正相关关系,增产最显著的是使它隆2倍推荐剂量处理。在无草条件下施用不同剂量除草剂均造成扬麦13显著或极显著减产,减产幅度在4%-30%之间,减幅最大的是异丙隆2倍推荐剂量处理。除草剂在有草条件下对扬麦13产量结构(穗数、粒数及千粒重)起正效应；在无草条件下对其均起到不同程度的负效应。5种供试除草剂中,以使它隆对扬麦13产量结构负效应较小,异丙隆负效应较大。由此提出在麦田无草害发生或草害发生未达防治标准时,不推荐使用除草剂；草害发生严重时,对于以阔叶杂草为优势杂草的麦田,推荐使用20%使它隆乳油,冬季用药使用推荐剂量即能达到较好的防治效果,增产显著,春季用药可适当加大剂量,一般不高于2倍推荐剂量的使它隆处理对麦田杂草防治效果好,增产明显；对于以禾本科杂草为优势杂草的麦田,推荐使用6.9%骠马水乳剂,用药量为750ml/hm2。
2除草剂对小麦籽粒品质的影响
苯磺隆、使它隆、异丙隆、骠马及绿麦隆5种除草剂不同施药时期、不同施药剂量对扬麦13籽粒品质的影响结果表明：在有草条件下,冬、春季施用除草剂均使扬麦13籽粒蛋白质含量升高,湿面筋含量及沉降值也不同程度升高,说明有草条件下除草剂虽然有效防除了麦田杂草,提高了产量,但对弱筋小麦品质存在一定的负面影响。在无草条件下使用除草剂使扬麦13籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量及沉降值降低。说明除草剂本身对弱筋小麦品质有一定的调节效应,但是这种变化的幅度较小,一般与对照差异不显著,由此说明除草剂对小麦品质指标的影响较小。在本试验中,春季用药相对于冬季用药对扬麦13籽粒品质指标的影响较小。从整体试验结果看,供试的5种除草剂中以骠马对扬麦13的籽粒品质指标负面效应最小,其次为使它隆和苯磺隆,绿麦隆及异丙隆对扬麦13籽粒品质指标影响稍大。
3除草剂对小麦光合特性的影响
除草剂施药后5d,5种除草剂处理均导致小麦叶片SPAD值不同程度下降。除草剂严重影响了光合速率,所有剂量处理光合速率均受到抑制,以异丙隆2倍推荐剂量处理抑制率最大,施用后光合速率下降百分率达27%。施用除草剂之后随生育进程,小麦体内SOD酶活性明显受到除草剂影响,表现为先升高、后逐渐恢复至对照水平；POD酶活性则表现为先升高后降低的趋势,多数处理药后30d仍低于对照；CAT酶活性对除草剂比较敏感,用药后5d即显著升高,其后影响逐步减小,直至药后30d恢复到对照水平；除草剂对MDA含量影响相对较小,多数处理MDA含量与对照差异不显著。以上结果说明,参试5种除草剂在施用后短时间内对小麦的光合作用存在一定的抑制效应,之后可能由于改善植株生长的生态环境条件,光合功能得到加强,产生的促进效应超过了由于喷施除草剂而形成的抑制效应,小麦籽粒产量提高。
4除草剂对麦田土壤微生物数及酶活性的影响
研究大田条件下以异丙隆、苯磺隆2种除草剂施入麦田后对土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响,以评价其环境生态效应。结果表明,异丙隆喷施后对麦田土壤真菌表现出短暂的抑制作用,但处理后5d左右开始有激活效应,至60d仍具激活效应；对细菌及放线菌表现为抑制作用,且持续时间较长,到15d左右才开始表现出激活作用；不同浓度异丙隆处理后,1.88g/kg、3.75g/kg浓度处理对土壤中过氧化氢酶活性表现为“激活-抑制-激活”作用,而7.50g/kg、15.00g/kg浓度处理则表现为“抑制-激活”作用；各浓度异丙隆处理对土壤脲酶活性均表现为抑制-激活作用；蔗糖酶活性对异丙隆比较敏感,开始表现为激活效应,其后逐渐趋于平缓,60d左右表现为抑制效应。苯磺隆对土壤中过氧化氢酶活性具有激活作用,且浓度越高,激活作用越强；对脲酶活性表现为0.13、0.25和0.50g/kg浓度处理轻微激活,1.00g/kg浓度处理则起抑制作用；苯磺隆对土壤中蔗糖酶活性具有抑制作用；说明苯磺隆对各土壤酶活性的影响均为短期效应,除1.00g/kg浓度处理外,其余处理在试验后期均能逐渐恢复至对照水平,对麦田土壤生态系统相对安全。
5除草剂在麦田土壤及小麦植株中的残留特性
研究苯磺隆、使它隆、异丙隆、骠马及绿麦隆5种除草剂不同剂量、不同喷施时期在小麦及土壤中的残留降解动态。结果表明,在供试除草剂中绿麦隆最难降解,施用不同剂量的绿麦隆在土壤中的降解半衰期长达31-49d,在小麦植株中的半衰期为9-11d,但经过小麦整个生育期的降解,收获时在小麦体内不会形成残留,食用安全,而在麦田土壤中有残留,残留值在0.01-0.16mg/kg之间。苯磺隆在小麦及土壤中的降解速度较快,半衰期土壤中12d左右,植株中2-3d,收获时在小麦植株及土壤中均未检测出残留。使它隆降解半衰期在土壤中为10d左右,小麦植株中3-4d,一般30d内即可基本降解完全,收获时未在土壤与小麦植株体内检测出残留。异丙隆在小麦植株中降解速率较快(半衰期为2-4d),而在土壤中降解较慢(半衰期12d左右),但在药后60d左右基本都能降解完全,收获时小麦植株及土壤中均未检出残留。在供试的5种除草剂中,骠马的降解速度最快,无论土壤还是植株中降解半衰期均为2-3d。收获时小麦植株及土壤中均未检出残留。供试5种除草剂在本试验剂量范围内对小麦及土壤安全。
Weed invasion in wheat field has become one of the restrictive factors for obtaining high and stable yield of wheat. The loss of wheat yield caused by weed invasion has been up to10%of the total wheat yield in the world. It has become an important issue to our government for agricultural development that how to use herbicides legitimately and to improve the use efficiency of agricultural resources. Herbicides would inevitably affect grain yield and quality of wheat, deposit in wheat grains, plants, and soil, and cause potential or realistic harm to grain hygienic quality and field environment. So it is necessary to investigate the effects of herbicide application on grain yield and quality and physiological mechanism in wheat plants so as to provide a solid base for constructing a safe wheat producing system.
The study was conducted on the Experimental Farm of Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Yangzhou University from2008to2010to investigate the effects of tribenuron-methyl, fluroxypyr, isoproturon, puma super and chlorotoluron on weeds, grain yield and quality, leaf photo synthetic parameters of wheat plants, microbial population in soil, and residue in wheat plants and soil. The main results were as follows.
1. Controlling efficacy against wheat weeds
The efficacy of tribenuron-methyl, fluroxypyr, isoproturon, puma super and chlorotoluron against wheat weeds in the field of weak-gluten wheat Yangmai13plants were investigated. Fluroxypyr and tribenuron-methyl produced good weed efficacy on broad-leaf weeds. On the15th day after the spraying of the two herbicides at recommended dosage, the efficacy was higher than90%. However, these two herbicides had ineffective effects against grass family weeds. Puma super had good control effect on grass family weeds and the efficacy at the recommended dosage was about90%, while the efficacy against the broad-leaf weeds was ineffective. Isoproturon and chlorotoluron produced good efficacy against botybroad-leaf and grass family weeds. Compared with the spray in spring, better efficacy was observed in winter.
2. Effect of herbicides on wheat grain yield
Five herbicides, including tribenuron-methyl, fluroxypyr, isoproturon, puma super and chlorotoluron, were used at different times at recommended dosage under two treatments of artificial dislodgement and natural conditions. The adverse and positive effects of herbicides on weak-gluten wheat Yangmai13and the relationship between these two effects were analyzed. Under the natural conditions, the spray of herbicides on Yangmai13increased wheat yield by4-20%. A positive correlation was observed between the yield-increasing effect and the efficacy of herbicides. In the treatments of artificial dislodgement, however, the grain yield of Yangmai13was decreased by4-30%. Under the natural conditions, herbicides had positive effects on the component of wheat yield (spike number, grain number, and grain weight). Under the artificial dislodgement conditions, however, negative effects on the component of wheat yield were detected. Of these five herbicides, fluroxypyr had the least negative effect on the yield component of Yangmai13, while isoproturon had the biggest negative effect. The spray of herbicides was not suggested when there was weed occurrence in the wheat field or the occurrence was not serious. However, if the occurrence was serious,20%fluroxypyr was suggested at the recommended dosage in winter and at an increased dosage less than2times of recommended dosage in spring.
3. Effect of herbicides on wheat grain quality
The adverse and positive effects of herbicides on the grain quality of Yangmai13and the relationship between these two effects were also were analyzed using the same design as grain yield. Under natural conditions, the content of grain protein, wet gluten, and the value of sedimentation were increased when the herbicides was sprayed in either spring or winter, indicating that the grain quality of weak-gluten wheat Yangmai13was adversely affected although there was an increase in grain yield and weed control efficacy. Under the conditions of artificial dislodgement, the content of grain protein, wet gluten, and the value of sedimentation were decreased, indicating that the herbicides probably produced regulating effects on grain quality of weak-gluten wheat Yangmai13. Compared with winter, the spray of herbicides had less significant effects on the grain quality of Yangmai13in spring. Of the five herbicidies, puma super had the smallest negative effect on wheat grain quality, followed by fluroxypyr, tribenuron-methyl, isoproturon, and chlorotoluron.
4. Effect of herbicides on physiological and biochemical parameter of wheat plants
Effects of five herbicides (tribenuron-methyl, fluroxypyr, isoproturon, puma super, and chlorotoluron) on physiological and biochemical parameters of weak-gluten wheat Yangmai13plants were studied. On the5th day after treatment (DAT), the SPAD readings and photo synthetic rates of plant leaves were significantly reduced by the application of the five herbicides. The maximum decline in photo synthetic rate (27%) was found on the treatment of isoproturon. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly affected by the herbicides. It was raised at first, and then returned gradually back to the control level. Similar trend was observed in the activity of peroxidase (POD). On the30th DAT, the activity of POD in most treatments was lower than the control treatment. The activity of Catalase (CAT) was sensitive to the herbicides, which increased significantly on the5th DAT, then gradually decreased and returned to the control level on the30th DAT. There was no observable difference in the content of MDA between the treatments of herbicides and control. The above results indicated that the spray of the five herbicides produced certain inhibitive effects on leaf photosynthetic parameters of wheat plants; the increase in grain yield was mainly due to the removal of weeds and the optimization of growing environment of wheat plants.
5. Effects of herbicides on soil microbial population and enzyme activities
The effects of two herbicides (isoproturon and tribenuron-methly) on microbial population and soil enzymes activities in wheat field with rice as the prior crop were investigated. Isoproturon had transitory inhibitory effect on soil fungal population in wheat field. The inhibitory effect was activated on the5th after treatment (DAT) and lasted until the60th DAT. The inhibition of isoproturon on bacteria and actinomycetes lasted for a longer time. The activation was initiated on the15th day DAT. The activity of catalase was activated, inhibited, and reactivated when low concentration (1.88g/kg and3.75g/kg) of isoproturon was applied. High concentrations (7.50g/kg and15.00g/kg) of isoproturon inhibited and activated the activity of catalase. Isoproturon at each concentration had inhibition-activation effects on soil urease activity. The activity of invertase was more sensitive to isoproturon, which showed as activation at the beginning, and then experienced a phase of decling. On the60th day of treatment (DAT), isoproturon slightly inhibited the activity of invertase. The differences of activity among enzymes in soil treated with tribenuron-methly were significant. Soil catalase activity was increasingly stimulated by the increased concentration of tribenuron-methly. Urease activity was slightly stimulated by low concentrations of tribenuron-methly (0.13,0.25, and0.50g/kg), but was depressed by high concentration (1.00g/kg).
6. Residue characteristics of herbicide in wheat plant and soil
The residue characteristics of five herbicides (tribenuron-methyl, fluroxypyr, isoproturon, puma super, and chlorotoluron) in the plants of weak-gluten wheat Yangmai13and soil investigated using different dosages and different time. Of the tested herbicides, chlorotoluron was hardest degraded. And its half-life period of gradation was up to31-49days in soil and only9-11days in wheat plants. After the degradation during the whole wheat growing season, there was no residue detected in wheat plants. But there was residual in soil, ranging from0.01to0.16mg/kg. The degradation of tribenuron-methyl in wheat plants and soil was faster than chlorotoluron (with a half-life period of gradation of about12d in soil and2-3days in wheat plants). At the harvest stage, residues were not detected both in wheat plants and soil. The half-life period of degradation of fluroxypyr was about10days in soil and3-4days in wheat plants. In the general, basic degradation of fluroxypyr was completed within30days. Similarly, at the harvest stage there was no detected residue both in wheat plants and soil. The degradation rate of isoproturon in wheat plant was faster than chlorotoluron (with a half-life period of2-4days). However, the rate in soil was slower (with a half-life period of about12days). But after about60days of treatment, the degradation was completed and no residue in wheat plants and soil was detected at the harvest stage. Of the five herbicides, the degradation of puma super was the fastest, the half-life period of degradation in the soil or in the plants were both2-3days and no residues were detected both in wheat plants and soil.
