大型冷却塔流固耦合分析与结构缩减模型应用研究
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摘要
大型冷却塔广泛地应用于电力等各个工业领域。由于冷却塔本身是大尺寸、几何复杂的薄壁结构,因此风荷载成为主要的控制载荷。目前对于大型冷却塔的风致响应主要基于规范的风压分布系数、风洞测试和计算流体力学分析。但是这些方法很少考虑结构变形对于风载荷的影响,因此可能导致较大误差。
本文首先提出基于压力迭代方法来研究大型双曲冷却塔稳态风载下的结构性能,同时以两个冷却塔为例考察了风荷载作用下的群塔间相互的影响。计算表明,规范方法相对保守；外部空气流动对塔体结构的影响起控制作用；前塔对后塔的影响较大,而后塔对前塔的影响很小。其次,采用流固耦合方法分析非稳态风载下冷却塔结构响应,在初始阶段冷却塔结构受到冲击,响应较大,结构顺风向响应占主导作用。
在保证计算精度的前提下,如何提高分析效率是复杂结构分析面临的长期挑战。模型缩减近似技术为降低计算成本和提高设计效率提供了一条有效的途径。本文研究了基于梁刚体元近似模型与基于柔度修正的结构缩减模型,提出了弱流固耦合分析的近似方法。三维圆柱壳结构风载荷下的动力分析结果表明,基于两种结构模型的弱流固耦合方法结果比较一致,不考虑耦合作用误差较大；与ANSYS的弹性流固耦合模型的分析结果也一致。另外,基于不同流体求解器所造成的差异还需要进一步研究：对于考虑流固耦合影响下的结构响应,随着风速的升高,结构顶部横风向位移峰值也呈非线性增大。
结构优化需要不断对结构进行重分析,因此计算效率一直是大型复杂结构优化设计面临的难点。本文基于实验设计构造替代模型,提出了大型冷却塔风载下抗风优化设计的两级优化策略,先采用多岛遗传算法进行全局寻优,再利用序列二次规划法进行局部寻优,以进一步寻找更满意的优化解。在基于替代模型的两级优化中,第一级优化采用规范方法进行风荷载计算以提高计算效率,得到初步的优化解；第二级优化中,以第一级优化的结果作为初始设计点,采用精度更高的基于压力迭代修正的结构抗风分析方法,并根据设计变量的重要性,在第一级优化空间基础上对第二级优化的设计变量空间进行适当减缩。
最后,本文利用结构缩减模型对含局部非线性问题的结构问题进行了探索。对带有局部非线性阻尼构件的结构系统,传统的结构缩减模型不能直接处理。因此本文在基于柔度修正的模型缩减方法基础上,考虑非线性阻尼构件对主体结构的影响,提出了一种快速的局部非线性动力求解方法。
通过计算表明,该方法具有很高的精度和效率,同时该方法能考虑阻尼器构件的失效对结构响应的影响。适当控制阻尼器最大失效变形和最大失效轴力,能在安装阻尼器构件的基础上进一步保护主体结构。
The natural draught cooling tower is widely used in thermal power stations and other industrial fields. The wind load is the dominant load of cooling tower due to its large size, complex geometry and thin-wall structure. Currently, the wind pressure distribution is generally employed in the wind load effect assessment for the large-scale cooling tower, which is based on code regulations, wind tunnel test or computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis. In practice, these methods neglect the structural deformation effect on the wind load, which can cause irrational results.
Firstly, the multiphysics analysis method based on the iterative pressure has been used to study the response of the large hyperbolic cooling tower under steady wind load, and the interaction between cooling towers subjected to wind load has been studied. It is found that the code-based method is conservative, and the wind load on the outer surface of the tower is dominated, and the front tower has much more influence on the behind tower. Secondly, the method of Fluid-Solid Interaction (FSI) has been used for structure analysis under the unsteady wind load. For the cooling tower under the unsteady wind load, the transient responses in the initial several seconds are relatively stronger.
On the premise of ensuring the accuracy, how to improve the efficiency of the analysis is the long-term challenges for the complex structures. The structural reduction method is always one of the important means in improving the computational efficiency. The applicability of the structural approximate model has been performed in this paper. Two weak FSI models, based on the structural approximate models by the rigid-beam element and the flexibility modification, have been developed to improve the efficiency of structure dynamic analysis. The results of3D cylindrical structure under fluid load show that results of the weak FSI are comparable for the two structural approximate models. The difference will increase regardless of the interaction between fluid and structure. In general, the results of approximate models proposed in this paper are comparable with the resulits of ANSYS FSI elastic model. Moreover, differences by the fluid models of different fluid solvers require further study. For the structural responses, the top maximum across-wind displacement will increase nonlinearly with the increase of wind speed.
The optimization is an iterative process, so the computation efficiency is key to the large scale and complex structure. For the large hyperbolic cooling tower under steady wind load, a 2-level optimization strategy has been developed in this paper, which employs the design of experiments (DOE) to build up a numerical approximation of complex structure. Firstly, Multi-island genetic algorithm is used for global optimization and then the sequential quadratic programming-NLPQL technique is used to obtain more satisfying optimal results. During the optimization, the preliminary results can be obtained quickly by the effective code-based method in the1st level optimization, based on which, more satisfying optimal results are assessed by the iterative method in the2nd level optimization. At the same time, the design space can be reduced properly and rebuilt near the1st level optimal results.
Finally, based on the proposed approximate model, the local nonlinear problem has been investigated in this paper. It is generally known that the approximate model can improve the structural computational efficiency, but the traditional approximate model can't handle the local nonlinear problem directly. In this paper, the approximate model based on flexibility modification is used as a fast solution method in view of local nonlinear dampers. The analysis results demonstrate that the proposed method has high accuracy and efficiency, which can consider the effects of damper failure on the structural responses. It is found that the proper control strategy for damper designs can protect the primary components of structures.
