不同水氮管理对水稻生长和水氮效率影响的生理机制研究
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摘要
水稻集约化生产条件下氮肥和水分利用效率偏低,氮肥环境污染问题日益突出。协调水氮管理,发挥水氮协同效应,实现产量与水氮效率协同提高,是当前农业水氮管理中亟待探讨的问题。已有的研究大多从单因子效应、短时间、室内模拟和产量效应与水分利用效率的关系等方面展开探索,而在大田条件下对水稻集约化生产的水肥耦合进行多因子试验,系统研究其对水稻产量、品质、资源利用效率以及生态环境效应等的影响则鲜见报道。本研究以节水抗旱稻旱优3号和灌溉稻(扬两优6号、华两优9313、金科优938)为试验材料；在大田条件下采用裂区试验设计,以水分管理模式(包括半旱栽培、干湿交替和淹灌)为主区,施氮量(氮肥施用量2009年为0、108.148.5、189kg ha-1,2010年为0、108、175.5kg ha-1)为裂区,品种为再裂区；比较研究了不同水氮管理方式对水稻生长发育、产量及其构成因子、水分利用效率、氮肥利用效率、水氮耦合效应等的影响,初步明确了适用于集约化水稻生产区的水稻产量与水氮高效协同的模式,阐明了水稻高产和水氮高效利用的关键过程和限制因素。主要研究结果如下：
(1)本试验条件下,稻田水分管理模式以半旱栽培(semi-dry cultivation, SDC)较好,SDC模式与淹灌(continuously flooded, CF)或干湿交替(alternate wetting and drying, AWD)产量差异不显著,但灌溉水量分别减少68%和58%左右,水分利用效率显著提高。在相同的水分和养分管理模式下,灌溉稻品种产量比旱稻品种高20%左右。因而,采用高产水稻品种,结合SDC水分管理方式和相对偏低的施氮量(108kg ha-1)是相对最优的高产高效协同管理模式。
(2)不同施氮水平下,SDC模式和AWD模式促进基部节间缩短,水稻群体中下部干物质分配比例增大,有利于提高水稻抗倒伏性能；同时SDC和AWD与淹灌相比,株型变紧凑,中下部透光率增加,有利于营养器官中储藏物质后期向穗部转运。
(3)在本试验条件下,水稻群体生长速率在幼穗分化期至齐穗期最高,其次为齐穗期至成熟期,分蘖期较低；氮肥用量与群体生长速率在不同生育时期表现各异,分蘖期随氮肥用量增加而增大,幼穗分化期以后氮肥用量与群体生长速率呈二次曲线关系,在施氮量108kg ha-1时,群体生长速率最大,过低或过高的氮肥用量均不利于群体生长速率的增加。SDC比AWD或淹灌的群体生长速率高。水分管理模式与氮肥用量对群体生长速率影响的交互效应不显著。
(4)SDC和AWD模式通过降低二次枝梗退化率和一、二次枝梗颖花空粒率来补偿轻度水分亏缺导致的穗粒数降低的现象,从而使SDC和AWD与淹灌模式每穗粒数差异不显著。
(5)水稻强势粒比弱势粒灌浆启动早15天左右,同一稻穗当强势粒灌浆结束时才启动弱势粒的灌浆。在不施氮和氮肥用量为108kg ha-1寸,SDC模式有利于提高弱势粒的灌浆速率,当氮肥用量较高时,这一优势不显著,SDC、AWD和淹灌模式的籽粒灌浆速率差异不显著。
(6)与灌溉稻相比,节水抗旱稻在表层(0-10cm)根量分配比例下降,而深层(10cm以下)根量比例增加；节水抗旱稻的根冠比高于灌溉稻,但总根干重则略低于灌溉稻；节水抗旱稻后期根系伤流量下降幅度较大,而灌溉稻下降幅度小于节水抗旱稻；不同水分管理模式对根系干重、根冠比以及根系伤流量的影响规律不明显。
(7)SDC和AWD的水分利用率分别为1.11kgm-3和0.92kg m-3,比淹灌分别高35%和12%；氮肥用量与水分利用效率呈二次曲线关系；灌溉稻比节水抗旱稻水分利用率高10%。成熟期地上部总吸氮量SDC和AWD模式比淹灌分别降低了7%和4%,且随施氮量增加而呈显著性增加,灌溉稻比节水抗旱稻高29%；氮素籽粒生产效率SDC和AWD模式分别比淹灌高11%和4%,且随施氮量增加而降低,灌溉稻比节水抗旱稻高17%；氮肥农学利用率SDC和AWD模式分别比淹灌高59%和19%,且随施氮量增加而降低,灌溉稻比节水抗旱稻高27%。
Over-use of N in the intensive irrigated rice system not only decreased the water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), but also resulted in increasing environment pollution. Coordination of water and nitrogen management for achieving a win-win situation that will realize both high grain yield and improved WUE and NUE has still to be concentrated. However, most of studies on nutrient management were conducted with single treatment, over short time, by in-house modelling and/or on the relationship between yield and WUE. Little effort has been devoted to study the interaction effect of water and nitrogen on grain yield, grain quality, resource use efficiency (WUE or NUE), and ecological environment. The experiments were conducted under field conditions with a drought-resistant variety Hanyou3and irrigating varieties (Yangliangyou6, Hualiangyou9313and Jinkeyou938). Treatments were arranged in a resplit-plot design with water treatments as the main plots, nitrogen treatments as the subplots, and cultivars as the sub-subplots. Water treatments included semi-dry cultivation, alternative wetting and drying and continuous flooding. The nitrogen fertilizer rates were0,108,148.5and189kg ha-1in2009and0,108,175.5kg ha-1in2010. The objectives of this study was to determine the interaction effect of N and water treatments on the development, grain yield, yield components, WUE and NUE of two types of rice cultivars. The study developed an appropriate combination of N and water management for the intensive irrigated rice system, which could realize a high yield with an efficient utilization of N and water. In addition, the critical physiological traits limiting high grain yield and high resource use efficiency were elucidated. The main results are as follows:
(1) In this study, there were no significant differences in grain yield under semi-dry cultivation (SDC) in comparison with continuously flooded (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) water regimes, but rice under semi-dry cultivation (SDC) had higher WUE due to the reduction in water utilization (68%and58%for CF and AWD respectively). In addition, the high-yielding cultivars outyielded the WDR cultivar by20%in the same management conditions. It was concluded that high yield and high efficiency in this study could be achieved by selecting high-yielding cultivar, adopting the SDC water management and applying relatively less nitrogen fertilizer (less than108kg ha-1).
(2) Under various N treatments, SDC and AWD could restrict the elongation of basal internodes and increase lodging resistance. In addition, SDC and AWD had higher radiation transmitting efficiency in the middle of canopy due to a compact plant type, which was beneficial to the transportation of carbohydrates from the stems to the panicles during grain filling.
(3) In this study, the crop growth rate maximized from panicle initiation stage to full heading stage, followed by that from full heading stage to maturity, and it was lowest at tillering stage. The effects of N treatments on crop growth rates varied at different growth stages, with a positive linear relation at tillering stage but quadratic curve relation after panicle initiation. Crop growth rate after panicle initiation was highest at108kg ha-1treatment. SDC had a higher crop growth rate compared with AWD and CF. No significant interaction effect was observed between water and N treatments on crop growth rate.
(4) Degeneration of secondary branches and the percentage of unfilled spikelets in the primary and secondary branches were lower in SDC and AWD treatment, which compensated for the lower panicle spikelets.
(5) Grain filling of rice superior spikelets started15days earlier than inferior spikelets. In the relatively lower nitrogen treatments (0and108kg ha-1), SDC could promote the start of grain filling of inferior spikelets. There were no significant differences in grain filling rate among the three water treatements.
(6) There was a lower partition of root mass in0-10cm soil and a higher partition in the soil deeper than10cm for the WDR cultivar compared with the high-yielding cultivar. WDR cultivar had lower root mass but higher root-shoot ratio than that of high-yielding cultivars. The amount of bleeding sap of WDR cultivar decreased more than that of irrigating rice cultivars. There were congruous effects of water treatments on root mass, root-shoot ratio and root bleeding sap.