1除草剂对小麦籽粒产量的影响
使它隆、苯磺隆对阔叶杂草防效较好,药后15d推荐剂量处理株防效达到90%以上,但对禾本科杂草基本无效。骠马对禾本科杂草防治效果好,推荐剂量防效为90%左右,而对阔叶杂草基本无效；异丙隆、绿麦隆对阔叶类及禾本科杂草均有定的兼治效果。2个施药时期中以冬季施药防效优于春季施药。有草条件下,施用除草剂对扬麦13均有不同程度的增产效果,增产幅度在4-20%之间,且增产效果与除草剂的综合防效呈正相关关系,增产最显著的是使它隆2倍推荐剂量处理。在无草条件下施用不同剂量除草剂均造成扬麦13显著或极显著减产,减产幅度在4%-30%之间,减幅最大的是异丙隆2倍推荐剂量处理。除草剂在有草条件下对扬麦13产量结构(穗数、粒数及千粒重)起正效应；在无草条件下对其均起到不同程度的负效应。5种供试除草剂中,以使它隆对扬麦13产量结构负效应较小,异丙隆负效应较大。由此提出在麦田无草害发生或草害发生未达防治标准时,不推荐使用除草剂；草害发生严重时,对于以阔叶杂草为优势杂草的麦田,推荐使用20%使它隆乳油,冬季用药使用推荐剂量即能达到较好的防治效果,增产显著,春季用药可适当加大剂量,一般不高于2倍推荐剂量的使它隆处理对麦田杂草防治效果好,增产明显；对于以禾本科杂草为优势杂草的麦田,推荐使用6.9%骠马水乳剂,用药量为750ml/hm2。
2除草剂对小麦籽粒品质的影响
苯磺隆、使它隆、异丙隆、骠马及绿麦隆5种除草剂不同施药时期、不同施药剂量对扬麦13籽粒品质的影响结果表明：在有草条件下,冬、春季施用除草剂均使扬麦13籽粒蛋白质含量升高,湿面筋含量及沉降值也不同程度升高,说明有草条件下除草剂虽然有效防除了麦田杂草,提高了产量,但对弱筋小麦品质存在一定的负面影响。在无草条件下使用除草剂使扬麦13籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量及沉降值降低。说明除草剂本身对弱筋小麦品质有一定的调节效应,但是这种变化的幅度较小,一般与对照差异不显著,由此说明除草剂对小麦品质指标的影响较小。在本试验中,春季用药相对于冬季用药对扬麦13籽粒品质指标的影响较小。从整体试验结果看,供试的5种除草剂中以骠马对扬麦13的籽粒品质指标负面效应最小,其次为使它隆和苯磺隆,绿麦隆及异丙隆对扬麦13籽粒品质指标影响稍大。
3除草剂对小麦光合特性的影响
除草剂施药后5d,5种除草剂处理均导致小麦叶片SPAD值不同程度下降。除草剂严重影响了光合速率,所有剂量处理光合速率均受到抑制,以异丙隆2倍推荐剂量处理抑制率最大,施用后光合速率下降百分率达27%。施用除草剂之后随生育进程,小麦体内SOD酶活性明显受到除草剂影响,表现为先升高、后逐渐恢复至对照水平；POD酶活性则表现为先升高后降低的趋势,多数处理药后30d仍低于对照；CAT酶活性对除草剂比较敏感,用药后5d即显著升高,其后影响逐步减小,直至药后30d恢复到对照水平；除草剂对MDA含量影响相对较小,多数处理MDA含量与对照差异不显著。以上结果说明,参试5种除草剂在施用后短时间内对小麦的光合作用存在一定的抑制效应,之后可能由于改善植株生长的生态环境条件,光合功能得到加强,产生的促进效应超过了由于喷施除草剂而形成的抑制效应,小麦籽粒产量提高。
4除草剂对麦田土壤微生物数及酶活性的影响
研究大田条件下以异丙隆、苯磺隆2种除草剂施入麦田后对土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响,以评价其环境生态效应。结果表明,异丙隆喷施后对麦田土壤真菌表现出短暂的抑制作用,但处理后5d左右开始有激活效应,至60d仍具激活效应；对细菌及放线菌表现为抑制作用,且持续时间较长,到15d左右才开始表现出激活作用；不同浓度异丙隆处理后,1.88g/kg、3.75g/kg浓度处理对土壤中过氧化氢酶活性表现为“激活-抑制-激活”作用,而7.50g/kg、15.00g/kg浓度处理则表现为“抑制-激活”作用；各浓度异丙隆处理对土壤脲酶活性均表现为抑制-激活作用；蔗糖酶活性对异丙隆比较敏感,开始表现为激活效应,其后逐渐趋于平缓,60d左右表现为抑制效应。苯磺隆对土壤中过氧化氢酶活性具有激活作用,且浓度越高,激活作用越强；对脲酶活性表现为0.13、0.25和0.50g/kg浓度处理轻微激活,1.00g/kg浓度处理则起抑制作用；苯磺隆对土壤中蔗糖酶活性具有抑制作用；说明苯磺隆对各土壤酶活性的影响均为短期效应,除1.00g/kg浓度处理外,其余处理在试验后期均能逐渐恢复至对照水平,对麦田土壤生态系统相对安全。
5除草剂在麦田土壤及小麦植株中的残留特性
研究苯磺隆、使它隆、异丙隆、骠马及绿麦隆5种除草剂不同剂量、不同喷施时期在小麦及土壤中的残留降解动态。结果表明,在供试除草剂中绿麦隆最难降解,施用不同剂量的绿麦隆在土壤中的降解半衰期长达31-49d,在小麦植株中的半衰期为9-11d,但经过小麦整个生育期的降解,收获时在小麦体内不会形成残留,食用安全,而在麦田土壤中有残留,残留值在0.01-0.16mg/kg之间。苯磺隆在小麦及土壤中的降解速度较快,半衰期土壤中12d左右,植株中2-3d,收获时在小麦植株及土壤中均未检测出残留。使它隆降解半衰期在土壤中为10d左右,小麦植株中3-4d,一般30d内即可基本降解完全,收获时未在土壤与小麦植株体内检测出残留。异丙隆在小麦植株中降解速率较快(半衰期为2-4d),而在土壤中降解较慢(半衰期12d左右),但在药后60d左右基本都能降解完全,收获时小麦植株及土壤中均未检出残留。在供试的5种除草剂中,骠马的降解速度最快,无论土壤还是植株中降解半衰期均为2-3d。收获时小麦植株及土壤中均未检出残留。供试5种除草剂在本试验剂量范围内对小麦及土壤安全。
Weed invasion in wheat field has become one of the restrictive factors for obtaining high and stable yield of wheat. The loss of wheat yield caused by weed invasion has been up to10%of the total wheat yield in the world. It has become an important issue to our government for agricultural development that how to use herbicides legitimately and to improve the use efficiency of agricultural resources. Herbicides would inevitably affect grain yield and quality of wheat, deposit in wheat grains, plants, and soil, and cause potential or realistic harm to grain hygienic quality and field environment. So it is necessary to investigate the effects of herbicide application on grain yield and quality and physiological mechanism in wheat plants so as to provide a solid base for constructing a safe wheat producing system.
The study was conducted on the Experimental Farm of Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Yangzhou University from2008to2010to investigate the effects of tribenuron-methyl, fluroxypyr, isoproturon, puma super and chlorotoluron on weeds, grain yield and quality, leaf photo synthetic parameters of wheat plants, microbial population in soil, and residue in wheat plants and soil. The main results were as follows.
1. Controlling efficacy against wheat weeds
The efficacy of tribenuron-methyl, fluroxypyr, isoproturon, puma super and chlorotoluron against wheat weeds in the field of weak-gluten wheat Yangmai13plants were investigated. Fluroxypyr and tribenuron-methyl produced good weed efficacy on broad-leaf weeds. On the15th day after the spraying of the two herbicides at recommended dosage, the efficacy was higher than90%. However, these two herbicides had ineffective effects against grass family weeds. Puma super had good control effect on grass family weeds and the efficacy at the recommended dosage was about90%, while the efficacy against the broad-leaf weeds was ineffective. Isoproturon and chlorotoluron produced good efficacy against botybroad-leaf and grass family weeds. Compared with the spray in spring, better efficacy was observed in winter.
2. Effect of herbicides on wheat grain yield
Five herbicides, including tribenuron-methyl, fluroxypyr, isoproturon, puma super and chlorotoluron, were used at different times at recommended dosage under two treatments of artificial dislodgement and natural conditions. The adverse and positive effects of herbicides on weak-gluten wheat Yangmai13and the relationship between these two effects were analyzed. Under the natural conditions, the spray of herbicides on Yangmai13increased wheat yield by4-20%. A positive correlation was observed between the yield-increasing effect and the efficacy of herbicides. In the treatments of artificial dislodgement, however, the grain yield of Yangmai13was decreased by4-30%. Under the natural conditions, herbicides had positive effects on the component of wheat yield (spike number, grain number, and grain weight). Under the artificial dislodgement conditions, however, negative effects on the component of wheat yield were detected. Of these five herbicides, fluroxypyr had the least negative effect on the yield component of Yangmai13, while isoproturon had the biggest negative effect. The spray of herbicides was not suggested when there was weed occurrence in the wheat field or the occurrence was not serious. However, if the occurrence was serious,20%fluroxypyr was suggested at the recommended dosage in winter and at an increased dosage less than2times of recommended dosage in spring.
3. Effect of herbicides on wheat grain quality
The adverse and positive effects of herbicides on the grain quality of Yangmai13and the relationship between these two effects were also were analyzed using the same design as grain yield. Under natural conditions, the content of grain protein, wet gluten, and the value of sedimentation were increased when the herbicides was sprayed in either spring or winter, indicating that the grain quality of weak-gluten wheat Yangmai13was adversely affected although there was an increase in grain yield and weed control efficacy. Under the conditions of artificial dislodgement, the content of grain protein, wet gluten, and the value of sedimentation were decreased, indicating that the herbicides probably produced regulating effects on grain quality of weak-gluten wheat Yangmai13. Compared with winter, the spray of herbicides had less significant effects on the grain quality of Yangmai13in spring. Of the five herbicidies, puma super had the smallest negative effect on wheat grain quality, followed by fluroxypyr, tribenuron-methyl, isoproturon, and chlorotoluron.
4. Effect of herbicides on physiological and biochemical parameter of wheat plants
Effects of five herbicides (tribenuron-methyl, fluroxypyr, isoproturon, puma super, and chlorotoluron) on physiological and biochemical parameters of weak-gluten wheat Yangmai13plants were studied. On the5th day after treatment (DAT), the SPAD readings and photo synthetic rates of plant leaves were significantly reduced by the application of the five herbicides. The maximum decline in photo synthetic rate (27%) was found on the treatment of isoproturon. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly affected by the herbicides. It was raised at first, and then returned gradually back to the control level. Similar trend was observed in the activity of peroxidase (POD). On the30th DAT, the activity of POD in most treatments was lower than the control treatment. The activity of Catalase (CAT) was sensitive to the herbicides, which increased significantly on the5th DAT, then gradually decreased and returned to the control level on the30th DAT. There was no observable difference in the content of MDA between the treatments of herbicides and control. The above results indicated that the spray of the five herbicides produced certain inhibitive effects on leaf photosynthetic parameters of wheat plants; the increase in grain yield was mainly due to the removal of weeds and the optimization of growing environment of wheat plants.
5. Effects of herbicides on soil microbial population and enzyme activities
The effects of two herbicides (isoproturon and tribenuron-methly) on microbial population and soil enzymes activities in wheat field with rice as the prior crop were investigated. Isoproturon had transitory inhibitory effect on soil fungal population in wheat field. The inhibitory effect was activated on the5th after treatment (DAT) and lasted until the60th DAT. The inhibition of isoproturon on bacteria and actinomycetes lasted for a longer time. The activation was initiated on the15th day DAT. The activity of catalase was activated, inhibited, and reactivated when low concentration (1.88g/kg and3.75g/kg) of isoproturon was applied. High concentrations (7.50g/kg and15.00g/kg) of isoproturon inhibited and activated the activity of catalase. Isoproturon at each concentration had inhibition-activation effects on soil urease activity. The activity of invertase was more sensitive to isoproturon, which showed as activation at the beginning, and then experienced a phase of decling. On the60th day of treatment (DAT), isoproturon slightly inhibited the activity of invertase. The differences of activity among enzymes in soil treated with tribenuron-methly were significant. Soil catalase activity was increasingly stimulated by the increased concentration of tribenuron-methly. Urease activity was slightly stimulated by low concentrations of tribenuron-methly (0.13,0.25, and0.50g/kg), but was depressed by high concentration (1.00g/kg).
6. Residue characteristics of herbicide in wheat plant and soil
The residue characteristics of five herbicides (tribenuron-methyl, fluroxypyr, isoproturon, puma super, and chlorotoluron) in the plants of weak-gluten wheat Yangmai13and soil investigated using different dosages and different time. Of the tested herbicides, chlorotoluron was hardest degraded. And its half-life period of gradation was up to31-49days in soil and only9-11days in wheat plants. After the degradation during the whole wheat growing season, there was no residue detected in wheat plants. But there was residual in soil, ranging from0.01to0.16mg/kg. The degradation of tribenuron-methyl in wheat plants and soil was faster than chlorotoluron (with a half-life period of gradation of about12d in soil and2-3days in wheat plants). At the harvest stage, residues were not detected both in wheat plants and soil. The half-life period of degradation of fluroxypyr was about10days in soil and3-4days in wheat plants. In the general, basic degradation of fluroxypyr was completed within30days. Similarly, at the harvest stage there was no detected residue both in wheat plants and soil. The degradation rate of isoproturon in wheat plant was faster than chlorotoluron (with a half-life period of2-4days). However, the rate in soil was slower (with a half-life period of about12days). But after about60days of treatment, the degradation was completed and no residue in wheat plants and soil was detected at the harvest stage. Of the five herbicides, the degradation of puma super was the fastest, the half-life period of degradation in the soil or in the plants were both2-3days and no residues were detected both in wheat plants and soil.