本文首先提出基于压力迭代方法来研究大型双曲冷却塔稳态风载下的结构性能,同时以两个冷却塔为例考察了风荷载作用下的群塔间相互的影响。计算表明,规范方法相对保守；外部空气流动对塔体结构的影响起控制作用；前塔对后塔的影响较大,而后塔对前塔的影响很小。其次,采用流固耦合方法分析非稳态风载下冷却塔结构响应,在初始阶段冷却塔结构受到冲击,响应较大,结构顺风向响应占主导作用。
在保证计算精度的前提下,如何提高分析效率是复杂结构分析面临的长期挑战。模型缩减近似技术为降低计算成本和提高设计效率提供了一条有效的途径。本文研究了基于梁刚体元近似模型与基于柔度修正的结构缩减模型,提出了弱流固耦合分析的近似方法。三维圆柱壳结构风载荷下的动力分析结果表明,基于两种结构模型的弱流固耦合方法结果比较一致,不考虑耦合作用误差较大；与ANSYS的弹性流固耦合模型的分析结果也一致。另外,基于不同流体求解器所造成的差异还需要进一步研究：对于考虑流固耦合影响下的结构响应,随着风速的升高,结构顶部横风向位移峰值也呈非线性增大。
结构优化需要不断对结构进行重分析,因此计算效率一直是大型复杂结构优化设计面临的难点。本文基于实验设计构造替代模型,提出了大型冷却塔风载下抗风优化设计的两级优化策略,先采用多岛遗传算法进行全局寻优,再利用序列二次规划法进行局部寻优,以进一步寻找更满意的优化解。在基于替代模型的两级优化中,第一级优化采用规范方法进行风荷载计算以提高计算效率,得到初步的优化解；第二级优化中,以第一级优化的结果作为初始设计点,采用精度更高的基于压力迭代修正的结构抗风分析方法,并根据设计变量的重要性,在第一级优化空间基础上对第二级优化的设计变量空间进行适当减缩。
最后,本文利用结构缩减模型对含局部非线性问题的结构问题进行了探索。对带有局部非线性阻尼构件的结构系统,传统的结构缩减模型不能直接处理。因此本文在基于柔度修正的模型缩减方法基础上,考虑非线性阻尼构件对主体结构的影响,提出了一种快速的局部非线性动力求解方法。
通过计算表明,该方法具有很高的精度和效率,同时该方法能考虑阻尼器构件的失效对结构响应的影响。适当控制阻尼器最大失效变形和最大失效轴力,能在安装阻尼器构件的基础上进一步保护主体结构。
The natural draught cooling tower is widely used in thermal power stations and other industrial fields. The wind load is the dominant load of cooling tower due to its large size, complex geometry and thin-wall structure. Currently, the wind pressure distribution is generally employed in the wind load effect assessment for the large-scale cooling tower, which is based on code regulations, wind tunnel test or computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis. In practice, these methods neglect the structural deformation effect on the wind load, which can cause irrational results.
Firstly, the multiphysics analysis method based on the iterative pressure has been used to study the response of the large hyperbolic cooling tower under steady wind load, and the interaction between cooling towers subjected to wind load has been studied. It is found that the code-based method is conservative, and the wind load on the outer surface of the tower is dominated, and the front tower has much more influence on the behind tower. Secondly, the method of Fluid-Solid Interaction (FSI) has been used for structure analysis under the unsteady wind load. For the cooling tower under the unsteady wind load, the transient responses in the initial several seconds are relatively stronger.
On the premise of ensuring the accuracy, how to improve the efficiency of the analysis is the long-term challenges for the complex structures. The structural reduction method is always one of the important means in improving the computational efficiency. The applicability of the structural approximate model has been performed in this paper. Two weak FSI models, based on the structural approximate models by the rigid-beam element and the flexibility modification, have been developed to improve the efficiency of structure dynamic analysis. The results of3D cylindrical structure under fluid load show that results of the weak FSI are comparable for the two structural approximate models. The difference will increase regardless of the interaction between fluid and structure. In general, the results of approximate models proposed in this paper are comparable with the resulits of ANSYS FSI elastic model. Moreover, differences by the fluid models of different fluid solvers require further study. For the structural responses, the top maximum across-wind displacement will increase nonlinearly with the increase of wind speed.
The optimization is an iterative process, so the computation efficiency is key to the large scale and complex structure. For the large hyperbolic cooling tower under steady wind load, a 2-level optimization strategy has been developed in this paper, which employs the design of experiments (DOE) to build up a numerical approximation of complex structure. Firstly, Multi-island genetic algorithm is used for global optimization and then the sequential quadratic programming-NLPQL technique is used to obtain more satisfying optimal results. During the optimization, the preliminary results can be obtained quickly by the effective code-based method in the1st level optimization, based on which, more satisfying optimal results are assessed by the iterative method in the2nd level optimization. At the same time, the design space can be reduced properly and rebuilt near the1st level optimal results.
Finally, based on the proposed approximate model, the local nonlinear problem has been investigated in this paper. It is generally known that the approximate model can improve the structural computational efficiency, but the traditional approximate model can't handle the local nonlinear problem directly. In this paper, the approximate model based on flexibility modification is used as a fast solution method in view of local nonlinear dampers. The analysis results demonstrate that the proposed method has high accuracy and efficiency, which can consider the effects of damper failure on the structural responses. It is found that the proper control strategy for damper designs can protect the primary components of structures.
引文
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