(7) WUE of SDC and AWD were1.11and0.92kg m-3, which were35%and12%higher than that of CF, respectively. Effects of nitrogen treatments on WUE exhibited a quadratic curve pattern. WDR cultivars had a10%lower WUE than that of irrigating cultivars. The N accumulations of SDC and AWD at maturity were7%and4%lower than that of CF. N accumulation increased significantly as N fertilizer rate increased. Irrigating rice assimilated29%higher N at maturity than WDR cultivars. N use efficiencies for grain production (NUEg) of SDC and AWD were11%and4%higher than that of CF, and irrigating cultivars had a higher NUEg by17%. Agronomy nitrogen use efficiency (AE) decreased as nitrogen fertilizer rate increased, and SDC and AWD had higher AEs than CF by59%and19%respectively. AE of irrigating cultivars was27%higher than that of WDR cultivar.
(1)本试验条件下,稻田水分管理模式以半旱栽培(semi-dry cultivation, SDC)较好,SDC模式与淹灌(continuously flooded, CF)或干湿交替(alternate wetting and drying, AWD)产量差异不显著,但灌溉水量分别减少68%和58%左右,水分利用效率显著提高。在相同的水分和养分管理模式下,灌溉稻品种产量比旱稻品种高20%左右。因而,采用高产水稻品种,结合SDC水分管理方式和相对偏低的施氮量(108kg ha-1)是相对最优的高产高效协同管理模式。
(2)不同施氮水平下,SDC模式和AWD模式促进基部节间缩短,水稻群体中下部干物质分配比例增大,有利于提高水稻抗倒伏性能；同时SDC和AWD与淹灌相比,株型变紧凑,中下部透光率增加,有利于营养器官中储藏物质后期向穗部转运。
(3)在本试验条件下,水稻群体生长速率在幼穗分化期至齐穗期最高,其次为齐穗期至成熟期,分蘖期较低；氮肥用量与群体生长速率在不同生育时期表现各异,分蘖期随氮肥用量增加而增大,幼穗分化期以后氮肥用量与群体生长速率呈二次曲线关系,在施氮量108kg ha-1时,群体生长速率最大,过低或过高的氮肥用量均不利于群体生长速率的增加。SDC比AWD或淹灌的群体生长速率高。水分管理模式与氮肥用量对群体生长速率影响的交互效应不显著。
(4)SDC和AWD模式通过降低二次枝梗退化率和一、二次枝梗颖花空粒率来补偿轻度水分亏缺导致的穗粒数降低的现象,从而使SDC和AWD与淹灌模式每穗粒数差异不显著。
(5)水稻强势粒比弱势粒灌浆启动早15天左右,同一稻穗当强势粒灌浆结束时才启动弱势粒的灌浆。在不施氮和氮肥用量为108kg ha-1寸,SDC模式有利于提高弱势粒的灌浆速率,当氮肥用量较高时,这一优势不显著,SDC、AWD和淹灌模式的籽粒灌浆速率差异不显著。
(6)与灌溉稻相比,节水抗旱稻在表层(0-10cm)根量分配比例下降,而深层(10cm以下)根量比例增加；节水抗旱稻的根冠比高于灌溉稻,但总根干重则略低于灌溉稻；节水抗旱稻后期根系伤流量下降幅度较大,而灌溉稻下降幅度小于节水抗旱稻；不同水分管理模式对根系干重、根冠比以及根系伤流量的影响规律不明显。
(7)SDC和AWD的水分利用率分别为1.11kgm-3和0.92kg m-3,比淹灌分别高35%和12%；氮肥用量与水分利用效率呈二次曲线关系；灌溉稻比节水抗旱稻水分利用率高10%。成熟期地上部总吸氮量SDC和AWD模式比淹灌分别降低了7%和4%,且随施氮量增加而呈显著性增加,灌溉稻比节水抗旱稻高29%；氮素籽粒生产效率SDC和AWD模式分别比淹灌高11%和4%,且随施氮量增加而降低,灌溉稻比节水抗旱稻高17%；氮肥农学利用率SDC和AWD模式分别比淹灌高59%和19%,且随施氮量增加而降低,灌溉稻比节水抗旱稻高27%。
Over-use of N in the intensive irrigated rice system not only decreased the water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), but also resulted in increasing environment pollution. Coordination of water and nitrogen management for achieving a win-win situation that will realize both high grain yield and improved WUE and NUE has still to be concentrated. However, most of studies on nutrient management were conducted with single treatment, over short time, by in-house modelling and/or on the relationship between yield and WUE. Little effort has been devoted to study the interaction effect of water and nitrogen on grain yield, grain quality, resource use efficiency (WUE or NUE), and ecological environment. The experiments were conducted under field conditions with a drought-resistant variety Hanyou3and irrigating varieties (Yangliangyou6, Hualiangyou9313and Jinkeyou938). Treatments were arranged in a resplit-plot design with water treatments as the main plots, nitrogen treatments as the subplots, and cultivars as the sub-subplots. Water treatments included semi-dry cultivation, alternative wetting and drying and continuous flooding. The nitrogen fertilizer rates were0,108,148.5and189kg ha-1in2009and0,108,175.5kg ha-1in2010. The objectives of this study was to determine the interaction effect of N and water treatments on the development, grain yield, yield components, WUE and NUE of two types of rice cultivars. The study developed an appropriate combination of N and water management for the intensive irrigated rice system, which could realize a high yield with an efficient utilization of N and water. In addition, the critical physiological traits limiting high grain yield and high resource use efficiency were elucidated. The main results are as follows:
(1) In this study, there were no significant differences in grain yield under semi-dry cultivation (SDC) in comparison with continuously flooded (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) water regimes, but rice under semi-dry cultivation (SDC) had higher WUE due to the reduction in water utilization (68%and58%for CF and AWD respectively). In addition, the high-yielding cultivars outyielded the WDR cultivar by20%in the same management conditions. It was concluded that high yield and high efficiency in this study could be achieved by selecting high-yielding cultivar, adopting the SDC water management and applying relatively less nitrogen fertilizer (less than108kg ha-1).
(2) Under various N treatments, SDC and AWD could restrict the elongation of basal internodes and increase lodging resistance. In addition, SDC and AWD had higher radiation transmitting efficiency in the middle of canopy due to a compact plant type, which was beneficial to the transportation of carbohydrates from the stems to the panicles during grain filling.
(3) In this study, the crop growth rate maximized from panicle initiation stage to full heading stage, followed by that from full heading stage to maturity, and it was lowest at tillering stage. The effects of N treatments on crop growth rates varied at different growth stages, with a positive linear relation at tillering stage but quadratic curve relation after panicle initiation. Crop growth rate after panicle initiation was highest at108kg ha-1treatment. SDC had a higher crop growth rate compared with AWD and CF. No significant interaction effect was observed between water and N treatments on crop growth rate.
(4) Degeneration of secondary branches and the percentage of unfilled spikelets in the primary and secondary branches were lower in SDC and AWD treatment, which compensated for the lower panicle spikelets.
(5) Grain filling of rice superior spikelets started15days earlier than inferior spikelets. In the relatively lower nitrogen treatments (0and108kg ha-1), SDC could promote the start of grain filling of inferior spikelets. There were no significant differences in grain filling rate among the three water treatements.
(6) There was a lower partition of root mass in0-10cm soil and a higher partition in the soil deeper than10cm for the WDR cultivar compared with the high-yielding cultivar. WDR cultivar had lower root mass but higher root-shoot ratio than that of high-yielding cultivars. The amount of bleeding sap of WDR cultivar decreased more than that of irrigating rice cultivars. There were congruous effects of water treatments on root mass, root-shoot ratio and root bleeding sap.
(7) WUE of SDC and AWD were1.11and0.92kg m-3, which were35%and12%higher than that of CF, respectively. Effects of nitrogen treatments on WUE exhibited a quadratic curve pattern. WDR cultivars had a10%lower WUE than that of irrigating cultivars. The N accumulations of SDC and AWD at maturity were7%and4%lower than that of CF. N accumulation increased significantly as N fertilizer rate increased. Irrigating rice assimilated29%higher N at maturity than WDR cultivars. N use efficiencies for grain production (NUEg) of SDC and AWD were11%and4%higher than that of CF, and irrigating cultivars had a higher NUEg by17%. Agronomy nitrogen use efficiency (AE) decreased as nitrogen fertilizer rate increased, and SDC and AWD had higher AEs than CF by59%and19%respectively. AE of irrigating cultivars was27%higher than that of WDR cultivar.
引文
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