引文
1张泽溥.我国农田杂草治理技术的发展[J].植物保护,2004,30(2)：28-33.
2赵善欢.植物化学保护[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2000.
3 Li Y Q, Sun Z L, Zhuang X F, et al. Research progress on microbial herbicides [J]. Crop Protection, 2003,22(2):247-252.
4陶波,胡凡.杂草化学防除施用技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社2009.
5夏玉荣.杀虫剂对小麦产量和品质的影响极其机理[D].扬州大学博士学位论文,2010.
6沈燕.小麦生产中常用农药的残留特性与降解机制[D].扬州大学博士学位论文,2006.
7苏少泉.除草剂代谢·转基因作物与除草剂污染的生物修复[J].农药,2006,45(11)：721-725.
8曹玉佩.防治农药污染土壤4措施[J].科学种养,2009,9：53.
9徐建,张平,穆洪,等.两种除草剂复合污染对蚯蚓的毒性效应[J].农业环境与科学学报,2006,25(5)：1188-1192.
10史伟,李香菊,张宏军.除草剂锈去津对环境的污染及治理[J].农药科学与管理,2009,30(8)：30-33.
11党建友,张定一,裴雪霞,等.除草剂对优质小麦品质和旗叶保护酶的调控效应[J].应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(1)：018-023.
12沈燕,封超年,李邵,等.农药对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗生理生化特性的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2007,3：16-19.
13夏玉荣,封超年,王正贵,郭文善,朱新开,李春燕,彭永欣.不同杀虫剂对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响.扬州大学报,2010,30(1)：70-75.
14钱伯章.我国农药产量跃居世界第一[J].农药研究与应用,2008,12(20)：33.
15江娜.我国农药产品结构更趋合理“十五”农药管理工作成效点评[J].农化市场十日讯,2006,15： 1.
16张为农.新型除草剂需求增加三成[J].今日农药,2010,6：46.
17苏少泉,滕春红,王春林.欧盟对农药的重新评定与我国除草剂品种发展[J].农药,2004,43(9)：385-388.
18王焕民.对改善我国除草剂品种结构状况的思考[J].农药,2003,42(9)：1-5.
19刘长令.世界农药大全除草剂卷[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2002.
20周宜贵,赵加林,徐国成,春季麦田除草剂主要品种及其使用技术[J].农民致富之友,2010,5：20.
21陈秀清.麦田除草剂使用中存在的问题及对策[J].河南农业,2009,23：34.
22申保芳.麦田除草剂使用中存在的问题[J].河北农业科技,2008,14：26-27.
23赵贤月,郝绪春,郭厚杰.麦田除草剂防效差的原因分析及措施[J].现代农业科技,2008,5117.119.
24成其仓.氟草烟防除麦田阔叶杂草试验[J].浙江农业科学,2006,3：322-323.
25宋小玲,朱云枝,李儒海,等.麦极与骠马对麦田主要禾本科杂草的室内药效比较研究[J].江苏农业科学,2006,6：190-491.
26袁立伦,闻永星,王侠芳,等.50%异丙隆WP防除小麦田杂草试验[J].安徽农业科学,2004,32(2)：291.
27张定一,杨武德,党建友,等.除草剂对强筋小麦产量及生理特性的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2007,13(3)：294-300.
28党建友,张定一,裴雪霞,等.除草剂对冬小麦光合特性、籽粒产量及品质的调控效应[J].西北植物学报,2007,27(7)：1438-1445.
29王克勤.除草剂对高油大豆产量及品质的影响[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(11)：311-313.
30 Tohansson E,Prieto-Linde M L,OJonsson J J.Effects of wheat cultivars and nitrogen application on storage protein composition and bread making quality [J]. Cereal Chemistry.2001,78:19-25.
31金善宝.中国小麦学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1996,928-929
32郭天财,王志红.河南小麦栽培技术[M].郑州：河南科学技术出版社,1988,310-345
33朱新开,郭文善,周君良,等.氮素对不同类型专用小麦营养和加工品质调控效应[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(6)：640-645
34蔡瑞国,尹燕枰,张敏,等.氮素水平对藁城8901和山农1391籽粒品质的调控效应[J].作物学报,2007,33(2)：304-310
35 Singh,A K. Effects of sowing time, irrigation and nitrogen on grain yield and quality of durum wheat. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2000,70:532-533
36刘萍,郭文善,徐月明,等.种植密度对中、弱筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2006,26(5)：117-121
37 Rharrabti Y,Villegas D,Royo C,et al. Durum wheat quality in mediterranean environments:Ⅱ. Influence of climatic variables and relationships between quality parameters. Field Crops Research, 2003.80:133-140
38 Mekendry A L,Henke G E,Finney P L. Effects of septoria leaf bloch on soft red winter milling and baking quality.Cereal Chemistry,1995,72:142-146
39杨益众,戴志一,黄东林,等.麦蚜的阶段性为害对小麦产量和品质影响的研究[J].昆虫知识,1995,32(1)：10-13
40 Youngman R R, Leigh T F, Kerby N C, et al. Pesticides and cotton:effect on photosynthesis. growth and fruiting [J]. J Economic Entomol,1990,83:1549-1557
41李贵,吴竞仑.除草剂对作物生理生化指标的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(29)：9157-9159.
42娄国强,吕文彦,职明星.苯磺隆、苄嘧磺隆对不同小麦品种安全性及叶绿素含量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(10)：317-320.
43刘井兰,于建飞,印建莉,等.化学农药对植物生理生化影响的研究进展[J].农药,2006,45(8)：511-514.
44 Ning Hui Song, Xiao Le Yin, Guo Feng Chen,et al. Biological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants to the herbicide chlorotoluron in soils [J]. Chemosphere.2007,68:1779-1787.
45冯绪猛,罗时石,胡建伟,等.农药对水稻叶片丙二醛及叶绿素含量的影响[J].核农学报,2003,17(6)：481-484.
46吴晓霞,吴进才,金银根,等.除草剂对水生植物的生理生态效应[J].生态学报,2004,24(9)：2037-2042.
47韩玉军,赵长山.丙草胺对水稻生理生化特性的影响[J].植物保护学报,2008,35(2)：189-190.
48李广领,张育平.除草剂骠马对核桃幼苗生长及生理效应的影响[J].河南农业科学,2005,5：62-64.
49刘良全,张水利,景小元,等.几种化学调控物质对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理指标的调控作用[J].麦类作物学报2010,30(1)：73-78.
50 Jiang C D, Gao H Y, Zou Q. Changes of donor and accepter sidein photosystem Ⅱ complex induced by iron deficiency in attached soybean and maize leaves[J]. Phorosynthelaca,2003,41: 267-271.
51 R.Kana,M.Spundova,P.Ilik,et al.Effect of herbicide clomazone on photosynthetic processes in primary barley (Hordeurn vulgare L.)leaves[J].Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 78 (2004) 161-170.
52张承东,韩朔睽,张爱茜.除草剂苯噻草胺胁迫对水稻活性氧清除系统的影响[J].农业环境保护,2001,20(6)：411-413,417.
53李广领,陈锡岭,秦雪峰,等.5种除草剂对百农矮抗58的安全性[J].农药,2007,46(2)：132-134.
54袁树忠,吴进才,徐建祥,等.丁草胺等除草剂对水稻生理生化的影响[J].植物保护学报,2001,28(3)：274-278.
55张育平,娄国强,李广领,等.吡氟氯禾灵对核桃幼苗生长量及生理效应的影响[J].农药,2006,45(2)：131-132.
56张育平,吕文彦,秦雪峰,等.3种除草剂对核桃幼苗生长量及生理效应的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(10)：2201-2202.
57吴进才,王爱华,许俊峰,等.两种选择性农药的使用对刺激三化螟产卵及水稻生化影响的研究[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(10)：1163-1170.
58[吴进才,刘井兰,沈迎春,等.农药对不同水稻品种SOD活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(4)：451-456.
59徐虹,张宗俭,郭蔼光.除草剂对水稻、稗草种子萌发后幼芽生长的影响[J].中国农学通报,2001,17(3)：20-23.
60原向阳,毕耀宇,王鑫,等.除草剂对抗草甘麟大豆光合作用和蒸腾作用的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2006,27(4)：311-313.
61吴进才,许俊峰,冯绪猛,等.稻田常用农药对水稻3个品种生理生化的影响[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(5)：536-541.
62周光来.丁草胺对水稻根系活力和C/N的影响[J].湖北民族学院学报,2002,20(2)：37-39.
63张帆,田甜,金宗来,等.新型除草剂丙酯草醚对油菜幼苗生长与根尖细胞活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(10)：3522-3529.
64 Hui-Min Qiu,Jin-Cai Wu,Guo-Qin Yang,et al. Changes in the uptake function of the rice root to nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium under brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) and pesticide stresses, and effect of pesticides on rice - grain filling in field[J]. Crop Protection 23 (2004) 1041-1048.
65曲贵海.农田化学药剂除草及其污染[J].农业与技术,2001,21(6)：41.
66滕春红,苏少泉.除草剂在土壤中的微生物降解及污染土壤的生物修复[J].农药,2006,45(8)：505-507.
67覃克勋.除草剂污染对草食动物的危害[J].山东畜牧兽医,2009,30(9)：59.
68胡宏韬,程金平.除草剂污染地下水的生物治理模拟实验研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(增刊)：144-147.
69陈丽,周颖,吴毅凌,等.以黄浦江为水源的管网末梢水中微量有机物污染现状[J].卫生研究,2008,37(2)：137-143.
70陈荣富,叶茂华,吴振宇,等.农药除草剂污染生活饮用水水源引起人群肝功能异常调查[J].浙江预防医学,2009,21(3)：18-19.
71单正军,朱忠林,华晓梅,等.除草剂拉索对地下水影响研究[J].环境科学学报,1994,]4(1)：72-78.
72孙肖瑜,王静,金永堂.我国水环境农药污染现状及健康影响研究进展[J].环境与健康杂志：2009,26(7)：649-652
73王宏康.水体污染与防治概论[M].北京：北京农业大学出版社,1991
74孔晓华.化学农药与土壤污染[J].现代农业,2010(3)：34-35.
75李定远,石德强,申锐莉,等.江汉平原大气污染源分析[J].现代地质,2008,22(6)：915-921.
76肉孜.买买提,农药对环境的影响及其防治措施[J].新疆师范大学学报,2007,26(3)：164-167.
77茹志刚编著.环境保护与治理[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1988,9
78张翠菊,王海琰,李星华.浅析农药环境污染与防治措施[J].2008,21(增1)：145-146
79张大弟.苏摩尔达维亚均三氮苯类除草剂对土壤的污染[J].国外农业环境保护,1991,3：12-14.
80朱国念,刘惠君,朱金文.噁唑禾草灵在小麦及土壤环境中的残留与降解研究[J].农药,2000,39(5)：19-21
81赵慧宇,薄瑞,薛佳莹,等.高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定小麦中2甲4氯残留.农药学学报,2010,12(1)105-108
82陈建平.绿磺隆、甲磺隆除草剂对后茬蔬菜的药害影响及防治.农业科技与信息,2008,21：36
83李里特.国内外绿色食品、有机食品背景和展望[J].中国食物与营养,2001,(增刊)：4-7
84丁常荣,曹学文.产品中农药残留现状及对策[J].山东农业科学,2005,3：101,82
85刘丽华,钟柳青,黎明强.中国农药中毒的流行概况[J].中国职业医学,2008,35(6)：518-520
86仲维科.我国食品的农药污染问题[J].山西农业,2000,11：26-27
87林玉锁,龚瑞忠.农药环境管理与污染控制[J].环境导报,2000,17(3)：4-6
88徐志英,蒋思霞.农药环境污染问题及可持续治理对策[J].安徽农业科学,2005,33(10)：1994-1995.
89张志勇,张存政,刘贤进,等.无公害蔬菜生产全程质量监控中的HACCP体系[J].江苏农业学报,2006,22(1)：55-58.
90陆锡康,陈忠,包士忠,等.无公害农产品标准化生产关键技术研究[J].中国农学通报,2004,20(2)：45-48.
91美国公布了一些农药残留限量标准[J].山东农药信息,2009(4)：36.
92李启泉,刘守亮,秦启发,等.环境、食品及人体农药残留量调查[J].中国自然医学杂志,2004,6(1)：5-8
93华小梅.我国农药的生产使用状况及其污染环境因子分析[J].环境科学进展,1996,4：33-45
94姚建国,周卯星,冯瑜.蔬菜水果中的农药残留分析进展[J].山西农业科学,2003,31(2)：49-55
95陈万义,屠予钦,钱传范.农药与应用[M].化学工业出版社,1991,4-24
96 Hallberg G R. Pesticide pollution of ground water in the humid United States. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,1989,26:299-367
97李忠环,杨明,徐云,等.烟用除草剂的除草效果及烟叶农药残留分析.云南农业科技,2010,1：17-18.
98李香菊,汤天寿,王贵启,等.20%苯磺隆防除冬小麦田杂草效果[J].安徽农业科学,2002,30(4)：578-580.
99蒋仁棠,谈文瑾,刘忠德,等.20%苯磺隆防除冬小麦田阔叶杂草试验[J].安徽农业科学2002,30(4)：568-569.
100张学文,赵士敏,刘亦学.75%苯磺隆干悬浮剂防除小麦田阔叶杂草药效试验[J].安徽农业科学.2002,30(4)：574-576.
101刘伟.麦田主要杂草对苯磺隆的抗药性及小麦选择性机理初步研究[D].山东农业大学硕士学位论文,2005.
102宋稳成,单炜力,叶纪明,等.国内外农药最大残留限量标准现状与发展趋势[J].农药学学报2009,11(4)：414-420.
103丁昌东,潘志远。我国农残标准浅析[J].2008,5：23-25.
104欧盟农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1999.
105美国农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1998.
106日本农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1998.
107高都平.10%苯磺隆可湿性粉剂防除冬小麦田2种主要杂草的防效试验[J].甘肃农业科技,2004,8：48-50.
108陈克付,龚国斌,章昆仑,等.35%苯磺隆·使它隆可湿性粉剂小麦田间药效及安全性试验[J].农药科学与管理,2006,25(10)：34-36.
109许家春,赵开兵,沈维良,等.麦喜、使它隆及混剂防除麦田杂草试验[J].杂草科学,2003,3：29-30.
110朱秀红,姚志龙,颜士洋,等.氟草烟防除水花生试验初报[J].杂草科学,2005,2：57-60.
111程东美,张志祥,谢章明.2,4-D丁酯和氟草烟防治草坪假芫荽的试验[J].仲恺农业技术学院学报,2003,16(4)：42-45.
112路兴涛,蒋仁棠,郑星,等.19%苯磺隆·氟草烟WP防除冬小麦田阔叶杂草试验[J].山东农业科学,2006,3：68-69.
113郑笑微.使它隆防除空心莲子试验[J].上海蔬菜,2005(2)：60-61.
114梁佳勇,余土元,陈平.使它隆对结缕草的安全性研究[J].草业科学,2004(10)：71-73.
115路兴涛,郑星,蒋仁棠.等.异丙隆·苯磺隆WP防除冬小麦田杂草试验报告[J].杂草科学,2004,(1)：25-26.
116李永丰,吴竞仑,王庆亚,等.日本看麦娘对氯磺隆、异丙隆和骠马的抗药性[J].江苏农业学报,2005,21(4)：283-287.
117蒋小林,殷生林,赵健元,等.异丙隆+苄嘧磺隆防除小麦田杂草试验报告[J].杂草科学 2001(3)：10-13.
118郭青云,金萍.60.75%异丙隆·苯磺隆WP防除麦田杂草药效试验[J]青海科技,2004,(3)27-30.
119郭青云,邱学林,辛存岳,等.10%精噁唑禾草灵EC防除春麦田野燕麦试验初报[J].青海农林科技,2000(3)：26-27.
120李新苗.7.5%精噁唑禾草灵防除春小麦田野燕麦药效试验[J].植物保护科学,2004,20(3)：218-220.
121郭青云.6.9%精噁唑禾草灵防除春小麦田野燕麦药效试验[J].农药,2002,41(10)：37-38.
122曹春田,胡风云,刘天云,等.骠马防除麦田日本看麦娘药效试验[J].农药,2000,39(3)：43-44.
123李秀娈,杨汝欣,李兆防.等.高剂量驃马对麦田大叶龄杂草的药效及安全性[J].杂草科学,2004(3)：41-42.
124林长福,耿贺利,于海峰,等.精噁唑禾草灵药效试验总结[J].农药,2001,40(6)：39-41.
125余能英.骠马防除小麦田看麦娘试验[J].安徽农学通报,2005,11(3)：36.
126朱文达,邓德峰.25%绿麦隆可湿性粉剂防除麦田杂草施药时间的研究[J].湖北农药科学,2002(4)：48-50.
127杨阳,张友才,葛玉林,等.乙草胺屏丙隆与绿麦隆混配防除麦田杂草试验[J].杂草科学2003(4)：29-31.
128杨平.如何做到科学合理施用农药[J].植物医生.2009,22(1)：49-50
129王永连,盛伟伟.加强农药的科学安全使用以搞好无公害农产品生产.现代农业科技,2008,21：158
130 Qiu H M, Wu J C, Yang G Q, et al. Changes in the uptake function of the rice root to nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium under brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (stal) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) and pesticide stresses, and effect of pesticides on rice grain filling in field[J]. Crop protect,2004,23(11):1041-1048
131 Chelliah S, Fabellar L T, Heinrichs E A. Effects of sub-lethal doses of three insecticides on the reproductive rate of the brown planthopper, Nilapavata lugens on rice[J]. Environ Entomol,1980, 9(6):773-777
132 Qiu Z H, Wu J C, Dong B, et al. Two-way effect of pesticides on zeatin riboside content in both rice leaves and roots[J]. Crop protect,2004,23(4):1131-1136
133 Jones V P, Youngman R R, Parrellia M P. Effect of selected acaricides on photosynthetic rates of lemon and orange on California[J]. J Economic Entomol,1983,76(5):1178-1180
134 Haile F J, Peterson R K, Higley L G. Gas-exchange responses of alfalfa and soybean treated with insecticides [J].J Economic Entomol,1999,92(4):954-959
135何斌源,赖廷和,王瑁,等.农药对红海榄幼苗上藤壶的防治及其生理生态效应[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(8)：1351-1356
136 Wu Jincai, Xu Jianxiang, Yuan Shuzhong, et al. Pesticide-induced susceptibility of rice to brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens[J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Appicata,2001,100: 119-126
1张泽溥.我国农田杂草治理技术的发展[J].植物保护,2004,30(2)：28-33
2 Song N H, Yin X L, Chen G F, Yang H. Biological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants to the herbicide chlorotoluron in soils [J]. Chemosphere,2007,68:1779-1787
3党建友,张定一,裴雪霞,等.除草剂对优质小麦品质和旗叶保护酶的调控效应[J].应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(1)：018-023
4娄国强,吕文彦,职明星.苯磺隆、苄嘧磺隆对不同小麦品种安全性及叶绿素含量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(10)：317-320
5陈克付,龚国斌,章昆仑,等.35%苯磺隆·使它隆可湿性粉剂小麦田间药效及安全性试验[J].农药科学与管理,2006,25(10)：34-36.
6许家春,赵开兵,沈维良,等.麦喜、使它隆及混剂防除麦田杂草试验[J].杂草科学,2003,3：29-30.
7路兴涛,蒋仁棠,郑星,等.19%苯磺隆·氟草烟WP防除冬小麦田阔叶杂草试验[J].山东农业科学,2006,3：68-69.
8郭青云,金萍.60.75%异丙隆·苯磺隆WP防除麦田杂草药效试验[J].青海科技,2004,(3)27-30.
9李新苗.7.5%精噁唑禾草灵防除春小麦田野燕麦药效试验[J].植物保护科学,2004,20(3)：218-220.
10朱文达,邓德峰.25%绿麦隆可湿性粉剂防除麦田杂草施药时间的研究[J].湖北农药科学,2002(4)：48-50.
11李秀娈,杨汝欣,李兆防.等.高剂量骠马对麦田大叶龄杂草的药效及安全性[J].杂草科学,2004(3)：41-42.
12刘井兰,于建飞,印建莉,等.化学农药对植物生理生化影响的研究进展[J].农药,2006,45(8)：511-514
13 Scharf M E, Neal J J, Bennett G W. Changes of insecticide resistance levels and detoxication enzymes following insecticide selection in the german cockroach, Blattella gerrnanica[J]. Pesticide Sciences,1998,52:127-132
14吴进才,刘井兰,沈迎春,等.农药对不同水稻品种SOD活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(4)：451-456
15李颖娇,叶非.除草剂安全剂对作物细胞色素P450及其他酶活性和水平的影响[J].农药学学报,2003,5(3)：9-15.
16于基成,刘秋,曹远银.3种生物药剂对小麦防御酶系的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2004,6：67-69.
17 Wu J C, Xu J X, Liu J L, Yuan S Z, et al. Effects of herbicides on rice resistance and on multiplication and feeding of brown planthopper(BPH), Nilaparvata lugens(Homoprera Delphacidae)[J]. International Journal of Pest Management,2001,47(2):153-159
18吴进才,王爱华,许俊峰,等.两种选择性农药的使用对刺激三化螟产卵及水稻生化影响的研究[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(10)：1163-1170
19吴进才,许俊峰,冯绪猛,等.稻田常用农药对水稻3个品种生理生化的影响[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(5)：536-541
20 Song N H, Yang Z M, Zhou L X, et al. Effect of dissolved organic matter on the toxicity of chlorotoluron to Teicictrnt aeseiutrnt[J], J. Environ Sci,17:2006,101-108
21 Wang M E, Zhou Q X. Effects of herbicide chlorimuron-ethyl on physiological mechanisms in wheat (Triticurn aestivurn)[J], Ecotox Environ Safe,2006,64:190-197
22 Wu J C, Xu J X, Yuan S Z, et al. Pesticide-induced susceptibility of rice to brown planthopper. Nilarvata lugens(Homoprera:Delphacidae)[J]. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,2001,100:119-126
23李广领,陈锡岭,秦雪峰,等.5种除草剂对百农矮抗58的安全性[J].农药,2007,46(2)：132-134
24袁树忠,吴进才,徐建祥,等.丁草胺等除草剂对水稻生理生化的影响[J].植物保护学报,2001,28(3)：274-278
25张定一,杨武德,党建友,等.除草剂对强筋小麦产量及生理特性的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2007,13(3)：294-300
26党建友,张定一,裴雪霞,等.除草剂对冬小麦光合特性、籽粒产量及品质的调控效应[J].西北植物学报,2007,27(7)：1438-1445
1 Tohansson E, Prieto-Linde M L, OJonsson J J. Effects of wheat cultivars and nitrogen application on storage protein composition and bread making quality [J]. Cereal Chemistry.2001, 78:19-25.
2金善宝.中国小麦学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1996,928-929
3郭天财,王志红.河南小麦栽培技术[M].郑州：河南科学技术出版社,1988,310-345
4朱新开,郭文善,周君良,等.氮素对不同类型专用小麦营养和加工品质调控效应[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(6)：640-645
5蔡瑞国,尹燕枰,张敏,等.氮素水平对藁城8901和山农1391籽粒品质的调控效应[J].作物学报,2007,33(2)：304-310
6 Singh,A K. Effects of sowing time, irrigation and nitrogen on grain yield and quality of durum wheat. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2000,70:532-533
7刘萍,郭文善,徐月明,等.种植密度对中、弱筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2006,26(5)：117-121
8 Rharrabti Y, Villegas D, Royo C, et al. Durum wheat quality in mediterranean environments:Ⅱ. Influence of climatic variables and relationships between quality parameters. Field Crops Research,2003.80:133-140
9 Mekendry A L, Henke G E, Finney P L. Effects of septoria leaf bloch on soft red winter milling and baking quality. Cereal Chemistry,1995,72:142-146
10杨益众,戴志一,黄东林,等.麦蚜的阶段性为害对小麦产量和品质影响的研究[J].昆虫知识,1995,32(1)：10-13
11王金信,刘峰,慕卫.11种杀虫剂对麦蚜药效评价[J].农药,1999,38(6)：21,29
12刘爱芝,王晓军,武予清,等.吡虫啉对小麦产量的影响及其防治麦蚜有效剂量的评价[J].河南农业科学,2003(1)：27-29
13宋玉立,何文兰,扬共强,等.杀菌剂对豫麦47号面包小麦品质的影响[J].河南农业科学,2001(6)：20-21
14胡琳,许为钢,黄惠,等.优质小麦品种郑麦9023品质特性的研究[J].麦类作物学报,2003,23(3)：13-16
15田昌平,张会孔,郭守任.20%三唑酮乳油防治小麦全蚀病技术[J].江苏农药,1995(3)：28
16杨学明,袁建,钱存鸣,等.粉锈宁对弱筋小麦宁麦9号产量和品质的影响[J].金陵科技学院学 报,2006,22(3)：77-79
17党建友,张定一,裴雪霞,等.除草剂对优质小麦品质和旗叶保护酶的调控效应[J].应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(1)：018-023
18何照范.粮油籽粒品质及其分析技术[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1985：290-294
19冯明祥,陈振德,袁玉伟,等.几种常用杀虫剂在洋葱上的残留降解动态研究[J].农药,2006,5：337-338,341.
20 Huckaba R M,Cable H D,Van Duyn J W. Joint effects of acifluorfen applications and soybean thrips (Sericoth variabilis) feeding on soybean (Glycine max)[J].Weed Science.198836:667-670
21叶玉秀,张安存,周风明,等.药剂对水稻颖壳色泽及稻米品质的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(22)：5810-5811.
22彭羽,郭天财,蒋高明,等.开花后水分调控对两个筋型冬小麦品种品质与产量的影响[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(4)：554-561.
1张泽溥.我国农田杂草治理技术的发展[J].植物保护,2004,30(2)：28-33.
2李广领,陈锡岭,秦雪峰,等.5种除草剂对百农矮抗58的安全性[J].农药,2007,46(2)：132-134.
3娄国强,吕文彦,职明星..苯磺隆、苄嘧磺隆对不同小麦品种安全性及叶绿素含量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(10)：317-320.
4刘井兰,于建飞,印建莉,等.化学农药对植物生理生化影响的研究进展[J].农药,2006,45(8)：511-514.
5 Ning Hui Song, Xiao Le Yin, Guo Feng Chen.et al. Biological responses of wheat(Triticum aestivum)plants to the herbicide chlorotoluron in soils[J]. Chemosphere.2007,68:1779-1787.
6吴进才,许俊峰,冯绪猛,等.稻田常用农药对水稻3个品种生理生化的影响[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(5)：536-541.
7吴进才,王爱华,许俊峰,等.两种选择性农药的使用对刺激三化螟产卵及水稻生化影响的研究[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(10)：1163-1170.
8中国科学院上海植物生理研究所,上海植物生理学会编.现代植物生理学实验指南[M].北京：科学出版社,1999.
9袁树忠,吴进才,徐建祥,等.丁草胺等除草剂对水稻生理生化的影响[J].植物保护学报,2001,28(3)：274-278.
10韩玉军,赵长山.丙草胺对水稻生理生化特性的影响[J].植物保护学报,2008,35(2)：189-190.
11吴进才,刘井兰,沈迎春,等.农药对不同水稻品种SOD活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(4)：451-456.
12党建友,张定一,裴雪霞,等.除草剂对优质小麦品质和旗叶保护酶的调控效应[J].应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(1)：018-023.
13张承东,韩朔睽,张爱茜.除草剂苯噻草胺胁迫对水稻活性氧清除系统的影响[J].农业环境保护,2001,20(6)：411-413,417.
14张定一,杨武德,党建友,等.除草剂对强筋小麦产量及生理特性的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2007,13(3)：294-300.
15党建友,张定一,裴雪霞,等.除草剂对冬小麦光合特性、籽粒产量及品质的调控效应[J]l 西北植物学报,2007,27(7)：1438-1445.
16 M. E. Wang, Q. X. Zhou, Effects of herbicide chlorimuron-ethyl on physiological mechanisms in wheat (Triticurn aestivurn), Ecotox. Environ. Safe.64(2006)190-197.
17 H. Ohkawa, H. Tsujii, Y.Ohkawa, The use of cytochrome P450 genes to introduce herbicide tolerance in crops, Pest. Sci.55(1999)1-8.
18沈燕,封超年,李邵,等.农药对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗生理生化特性的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2007,3：16-19.
19 H.J. Beckie, LM. Heap, R.J. Smeda, L.M. Hall, Screening for herbicide resistance in weeds, Weed Technol.14(2000).428-445.
20 J. Menendez, R. de Prado,1996. Diclofop-methyl cross-resistance in a chlorotoluron-resistant biotype of Alopecurus mtyostreoides, Pest. Biochem. Physiol.56,123-133.
1陈国峰,杨红.除草剂使它隆对土壤酶活性及呼吸强度的影响[J].生态环境,2008,17(3)：1016-1020.
2滕春红,陶波.除草剂氯嘧磺隆对土壤酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(5)：1294-1298.
3张昀,关连珠,胡克伟,等.吡嘧磺隆二氯喹啉酸对土壤呼吸强度和酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(增刊)：73-76.
4 Enzyme activities in agricultural soils fumigated with methyl bromide alternatives [J]. Soil Biol Biochem,2004,36:1625-1635.
5辛承友,朱鲁生,王军,等.阿特拉津对不同肥力土集蔗糖酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(3)：479-483.
6范昆,王开运,王东,等.1,3-二氯丙烯药剂对土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(2)：695-701.
7冯波,单敏,方华,等.百菌清对土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(3)：674-677.
8杨惠芳,王保军,林力,等.单甲脒农药对土壤微生物种群和十壤酶活性的影响[J].应用于环境生物学报,1996,2(1)：58-65.
9 Perucci P, Dumontet S, Bufo S A, et al.Effect of organic amendment and herbicide treatment on soil microbial biomass [J]. Biol Fertile soils,2000,32:17-23.
10..中国科学院南京土壤研究所微生物室.土壤微生物研究法[M].1985 SUSANNE K, HUSEIN A A.
11周礼恺.土壤酶学[M].北京：科学出版社,1987.
12周恺,礼张志明.土壤酶活性的测定方法[J].土壤通报,1980,(5)：37-38.
13关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京.农业出版社,1986.
14赵兰.黎华寿.四种除草剂对稻田土壤微生物类群的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2)：508-514.
15 A.C. Das, D. Mukherjee. Soil application of insecticides influences microorganisms and plant nutrients [J]. Applied Soil Ecology 14 (2000) 55-62.
16 GUO Hua, CHEN Guofeng, LV Zhaoping, et al. Alteration of microbial properties and community structure in soils exposed to napropamide [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2009(21):494-502.
17和文祥,闵红,王娟,等.2,4-D对土壤酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(1)：224-228.
18李永红,高玉葆.土壤中单嘧磺隆对谷子生长及土壤微生物若干生化功能的影响[J]农业环境科学学报,2004,23(4)：633-637.
19 Kalam A,Tah J, Mukherjee A K. Pesticide effects on microbial population and soil enzyme activities during vermicomposting of agricultural waste[J]. Journal Environmental Biology, 2004,25(2):201-208.
20林晓燕,王玮,赵宇华,等.苄嘧磺隆对淹水稻田土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2008,34(1)：109-113.
21 Perucci P, Dumontet S, Bufo S A, et al.Effect of organic amendment and herbicide treatment on soil microbial biomass [J]. Biol Fertile soils,2000,32:17-23.
22刘惠君,詹秀明,刘维屏.四种酰胺类除草剂对土壤酶活性的影响[J].中国环境科学,2005,25(5)：611-614.
1陈余平,马丽萍,汪少敏,等.农药残留超标稻谷在大米中残留状况的探讨[J].浙江农业科学,2008,3：344-346.
2卢良恕.我国加强食物安全工作的新思路[J].农业质量标准,2006,(1)：4-6.
3吴文君.农药学原理[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2000：18.
4李忠环,杨明,徐云,等.烟用除草剂的除草效果及烟叶农药残留分析[J].云南农业科技,2010,1：17-18.
5张泽溥.我国农田杂草治理技术的发展[J].植物保护,2004,30(2)：28-33.
6周宜贵,赵加林,徐国成,春季麦田除草剂主要品种及其使用技术[J].农民致富之友,2010,5：20.
7王天斌,柳梅.苯磺隆的高效液相色谱分析[J].化工标准.计量.质量,2005,25(2)：22-24.
8高燚,刘永波,贾立华.氟草烟残留的GC-M法测定研究[J].分析试验室,2005,24(6)20-23.
9黄聪,甘平胜,杨云.衍生化气相色谱法测定大米中异丙隆残留量的研究[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2003,13(6)：710-711.
10朱国念,刘惠君,朱金文.噁唑禾草灵在小麦及土壤环境中的残留与降解研究[J].农药,2000,39(5)：19-21.
11 GB/T 5009.133-2003,粮食中绿麦隆残留量的测定.2003.
12王增辉.农药降解规律的数学方法研究[J].农业环境保护,1993,12(2)：78,93-94.
13方一平,张庆国Rayleigh模型在农药残留上的应用[J].安徽农业大学学报,1995,22(4)：461-463.
14朱国念,刘惠君,朱金文.噁唑禾草灵在小麦及土壤环境中的残留与降解研究[J].农药,2000,39(5)：19-21.
15赵慧宇,薄瑞,薛佳莹,等.高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定小麦中2甲4氯残留.农药学学报,2010,12(1)105-108.
16陈建平.绿磺隆、甲磺隆除草剂对后茬蔬菜的药害影响及防治.农业科技与信息,2008,21：36.
17欧盟农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1999.
18美国农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1998.
19日本农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1998.
20宋稳成,单炜力,叶纪明,等.国内外农药最大残留限量标准现状与发展趋势[J].农药学学报2009,11(4)：414-420.
21丁昌东,潘志远。我国农残标准浅析[J].2008,5：23-25.
22江希流,金怡,蔡道基.绿麦隆在麦田土壤中残留动态及其对后茬作物生长的影响[J].农业环境保护,1992,11(6)：252-255.
23石立岩,周秀慧,李善和.除草剂异丙隆在小麦及土壤中的残留特性[J].聊城师院学报(自然科学版),2000,13(4)：65-68.
1仲维科.我国食品的农药污染问题[J].山西农业,2000,11：26-27.
2林玉锁,龚瑞忠.农药环境管理与污染控制[J].环境导报,2000,17(3)：4-6.
3王开金,强胜.江苏麦田杂草群落的数量分析,草业学报,2007,16(1)：118-126.
4屈宝香,周旭英,张华,佟艳洁,黄淮海地区种植业结构调整与水资源关系研究,中国农业资源与区划,2003,24(5)：29-22
5张泽溥.我国农田杂草治理技术的发展[J].植物保护,2004,30(2)：28-33
6高都平.10%苯磺隆可湿性粉剂防除冬小麦田2种主要杂草的防效试验[J].甘肃农业科技,2004,8：48-50.
7晏忠诚.使它隆在春小麦上的施用效果[J].新疆农垦科技,2006,6：49.
8张定一,杨武德,党建友,等.除草剂对强筋小麦产量及生理特性的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2007,13(3)：294-300.
9党建友,张定一,裴雪霞,等.除草剂对冬小麦光合特性、籽粒产量及品质的调控效应[J].西北植物学报,2007,27(7)：1438-1445.
10 Tohansson E, Prieto-Linde M L, OJonsson J J. Effects of wheat cultivars and nitrogen application on storage protein composition and bread making quality [J]. Cereal Chemistry..2001,78:19-25.
11金善宝.中国小麦学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1996,928-929
12郭天财,王志红.河南小麦栽培技术[M].郑州：河南科学技术出版社,1988,310-345
13朱新开,郭文善,周君良,等.氮素对不同类型专用小麦营养和加工品质调控效应[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(6)：640-645
14蔡瑞国,尹燕枰,张敏,等.氮素水平对藁城8901和山农1391籽粒品质的调控效应[J].作物学报,2007,33(2)：304-310
15 Singh,A K. Effects of sowing time, irrigation and nitrogen on grain yield and quality of durum wheat. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2000,70:532-533
16刘萍,郭文善,徐月明,等.种植密度对中、弱筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2006,26(5)：117-121
17 Rharrabti Y, Villegas D, Royo C, et al. Durum wheat quality in mediterranean environments:Ⅱ. Influence of climatic variables and relationships between quality parameters. Field Crops Research,2003.80:133-140
18 Mekendry A L, Henke G E, Finney P L. Effects of septoria leaf bloch on soft red winter milling and baking quality. Cereal Chemistry,1995,72:142-146
19杨益众,戴志一,黄东林,等.麦蚜的阶段性为害对小麦产量和品质影响的研究[J].昆虫知 识,1995,32(1)：10-13
20王金信,刘峰,慕卫.11种杀虫剂对麦蚜药效评价[J].农药,1999,38(6)：21,29
21刘爱芝,王晓军,武予清,等.吡虫啉对小麦产量的影响及其防治麦蚜有效剂量的评价[J].河南农业科学,2003(1)：27-29
22宋玉立,何文兰,扬共强,等.杀菌剂对豫麦47号面包小麦品质的影响[J].河南农业科学,2001(6)：20-21
23胡琳,许为钢,黄惠,等.优质小麦品种郑麦9023品质特性的研究[J].麦类作物学报,2003,23(3)：13-16
24吴进才,刘井兰,沈迎春,等.农药对不同水稻品种SOD活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(4)：451-456.
25袁树忠,吴进才,徐建祥,等.丁草胺等除草剂对水稻生理生化的影响[J].植物保护学报,2001,28(3)：274-278.
26沈燕,封超年,李邵,等.农药对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗生理生化特性的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2007,3：16-19.
27赵兰.黎华寿.四种除草剂对稻田土壤微生物类群的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2)：508-514.
28刘惠君,刘维屏,杨炜春,等.均三氮苯类除草剂对土壤酶活性的影响[J].土壤学报,2003,40(2)：286-292.
29郎印海,蒋新,赵其国,等.磺酰脲除草剂在土壤中的环境行为研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(9)：1187-1190.
30和文祥,闵红,王娟,等.2,4-D对土壤酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(1)：224-228.
31李永红,高玉葆.土壤中单嘧磺隆对谷子生长及土壤微生物若干生化功能的影响[J]农业环境科学学报,2004,23(4)：633-637.
32辛承友,朱鲁生,王军,等.阿特拉津对不同肥力土集蔗糖酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(3)：479-483.
33林晓燕,王玮,赵宇华,等.苄嘧磺隆对淹水稻田土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2008,34(1)：109-113.
34滕春红,陶波.除草剂氯嘧磺隆对土壤酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(5)：1294-1298.
35张昀,关连珠,胡克伟,等.吡嘧磺隆二氯喹啉酸对土壤呼吸强度和酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(增刊)：73-76.
36朱国念,刘惠君,朱金文.噁唑禾草灵在小麦及土壤环境中的残留与降解研究[J].农药,2000,39(5)：19-21.
37黄聪,甘平胜,杨云.衍生化气相色谱法测定大米中异丙隆残留量的研究[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2003,13(6)：710-711.
38江希流,金怡,蔡道基.绿麦隆在麦田土壤中残留动态及其对后茬作物生长的影响[J].农业环境保护,1992,11(6)：252-255.
39陈建平.绿磺隆、甲磺隆除草剂对后茬蔬菜的药害影响及防治.农业科技与信息,2008,21：36.
40欧盟农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1999.
41美国农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1998.
42日本农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1998.
43宋稳成,单炜力,叶纪明,等.国内外农药最大残留限量标准现状与发展趋势[J].农药学学报2009,11(4)：414-420.
44丁昌东,潘志远。我国农残标准浅析[J].2008,5：23-25.
45石立岩,周秀慧,李善和.除草剂异丙隆在小麦及土壤中的残留特性[J].聊城师院学报(自然科学版),2000,13(4)：65-68.
2赵善欢.植物化学保护[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2000.
3 Li Y Q, Sun Z L, Zhuang X F, et al. Research progress on microbial herbicides [J]. Crop Protection, 2003,22(2):247-252.
4陶波,胡凡.杂草化学防除施用技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社2009.
5夏玉荣.杀虫剂对小麦产量和品质的影响极其机理[D].扬州大学博士学位论文,2010.
6沈燕.小麦生产中常用农药的残留特性与降解机制[D].扬州大学博士学位论文,2006.
7苏少泉.除草剂代谢·转基因作物与除草剂污染的生物修复[J].农药,2006,45(11)：721-725.
8曹玉佩.防治农药污染土壤4措施[J].科学种养,2009,9：53.
9徐建,张平,穆洪,等.两种除草剂复合污染对蚯蚓的毒性效应[J].农业环境与科学学报,2006,25(5)：1188-1192.
10史伟,李香菊,张宏军.除草剂锈去津对环境的污染及治理[J].农药科学与管理,2009,30(8)：30-33.
11党建友,张定一,裴雪霞,等.除草剂对优质小麦品质和旗叶保护酶的调控效应[J].应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(1)：018-023.
12沈燕,封超年,李邵,等.农药对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗生理生化特性的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2007,3：16-19.
13夏玉荣,封超年,王正贵,郭文善,朱新开,李春燕,彭永欣.不同杀虫剂对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响.扬州大学报,2010,30(1)：70-75.
14钱伯章.我国农药产量跃居世界第一[J].农药研究与应用,2008,12(20)：33.
15江娜.我国农药产品结构更趋合理“十五”农药管理工作成效点评[J].农化市场十日讯,2006,15： 1.
16张为农.新型除草剂需求增加三成[J].今日农药,2010,6：46.
17苏少泉,滕春红,王春林.欧盟对农药的重新评定与我国除草剂品种发展[J].农药,2004,43(9)：385-388.
18王焕民.对改善我国除草剂品种结构状况的思考[J].农药,2003,42(9)：1-5.
19刘长令.世界农药大全除草剂卷[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2002.
20周宜贵,赵加林,徐国成,春季麦田除草剂主要品种及其使用技术[J].农民致富之友,2010,5：20.
21陈秀清.麦田除草剂使用中存在的问题及对策[J].河南农业,2009,23：34.
22申保芳.麦田除草剂使用中存在的问题[J].河北农业科技,2008,14：26-27.
23赵贤月,郝绪春,郭厚杰.麦田除草剂防效差的原因分析及措施[J].现代农业科技,2008,5117.119.
24成其仓.氟草烟防除麦田阔叶杂草试验[J].浙江农业科学,2006,3：322-323.
25宋小玲,朱云枝,李儒海,等.麦极与骠马对麦田主要禾本科杂草的室内药效比较研究[J].江苏农业科学,2006,6：190-491.
26袁立伦,闻永星,王侠芳,等.50%异丙隆WP防除小麦田杂草试验[J].安徽农业科学,2004,32(2)：291.
27张定一,杨武德,党建友,等.除草剂对强筋小麦产量及生理特性的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2007,13(3)：294-300.
28党建友,张定一,裴雪霞,等.除草剂对冬小麦光合特性、籽粒产量及品质的调控效应[J].西北植物学报,2007,27(7)：1438-1445.
29王克勤.除草剂对高油大豆产量及品质的影响[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(11)：311-313.
30 Tohansson E,Prieto-Linde M L,OJonsson J J.Effects of wheat cultivars and nitrogen application on storage protein composition and bread making quality [J]. Cereal Chemistry.2001,78:19-25.
31金善宝.中国小麦学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1996,928-929
32郭天财,王志红.河南小麦栽培技术[M].郑州：河南科学技术出版社,1988,310-345
33朱新开,郭文善,周君良,等.氮素对不同类型专用小麦营养和加工品质调控效应[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(6)：640-645
34蔡瑞国,尹燕枰,张敏,等.氮素水平对藁城8901和山农1391籽粒品质的调控效应[J].作物学报,2007,33(2)：304-310
35 Singh,A K. Effects of sowing time, irrigation and nitrogen on grain yield and quality of durum wheat. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2000,70:532-533
36刘萍,郭文善,徐月明,等.种植密度对中、弱筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2006,26(5)：117-121
37 Rharrabti Y,Villegas D,Royo C,et al. Durum wheat quality in mediterranean environments:Ⅱ. Influence of climatic variables and relationships between quality parameters. Field Crops Research, 2003.80:133-140
38 Mekendry A L,Henke G E,Finney P L. Effects of septoria leaf bloch on soft red winter milling and baking quality.Cereal Chemistry,1995,72:142-146
39杨益众,戴志一,黄东林,等.麦蚜的阶段性为害对小麦产量和品质影响的研究[J].昆虫知识,1995,32(1)：10-13
40 Youngman R R, Leigh T F, Kerby N C, et al. Pesticides and cotton:effect on photosynthesis. growth and fruiting [J]. J Economic Entomol,1990,83:1549-1557
41李贵,吴竞仑.除草剂对作物生理生化指标的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(29)：9157-9159.
42娄国强,吕文彦,职明星.苯磺隆、苄嘧磺隆对不同小麦品种安全性及叶绿素含量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(10)：317-320.
43刘井兰,于建飞,印建莉,等.化学农药对植物生理生化影响的研究进展[J].农药,2006,45(8)：511-514.
44 Ning Hui Song, Xiao Le Yin, Guo Feng Chen,et al. Biological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants to the herbicide chlorotoluron in soils [J]. Chemosphere.2007,68:1779-1787.
45冯绪猛,罗时石,胡建伟,等.农药对水稻叶片丙二醛及叶绿素含量的影响[J].核农学报,2003,17(6)：481-484.
46吴晓霞,吴进才,金银根,等.除草剂对水生植物的生理生态效应[J].生态学报,2004,24(9)：2037-2042.
47韩玉军,赵长山.丙草胺对水稻生理生化特性的影响[J].植物保护学报,2008,35(2)：189-190.
48李广领,张育平.除草剂骠马对核桃幼苗生长及生理效应的影响[J].河南农业科学,2005,5：62-64.
49刘良全,张水利,景小元,等.几种化学调控物质对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理指标的调控作用[J].麦类作物学报2010,30(1)：73-78.
50 Jiang C D, Gao H Y, Zou Q. Changes of donor and accepter sidein photosystem Ⅱ complex induced by iron deficiency in attached soybean and maize leaves[J]. Phorosynthelaca,2003,41: 267-271.
51 R.Kana,M.Spundova,P.Ilik,et al.Effect of herbicide clomazone on photosynthetic processes in primary barley (Hordeurn vulgare L.)leaves[J].Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 78 (2004) 161-170.
52张承东,韩朔睽,张爱茜.除草剂苯噻草胺胁迫对水稻活性氧清除系统的影响[J].农业环境保护,2001,20(6)：411-413,417.
53李广领,陈锡岭,秦雪峰,等.5种除草剂对百农矮抗58的安全性[J].农药,2007,46(2)：132-134.
54袁树忠,吴进才,徐建祥,等.丁草胺等除草剂对水稻生理生化的影响[J].植物保护学报,2001,28(3)：274-278.
55张育平,娄国强,李广领,等.吡氟氯禾灵对核桃幼苗生长量及生理效应的影响[J].农药,2006,45(2)：131-132.
56张育平,吕文彦,秦雪峰,等.3种除草剂对核桃幼苗生长量及生理效应的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(10)：2201-2202.
57吴进才,王爱华,许俊峰,等.两种选择性农药的使用对刺激三化螟产卵及水稻生化影响的研究[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(10)：1163-1170.
58[吴进才,刘井兰,沈迎春,等.农药对不同水稻品种SOD活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(4)：451-456.
59徐虹,张宗俭,郭蔼光.除草剂对水稻、稗草种子萌发后幼芽生长的影响[J].中国农学通报,2001,17(3)：20-23.
60原向阳,毕耀宇,王鑫,等.除草剂对抗草甘麟大豆光合作用和蒸腾作用的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2006,27(4)：311-313.
61吴进才,许俊峰,冯绪猛,等.稻田常用农药对水稻3个品种生理生化的影响[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(5)：536-541.
62周光来.丁草胺对水稻根系活力和C/N的影响[J].湖北民族学院学报,2002,20(2)：37-39.
63张帆,田甜,金宗来,等.新型除草剂丙酯草醚对油菜幼苗生长与根尖细胞活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(10)：3522-3529.
64 Hui-Min Qiu,Jin-Cai Wu,Guo-Qin Yang,et al. Changes in the uptake function of the rice root to nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium under brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) and pesticide stresses, and effect of pesticides on rice - grain filling in field[J]. Crop Protection 23 (2004) 1041-1048.
65曲贵海.农田化学药剂除草及其污染[J].农业与技术,2001,21(6)：41.
66滕春红,苏少泉.除草剂在土壤中的微生物降解及污染土壤的生物修复[J].农药,2006,45(8)：505-507.
67覃克勋.除草剂污染对草食动物的危害[J].山东畜牧兽医,2009,30(9)：59.
68胡宏韬,程金平.除草剂污染地下水的生物治理模拟实验研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(增刊)：144-147.
69陈丽,周颖,吴毅凌,等.以黄浦江为水源的管网末梢水中微量有机物污染现状[J].卫生研究,2008,37(2)：137-143.
70陈荣富,叶茂华,吴振宇,等.农药除草剂污染生活饮用水水源引起人群肝功能异常调查[J].浙江预防医学,2009,21(3)：18-19.
71单正军,朱忠林,华晓梅,等.除草剂拉索对地下水影响研究[J].环境科学学报,1994,]4(1)：72-78.
72孙肖瑜,王静,金永堂.我国水环境农药污染现状及健康影响研究进展[J].环境与健康杂志：2009,26(7)：649-652
73王宏康.水体污染与防治概论[M].北京：北京农业大学出版社,1991
74孔晓华.化学农药与土壤污染[J].现代农业,2010(3)：34-35.
75李定远,石德强,申锐莉,等.江汉平原大气污染源分析[J].现代地质,2008,22(6)：915-921.
76肉孜.买买提,农药对环境的影响及其防治措施[J].新疆师范大学学报,2007,26(3)：164-167.
77茹志刚编著.环境保护与治理[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1988,9
78张翠菊,王海琰,李星华.浅析农药环境污染与防治措施[J].2008,21(增1)：145-146
79张大弟.苏摩尔达维亚均三氮苯类除草剂对土壤的污染[J].国外农业环境保护,1991,3：12-14.
80朱国念,刘惠君,朱金文.噁唑禾草灵在小麦及土壤环境中的残留与降解研究[J].农药,2000,39(5)：19-21
81赵慧宇,薄瑞,薛佳莹,等.高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定小麦中2甲4氯残留.农药学学报,2010,12(1)105-108
82陈建平.绿磺隆、甲磺隆除草剂对后茬蔬菜的药害影响及防治.农业科技与信息,2008,21：36
83李里特.国内外绿色食品、有机食品背景和展望[J].中国食物与营养,2001,(增刊)：4-7
84丁常荣,曹学文.产品中农药残留现状及对策[J].山东农业科学,2005,3：101,82
85刘丽华,钟柳青,黎明强.中国农药中毒的流行概况[J].中国职业医学,2008,35(6)：518-520
86仲维科.我国食品的农药污染问题[J].山西农业,2000,11：26-27
87林玉锁,龚瑞忠.农药环境管理与污染控制[J].环境导报,2000,17(3)：4-6
88徐志英,蒋思霞.农药环境污染问题及可持续治理对策[J].安徽农业科学,2005,33(10)：1994-1995.
89张志勇,张存政,刘贤进,等.无公害蔬菜生产全程质量监控中的HACCP体系[J].江苏农业学报,2006,22(1)：55-58.
90陆锡康,陈忠,包士忠,等.无公害农产品标准化生产关键技术研究[J].中国农学通报,2004,20(2)：45-48.
91美国公布了一些农药残留限量标准[J].山东农药信息,2009(4)：36.
92李启泉,刘守亮,秦启发,等.环境、食品及人体农药残留量调查[J].中国自然医学杂志,2004,6(1)：5-8
93华小梅.我国农药的生产使用状况及其污染环境因子分析[J].环境科学进展,1996,4：33-45
94姚建国,周卯星,冯瑜.蔬菜水果中的农药残留分析进展[J].山西农业科学,2003,31(2)：49-55
95陈万义,屠予钦,钱传范.农药与应用[M].化学工业出版社,1991,4-24
96 Hallberg G R. Pesticide pollution of ground water in the humid United States. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,1989,26:299-367
97李忠环,杨明,徐云,等.烟用除草剂的除草效果及烟叶农药残留分析.云南农业科技,2010,1：17-18.
98李香菊,汤天寿,王贵启,等.20%苯磺隆防除冬小麦田杂草效果[J].安徽农业科学,2002,30(4)：578-580.
99蒋仁棠,谈文瑾,刘忠德,等.20%苯磺隆防除冬小麦田阔叶杂草试验[J].安徽农业科学2002,30(4)：568-569.
100张学文,赵士敏,刘亦学.75%苯磺隆干悬浮剂防除小麦田阔叶杂草药效试验[J].安徽农业科学.2002,30(4)：574-576.
101刘伟.麦田主要杂草对苯磺隆的抗药性及小麦选择性机理初步研究[D].山东农业大学硕士学位论文,2005.
102宋稳成,单炜力,叶纪明,等.国内外农药最大残留限量标准现状与发展趋势[J].农药学学报2009,11(4)：414-420.
103丁昌东,潘志远。我国农残标准浅析[J].2008,5：23-25.
104欧盟农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1999.
105美国农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1998.
106日本农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1998.
107高都平.10%苯磺隆可湿性粉剂防除冬小麦田2种主要杂草的防效试验[J].甘肃农业科技,2004,8：48-50.
108陈克付,龚国斌,章昆仑,等.35%苯磺隆·使它隆可湿性粉剂小麦田间药效及安全性试验[J].农药科学与管理,2006,25(10)：34-36.
109许家春,赵开兵,沈维良,等.麦喜、使它隆及混剂防除麦田杂草试验[J].杂草科学,2003,3：29-30.
110朱秀红,姚志龙,颜士洋,等.氟草烟防除水花生试验初报[J].杂草科学,2005,2：57-60.
111程东美,张志祥,谢章明.2,4-D丁酯和氟草烟防治草坪假芫荽的试验[J].仲恺农业技术学院学报,2003,16(4)：42-45.
112路兴涛,蒋仁棠,郑星,等.19%苯磺隆·氟草烟WP防除冬小麦田阔叶杂草试验[J].山东农业科学,2006,3：68-69.
113郑笑微.使它隆防除空心莲子试验[J].上海蔬菜,2005(2)：60-61.
114梁佳勇,余土元,陈平.使它隆对结缕草的安全性研究[J].草业科学,2004(10)：71-73.
115路兴涛,郑星,蒋仁棠.等.异丙隆·苯磺隆WP防除冬小麦田杂草试验报告[J].杂草科学,2004,(1)：25-26.
116李永丰,吴竞仑,王庆亚,等.日本看麦娘对氯磺隆、异丙隆和骠马的抗药性[J].江苏农业学报,2005,21(4)：283-287.
117蒋小林,殷生林,赵健元,等.异丙隆+苄嘧磺隆防除小麦田杂草试验报告[J].杂草科学 2001(3)：10-13.
118郭青云,金萍.60.75%异丙隆·苯磺隆WP防除麦田杂草药效试验[J]青海科技,2004,(3)27-30.
119郭青云,邱学林,辛存岳,等.10%精噁唑禾草灵EC防除春麦田野燕麦试验初报[J].青海农林科技,2000(3)：26-27.
120李新苗.7.5%精噁唑禾草灵防除春小麦田野燕麦药效试验[J].植物保护科学,2004,20(3)：218-220.
121郭青云.6.9%精噁唑禾草灵防除春小麦田野燕麦药效试验[J].农药,2002,41(10)：37-38.
122曹春田,胡风云,刘天云,等.骠马防除麦田日本看麦娘药效试验[J].农药,2000,39(3)：43-44.
123李秀娈,杨汝欣,李兆防.等.高剂量驃马对麦田大叶龄杂草的药效及安全性[J].杂草科学,2004(3)：41-42.
124林长福,耿贺利,于海峰,等.精噁唑禾草灵药效试验总结[J].农药,2001,40(6)：39-41.
125余能英.骠马防除小麦田看麦娘试验[J].安徽农学通报,2005,11(3)：36.
126朱文达,邓德峰.25%绿麦隆可湿性粉剂防除麦田杂草施药时间的研究[J].湖北农药科学,2002(4)：48-50.
127杨阳,张友才,葛玉林,等.乙草胺屏丙隆与绿麦隆混配防除麦田杂草试验[J].杂草科学2003(4)：29-31.
128杨平.如何做到科学合理施用农药[J].植物医生.2009,22(1)：49-50
129王永连,盛伟伟.加强农药的科学安全使用以搞好无公害农产品生产.现代农业科技,2008,21：158
130 Qiu H M, Wu J C, Yang G Q, et al. Changes in the uptake function of the rice root to nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium under brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (stal) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) and pesticide stresses, and effect of pesticides on rice grain filling in field[J]. Crop protect,2004,23(11):1041-1048
131 Chelliah S, Fabellar L T, Heinrichs E A. Effects of sub-lethal doses of three insecticides on the reproductive rate of the brown planthopper, Nilapavata lugens on rice[J]. Environ Entomol,1980, 9(6):773-777
132 Qiu Z H, Wu J C, Dong B, et al. Two-way effect of pesticides on zeatin riboside content in both rice leaves and roots[J]. Crop protect,2004,23(4):1131-1136
133 Jones V P, Youngman R R, Parrellia M P. Effect of selected acaricides on photosynthetic rates of lemon and orange on California[J]. J Economic Entomol,1983,76(5):1178-1180
134 Haile F J, Peterson R K, Higley L G. Gas-exchange responses of alfalfa and soybean treated with insecticides [J].J Economic Entomol,1999,92(4):954-959
135何斌源,赖廷和,王瑁,等.农药对红海榄幼苗上藤壶的防治及其生理生态效应[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(8)：1351-1356
136 Wu Jincai, Xu Jianxiang, Yuan Shuzhong, et al. Pesticide-induced susceptibility of rice to brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens[J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Appicata,2001,100: 119-126
1张泽溥.我国农田杂草治理技术的发展[J].植物保护,2004,30(2)：28-33
2 Song N H, Yin X L, Chen G F, Yang H. Biological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants to the herbicide chlorotoluron in soils [J]. Chemosphere,2007,68:1779-1787
3党建友,张定一,裴雪霞,等.除草剂对优质小麦品质和旗叶保护酶的调控效应[J].应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(1)：018-023
4娄国强,吕文彦,职明星.苯磺隆、苄嘧磺隆对不同小麦品种安全性及叶绿素含量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(10)：317-320
5陈克付,龚国斌,章昆仑,等.35%苯磺隆·使它隆可湿性粉剂小麦田间药效及安全性试验[J].农药科学与管理,2006,25(10)：34-36.
6许家春,赵开兵,沈维良,等.麦喜、使它隆及混剂防除麦田杂草试验[J].杂草科学,2003,3：29-30.
7路兴涛,蒋仁棠,郑星,等.19%苯磺隆·氟草烟WP防除冬小麦田阔叶杂草试验[J].山东农业科学,2006,3：68-69.
8郭青云,金萍.60.75%异丙隆·苯磺隆WP防除麦田杂草药效试验[J].青海科技,2004,(3)27-30.
9李新苗.7.5%精噁唑禾草灵防除春小麦田野燕麦药效试验[J].植物保护科学,2004,20(3)：218-220.
10朱文达,邓德峰.25%绿麦隆可湿性粉剂防除麦田杂草施药时间的研究[J].湖北农药科学,2002(4)：48-50.
11李秀娈,杨汝欣,李兆防.等.高剂量骠马对麦田大叶龄杂草的药效及安全性[J].杂草科学,2004(3)：41-42.
12刘井兰,于建飞,印建莉,等.化学农药对植物生理生化影响的研究进展[J].农药,2006,45(8)：511-514
13 Scharf M E, Neal J J, Bennett G W. Changes of insecticide resistance levels and detoxication enzymes following insecticide selection in the german cockroach, Blattella gerrnanica[J]. Pesticide Sciences,1998,52:127-132
14吴进才,刘井兰,沈迎春,等.农药对不同水稻品种SOD活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(4)：451-456
15李颖娇,叶非.除草剂安全剂对作物细胞色素P450及其他酶活性和水平的影响[J].农药学学报,2003,5(3)：9-15.
16于基成,刘秋,曹远银.3种生物药剂对小麦防御酶系的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2004,6：67-69.
17 Wu J C, Xu J X, Liu J L, Yuan S Z, et al. Effects of herbicides on rice resistance and on multiplication and feeding of brown planthopper(BPH), Nilaparvata lugens(Homoprera Delphacidae)[J]. International Journal of Pest Management,2001,47(2):153-159
18吴进才,王爱华,许俊峰,等.两种选择性农药的使用对刺激三化螟产卵及水稻生化影响的研究[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(10)：1163-1170
19吴进才,许俊峰,冯绪猛,等.稻田常用农药对水稻3个品种生理生化的影响[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(5)：536-541
20 Song N H, Yang Z M, Zhou L X, et al. Effect of dissolved organic matter on the toxicity of chlorotoluron to Teicictrnt aeseiutrnt[J], J. Environ Sci,17:2006,101-108
21 Wang M E, Zhou Q X. Effects of herbicide chlorimuron-ethyl on physiological mechanisms in wheat (Triticurn aestivurn)[J], Ecotox Environ Safe,2006,64:190-197
22 Wu J C, Xu J X, Yuan S Z, et al. Pesticide-induced susceptibility of rice to brown planthopper. Nilarvata lugens(Homoprera:Delphacidae)[J]. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,2001,100:119-126
23李广领,陈锡岭,秦雪峰,等.5种除草剂对百农矮抗58的安全性[J].农药,2007,46(2)：132-134
24袁树忠,吴进才,徐建祥,等.丁草胺等除草剂对水稻生理生化的影响[J].植物保护学报,2001,28(3)：274-278
25张定一,杨武德,党建友,等.除草剂对强筋小麦产量及生理特性的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2007,13(3)：294-300
26党建友,张定一,裴雪霞,等.除草剂对冬小麦光合特性、籽粒产量及品质的调控效应[J].西北植物学报,2007,27(7)：1438-1445
1 Tohansson E, Prieto-Linde M L, OJonsson J J. Effects of wheat cultivars and nitrogen application on storage protein composition and bread making quality [J]. Cereal Chemistry.2001, 78:19-25.
2金善宝.中国小麦学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1996,928-929
3郭天财,王志红.河南小麦栽培技术[M].郑州：河南科学技术出版社,1988,310-345
4朱新开,郭文善,周君良,等.氮素对不同类型专用小麦营养和加工品质调控效应[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(6)：640-645
5蔡瑞国,尹燕枰,张敏,等.氮素水平对藁城8901和山农1391籽粒品质的调控效应[J].作物学报,2007,33(2)：304-310
6 Singh,A K. Effects of sowing time, irrigation and nitrogen on grain yield and quality of durum wheat. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2000,70:532-533
7刘萍,郭文善,徐月明,等.种植密度对中、弱筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2006,26(5)：117-121
8 Rharrabti Y, Villegas D, Royo C, et al. Durum wheat quality in mediterranean environments:Ⅱ. Influence of climatic variables and relationships between quality parameters. Field Crops Research,2003.80:133-140
9 Mekendry A L, Henke G E, Finney P L. Effects of septoria leaf bloch on soft red winter milling and baking quality. Cereal Chemistry,1995,72:142-146
10杨益众,戴志一,黄东林,等.麦蚜的阶段性为害对小麦产量和品质影响的研究[J].昆虫知识,1995,32(1)：10-13
11王金信,刘峰,慕卫.11种杀虫剂对麦蚜药效评价[J].农药,1999,38(6)：21,29
12刘爱芝,王晓军,武予清,等.吡虫啉对小麦产量的影响及其防治麦蚜有效剂量的评价[J].河南农业科学,2003(1)：27-29
13宋玉立,何文兰,扬共强,等.杀菌剂对豫麦47号面包小麦品质的影响[J].河南农业科学,2001(6)：20-21
14胡琳,许为钢,黄惠,等.优质小麦品种郑麦9023品质特性的研究[J].麦类作物学报,2003,23(3)：13-16
15田昌平,张会孔,郭守任.20%三唑酮乳油防治小麦全蚀病技术[J].江苏农药,1995(3)：28
16杨学明,袁建,钱存鸣,等.粉锈宁对弱筋小麦宁麦9号产量和品质的影响[J].金陵科技学院学 报,2006,22(3)：77-79
17党建友,张定一,裴雪霞,等.除草剂对优质小麦品质和旗叶保护酶的调控效应[J].应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(1)：018-023
18何照范.粮油籽粒品质及其分析技术[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1985：290-294
19冯明祥,陈振德,袁玉伟,等.几种常用杀虫剂在洋葱上的残留降解动态研究[J].农药,2006,5：337-338,341.
20 Huckaba R M,Cable H D,Van Duyn J W. Joint effects of acifluorfen applications and soybean thrips (Sericoth variabilis) feeding on soybean (Glycine max)[J].Weed Science.198836:667-670
21叶玉秀,张安存,周风明,等.药剂对水稻颖壳色泽及稻米品质的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(22)：5810-5811.
22彭羽,郭天财,蒋高明,等.开花后水分调控对两个筋型冬小麦品种品质与产量的影响[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(4)：554-561.
1张泽溥.我国农田杂草治理技术的发展[J].植物保护,2004,30(2)：28-33.
2李广领,陈锡岭,秦雪峰,等.5种除草剂对百农矮抗58的安全性[J].农药,2007,46(2)：132-134.
3娄国强,吕文彦,职明星..苯磺隆、苄嘧磺隆对不同小麦品种安全性及叶绿素含量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(10)：317-320.
4刘井兰,于建飞,印建莉,等.化学农药对植物生理生化影响的研究进展[J].农药,2006,45(8)：511-514.
5 Ning Hui Song, Xiao Le Yin, Guo Feng Chen.et al. Biological responses of wheat(Triticum aestivum)plants to the herbicide chlorotoluron in soils[J]. Chemosphere.2007,68:1779-1787.
6吴进才,许俊峰,冯绪猛,等.稻田常用农药对水稻3个品种生理生化的影响[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(5)：536-541.
7吴进才,王爱华,许俊峰,等.两种选择性农药的使用对刺激三化螟产卵及水稻生化影响的研究[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(10)：1163-1170.
8中国科学院上海植物生理研究所,上海植物生理学会编.现代植物生理学实验指南[M].北京：科学出版社,1999.
9袁树忠,吴进才,徐建祥,等.丁草胺等除草剂对水稻生理生化的影响[J].植物保护学报,2001,28(3)：274-278.
10韩玉军,赵长山.丙草胺对水稻生理生化特性的影响[J].植物保护学报,2008,35(2)：189-190.
11吴进才,刘井兰,沈迎春,等.农药对不同水稻品种SOD活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(4)：451-456.
12党建友,张定一,裴雪霞,等.除草剂对优质小麦品质和旗叶保护酶的调控效应[J].应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(1)：018-023.
13张承东,韩朔睽,张爱茜.除草剂苯噻草胺胁迫对水稻活性氧清除系统的影响[J].农业环境保护,2001,20(6)：411-413,417.
14张定一,杨武德,党建友,等.除草剂对强筋小麦产量及生理特性的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2007,13(3)：294-300.
15党建友,张定一,裴雪霞,等.除草剂对冬小麦光合特性、籽粒产量及品质的调控效应[J]l 西北植物学报,2007,27(7)：1438-1445.
16 M. E. Wang, Q. X. Zhou, Effects of herbicide chlorimuron-ethyl on physiological mechanisms in wheat (Triticurn aestivurn), Ecotox. Environ. Safe.64(2006)190-197.
17 H. Ohkawa, H. Tsujii, Y.Ohkawa, The use of cytochrome P450 genes to introduce herbicide tolerance in crops, Pest. Sci.55(1999)1-8.
18沈燕,封超年,李邵,等.农药对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗生理生化特性的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2007,3：16-19.
19 H.J. Beckie, LM. Heap, R.J. Smeda, L.M. Hall, Screening for herbicide resistance in weeds, Weed Technol.14(2000).428-445.
20 J. Menendez, R. de Prado,1996. Diclofop-methyl cross-resistance in a chlorotoluron-resistant biotype of Alopecurus mtyostreoides, Pest. Biochem. Physiol.56,123-133.
1陈国峰,杨红.除草剂使它隆对土壤酶活性及呼吸强度的影响[J].生态环境,2008,17(3)：1016-1020.
2滕春红,陶波.除草剂氯嘧磺隆对土壤酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(5)：1294-1298.
3张昀,关连珠,胡克伟,等.吡嘧磺隆二氯喹啉酸对土壤呼吸强度和酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(增刊)：73-76.
4 Enzyme activities in agricultural soils fumigated with methyl bromide alternatives [J]. Soil Biol Biochem,2004,36:1625-1635.
5辛承友,朱鲁生,王军,等.阿特拉津对不同肥力土集蔗糖酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(3)：479-483.
6范昆,王开运,王东,等.1,3-二氯丙烯药剂对土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(2)：695-701.
7冯波,单敏,方华,等.百菌清对土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(3)：674-677.
8杨惠芳,王保军,林力,等.单甲脒农药对土壤微生物种群和十壤酶活性的影响[J].应用于环境生物学报,1996,2(1)：58-65.
9 Perucci P, Dumontet S, Bufo S A, et al.Effect of organic amendment and herbicide treatment on soil microbial biomass [J]. Biol Fertile soils,2000,32:17-23.
10..中国科学院南京土壤研究所微生物室.土壤微生物研究法[M].1985 SUSANNE K, HUSEIN A A.
11周礼恺.土壤酶学[M].北京：科学出版社,1987.
12周恺,礼张志明.土壤酶活性的测定方法[J].土壤通报,1980,(5)：37-38.
13关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京.农业出版社,1986.
14赵兰.黎华寿.四种除草剂对稻田土壤微生物类群的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2)：508-514.
15 A.C. Das, D. Mukherjee. Soil application of insecticides influences microorganisms and plant nutrients [J]. Applied Soil Ecology 14 (2000) 55-62.
16 GUO Hua, CHEN Guofeng, LV Zhaoping, et al. Alteration of microbial properties and community structure in soils exposed to napropamide [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2009(21):494-502.
17和文祥,闵红,王娟,等.2,4-D对土壤酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(1)：224-228.
18李永红,高玉葆.土壤中单嘧磺隆对谷子生长及土壤微生物若干生化功能的影响[J]农业环境科学学报,2004,23(4)：633-637.
19 Kalam A,Tah J, Mukherjee A K. Pesticide effects on microbial population and soil enzyme activities during vermicomposting of agricultural waste[J]. Journal Environmental Biology, 2004,25(2):201-208.
20林晓燕,王玮,赵宇华,等.苄嘧磺隆对淹水稻田土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2008,34(1)：109-113.
21 Perucci P, Dumontet S, Bufo S A, et al.Effect of organic amendment and herbicide treatment on soil microbial biomass [J]. Biol Fertile soils,2000,32:17-23.
22刘惠君,詹秀明,刘维屏.四种酰胺类除草剂对土壤酶活性的影响[J].中国环境科学,2005,25(5)：611-614.
1陈余平,马丽萍,汪少敏,等.农药残留超标稻谷在大米中残留状况的探讨[J].浙江农业科学,2008,3：344-346.
2卢良恕.我国加强食物安全工作的新思路[J].农业质量标准,2006,(1)：4-6.
3吴文君.农药学原理[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2000：18.
4李忠环,杨明,徐云,等.烟用除草剂的除草效果及烟叶农药残留分析[J].云南农业科技,2010,1：17-18.
5张泽溥.我国农田杂草治理技术的发展[J].植物保护,2004,30(2)：28-33.
6周宜贵,赵加林,徐国成,春季麦田除草剂主要品种及其使用技术[J].农民致富之友,2010,5：20.
7王天斌,柳梅.苯磺隆的高效液相色谱分析[J].化工标准.计量.质量,2005,25(2)：22-24.
8高燚,刘永波,贾立华.氟草烟残留的GC-M法测定研究[J].分析试验室,2005,24(6)20-23.
9黄聪,甘平胜,杨云.衍生化气相色谱法测定大米中异丙隆残留量的研究[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2003,13(6)：710-711.
10朱国念,刘惠君,朱金文.噁唑禾草灵在小麦及土壤环境中的残留与降解研究[J].农药,2000,39(5)：19-21.
11 GB/T 5009.133-2003,粮食中绿麦隆残留量的测定.2003.
12王增辉.农药降解规律的数学方法研究[J].农业环境保护,1993,12(2)：78,93-94.
13方一平,张庆国Rayleigh模型在农药残留上的应用[J].安徽农业大学学报,1995,22(4)：461-463.
14朱国念,刘惠君,朱金文.噁唑禾草灵在小麦及土壤环境中的残留与降解研究[J].农药,2000,39(5)：19-21.
15赵慧宇,薄瑞,薛佳莹,等.高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定小麦中2甲4氯残留.农药学学报,2010,12(1)105-108.
16陈建平.绿磺隆、甲磺隆除草剂对后茬蔬菜的药害影响及防治.农业科技与信息,2008,21：36.
17欧盟农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1999.
18美国农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1998.
19日本农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1998.
20宋稳成,单炜力,叶纪明,等.国内外农药最大残留限量标准现状与发展趋势[J].农药学学报2009,11(4)：414-420.
21丁昌东,潘志远。我国农残标准浅析[J].2008,5：23-25.
22江希流,金怡,蔡道基.绿麦隆在麦田土壤中残留动态及其对后茬作物生长的影响[J].农业环境保护,1992,11(6)：252-255.
23石立岩,周秀慧,李善和.除草剂异丙隆在小麦及土壤中的残留特性[J].聊城师院学报(自然科学版),2000,13(4)：65-68.
1仲维科.我国食品的农药污染问题[J].山西农业,2000,11：26-27.
2林玉锁,龚瑞忠.农药环境管理与污染控制[J].环境导报,2000,17(3)：4-6.
3王开金,强胜.江苏麦田杂草群落的数量分析,草业学报,2007,16(1)：118-126.
4屈宝香,周旭英,张华,佟艳洁,黄淮海地区种植业结构调整与水资源关系研究,中国农业资源与区划,2003,24(5)：29-22
5张泽溥.我国农田杂草治理技术的发展[J].植物保护,2004,30(2)：28-33
6高都平.10%苯磺隆可湿性粉剂防除冬小麦田2种主要杂草的防效试验[J].甘肃农业科技,2004,8：48-50.
7晏忠诚.使它隆在春小麦上的施用效果[J].新疆农垦科技,2006,6：49.
8张定一,杨武德,党建友,等.除草剂对强筋小麦产量及生理特性的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2007,13(3)：294-300.
9党建友,张定一,裴雪霞,等.除草剂对冬小麦光合特性、籽粒产量及品质的调控效应[J].西北植物学报,2007,27(7)：1438-1445.
10 Tohansson E, Prieto-Linde M L, OJonsson J J. Effects of wheat cultivars and nitrogen application on storage protein composition and bread making quality [J]. Cereal Chemistry..2001,78:19-25.
11金善宝.中国小麦学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1996,928-929
12郭天财,王志红.河南小麦栽培技术[M].郑州：河南科学技术出版社,1988,310-345
13朱新开,郭文善,周君良,等.氮素对不同类型专用小麦营养和加工品质调控效应[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(6)：640-645
14蔡瑞国,尹燕枰,张敏,等.氮素水平对藁城8901和山农1391籽粒品质的调控效应[J].作物学报,2007,33(2)：304-310
15 Singh,A K. Effects of sowing time, irrigation and nitrogen on grain yield and quality of durum wheat. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2000,70:532-533
16刘萍,郭文善,徐月明,等.种植密度对中、弱筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2006,26(5)：117-121
17 Rharrabti Y, Villegas D, Royo C, et al. Durum wheat quality in mediterranean environments:Ⅱ. Influence of climatic variables and relationships between quality parameters. Field Crops Research,2003.80:133-140
18 Mekendry A L, Henke G E, Finney P L. Effects of septoria leaf bloch on soft red winter milling and baking quality. Cereal Chemistry,1995,72:142-146
19杨益众,戴志一,黄东林,等.麦蚜的阶段性为害对小麦产量和品质影响的研究[J].昆虫知 识,1995,32(1)：10-13
20王金信,刘峰,慕卫.11种杀虫剂对麦蚜药效评价[J].农药,1999,38(6)：21,29
21刘爱芝,王晓军,武予清,等.吡虫啉对小麦产量的影响及其防治麦蚜有效剂量的评价[J].河南农业科学,2003(1)：27-29
22宋玉立,何文兰,扬共强,等.杀菌剂对豫麦47号面包小麦品质的影响[J].河南农业科学,2001(6)：20-21
23胡琳,许为钢,黄惠,等.优质小麦品种郑麦9023品质特性的研究[J].麦类作物学报,2003,23(3)：13-16
24吴进才,刘井兰,沈迎春,等.农药对不同水稻品种SOD活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(4)：451-456.
25袁树忠,吴进才,徐建祥,等.丁草胺等除草剂对水稻生理生化的影响[J].植物保护学报,2001,28(3)：274-278.
26沈燕,封超年,李邵,等.农药对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗生理生化特性的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2007,3：16-19.
27赵兰.黎华寿.四种除草剂对稻田土壤微生物类群的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2)：508-514.
28刘惠君,刘维屏,杨炜春,等.均三氮苯类除草剂对土壤酶活性的影响[J].土壤学报,2003,40(2)：286-292.
29郎印海,蒋新,赵其国,等.磺酰脲除草剂在土壤中的环境行为研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(9)：1187-1190.
30和文祥,闵红,王娟,等.2,4-D对土壤酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(1)：224-228.
31李永红,高玉葆.土壤中单嘧磺隆对谷子生长及土壤微生物若干生化功能的影响[J]农业环境科学学报,2004,23(4)：633-637.
32辛承友,朱鲁生,王军,等.阿特拉津对不同肥力土集蔗糖酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(3)：479-483.
33林晓燕,王玮,赵宇华,等.苄嘧磺隆对淹水稻田土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2008,34(1)：109-113.
34滕春红,陶波.除草剂氯嘧磺隆对土壤酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(5)：1294-1298.
35张昀,关连珠,胡克伟,等.吡嘧磺隆二氯喹啉酸对土壤呼吸强度和酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(增刊)：73-76.
36朱国念,刘惠君,朱金文.噁唑禾草灵在小麦及土壤环境中的残留与降解研究[J].农药,2000,39(5)：19-21.
37黄聪,甘平胜,杨云.衍生化气相色谱法测定大米中异丙隆残留量的研究[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2003,13(6)：710-711.
38江希流,金怡,蔡道基.绿麦隆在麦田土壤中残留动态及其对后茬作物生长的影响[J].农业环境保护,1992,11(6)：252-255.
39陈建平.绿磺隆、甲磺隆除草剂对后茬蔬菜的药害影响及防治.农业科技与信息,2008,21：36.
40欧盟农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1999.
41美国农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1998.
42日本农药最高残留限量标准,中文版,1998.
43宋稳成,单炜力,叶纪明,等.国内外农药最大残留限量标准现状与发展趋势[J].农药学学报2009,11(4)：414-420.
44丁昌东,潘志远。我国农残标准浅析[J].2008,5：23-25.
45石立岩,周秀慧,李善和.除草剂异丙隆在小麦及土壤中的残留特性[J].聊城师院学报(自然科学版),2000,13(4)：65-68.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |