给水管网余氯衰减规律实验研究
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摘要
研究氯消毒剂在给水管网中的变化规律,建立余氯衰减预测模型,对于我国消毒系统的设计和运行具有十分重要的现实意义和应用价值。本文以广州市某水厂炭滤后水(TOC浓度1.00mg/L左右)为源水,以氯胺为消毒剂,通过烧杯实验,研究了有机物、初始氯浓度、pH、温度、还原性无机离子(NO2-)对主体水余氯衰减的影响。实验结果表明:随着有机物浓度增加,余氯衰减系数也相应增加;初始氯浓度越高,总衰减量越大,但主体水衰减系数随初始浓度升高而降低;pH越低,余氯衰减系数越大;在4℃～30℃范围内,温度越高,余氯衰减系数越快;NO2-可以促进余氯的衰减;余氯与NO2-的反应不是快速反应。在综合分析各个因素对主体水余氯衰减影响的基础上,建立了主体水余氯衰减系数模型,并进行了验证,该预测模型具有较好的预测效果。
采用自行设计的给水管网模拟系统中试装置,以广州市某水厂出厂水(或炭滤后水)为研究对象,研究了初始氯浓度、pH、流速、管材以及管径对管网余氯衰减的影响,实验结果表明:在初始氯浓度为0.63mg/L~2.58mg/L范围内,初始浓度越高,管网余氯衰减系数越大,但衰减系数的上升速率随初始氯浓度的增加有所降低;pH对管网余氯的衰减影响显著,pH越低,余氯衰减速率越快,衰减系数越大;pH越低,浊度上升速率越大;管网余氯衰减系数随着流速的增加而增加;流速增加会加速管壁附着物质的脱落,引起管网水浊度上升;就新管而言,管材(水泥内衬铸铁管和PVC管)对余氯在管网中的衰减规律几乎没有影响;24h内,pH在铸铁管中的上升幅度明显大于PVC管;管径越小,管网水与管壁的接触率越大,管网余氯衰减系数越大,pH的上升幅度越大。
对广州市实际管网调查研究发现:管壁因素(生物膜和腐蚀沉积物)是影响余氯衰减关键性因素;实验室内实验结论与实际管网调查一致。因此,控制管网余氯衰减的关键是控制生物膜量和管网腐蚀。
The paper studies the regularities in the performance of chlorine disinfection in the drinking water distribution system and developeds a predictive model for the decay of residual chlorine, which have important implications to the design and operation of the disinfection system in China. The jar experiment is conducted on the granular activated carbon (GAC) filtered water (the concentration of TOC is around 1.00mg/L) of a waterworks in Guangzhou with disinfection being chloramine. The effects of organic matters, initial concentration of Chlorine, pH, temperature, NO2- on the bulk decay of residual chlorine are studied in the experiment. The results are as follows: with the increase of the concentration of organic matters, the decay rate of residual chlorine will increase; the higher the initial chlorine concentration is, the larger the amount of the consumption is and the lower the decay coefficient becomes; the lower pH is, the higher the decay coefficient is; within the range from 4℃to 30℃, the higher the temperature is, the faster residual chlorine decays; NO2- can accelerate the decay of residual chlorine and NO2- can’t react with residual chlorine quickly. On the basis of the analysis of the effects by various factors, a decay model of residual chlorine in bulk water is developed and validated and the model shows good predicative results.
The simulation system of drinking water distribution system designed by the author is experimented with the finished water of a waterworks in Guangzhou. The effects of initial chlorine concentration, pH, flow rate, pipe material and pipe diameter on the decay of residual chlorine are studied. The results are as follows: within the range from 0.63mg/L to 2.58mg/L, the higher the initial concentration of chlorine is, the higher the decay coefficient of residual chlorine is. But the increase rate of the decay coefficient decreases with the increase of the inital concentration of chlorine. pH poses an obvious impact on the decay of residual chlorine– the lower pH is, the faster residual chlorine decays and the higher the decay coefficient is; the lower pH is, the faster turbidity increases. The decay coefficient increases with the rising of flow rate. The increase of the flow rate will accelerate the striping of the attachment of the interior wall of the pipe, which will in turn increase the turbidity. With regard to new pipes, pipe material (cement-lined ductile pipes and PVC pipes) makes no differences on the performance of residual chlorine. Within 24 hours, the extent of the increase of pH for iron pipes is much larger than that in PVC pipes. The smaller the pipe is, the more influence the interior wall of the pipe puts on the quality of water, for the contact ratio between water and pipe wall will increase in smaller pipes. As a result, the faster residual chlorine decays, the larger the increase extent of pH is.
From the investigation to drinking water distribution system in field of Guangzhou city, it is found that pipe wall including biofilm and corrosion deposit is most important factor causing residual chlorine decay in drinking water distribution systems. The conclusion from the experiment in laboratory is the same to the one got from the investigation in field. The key point to control residual chlorine decay in drinking water distribution systems is to control the corrosion of interior pipe wall.
采用自行设计的给水管网模拟系统中试装置,以广州市某水厂出厂水(或炭滤后水)为研究对象,研究了初始氯浓度、pH、流速、管材以及管径对管网余氯衰减的影响,实验结果表明:在初始氯浓度为0.63mg/L~2.58mg/L范围内,初始浓度越高,管网余氯衰减系数越大,但衰减系数的上升速率随初始氯浓度的增加有所降低;pH对管网余氯的衰减影响显著,pH越低,余氯衰减速率越快,衰减系数越大;pH越低,浊度上升速率越大;管网余氯衰减系数随着流速的增加而增加;流速增加会加速管壁附着物质的脱落,引起管网水浊度上升;就新管而言,管材(水泥内衬铸铁管和PVC管)对余氯在管网中的衰减规律几乎没有影响;24h内,pH在铸铁管中的上升幅度明显大于PVC管;管径越小,管网水与管壁的接触率越大,管网余氯衰减系数越大,pH的上升幅度越大。
对广州市实际管网调查研究发现:管壁因素(生物膜和腐蚀沉积物)是影响余氯衰减关键性因素;实验室内实验结论与实际管网调查一致。因此,控制管网余氯衰减的关键是控制生物膜量和管网腐蚀。
The paper studies the regularities in the performance of chlorine disinfection in the drinking water distribution system and developeds a predictive model for the decay of residual chlorine, which have important implications to the design and operation of the disinfection system in China. The jar experiment is conducted on the granular activated carbon (GAC) filtered water (the concentration of TOC is around 1.00mg/L) of a waterworks in Guangzhou with disinfection being chloramine. The effects of organic matters, initial concentration of Chlorine, pH, temperature, NO2- on the bulk decay of residual chlorine are studied in the experiment. The results are as follows: with the increase of the concentration of organic matters, the decay rate of residual chlorine will increase; the higher the initial chlorine concentration is, the larger the amount of the consumption is and the lower the decay coefficient becomes; the lower pH is, the higher the decay coefficient is; within the range from 4℃to 30℃, the higher the temperature is, the faster residual chlorine decays; NO2- can accelerate the decay of residual chlorine and NO2- can’t react with residual chlorine quickly. On the basis of the analysis of the effects by various factors, a decay model of residual chlorine in bulk water is developed and validated and the model shows good predicative results.
The simulation system of drinking water distribution system designed by the author is experimented with the finished water of a waterworks in Guangzhou. The effects of initial chlorine concentration, pH, flow rate, pipe material and pipe diameter on the decay of residual chlorine are studied. The results are as follows: within the range from 0.63mg/L to 2.58mg/L, the higher the initial concentration of chlorine is, the higher the decay coefficient of residual chlorine is. But the increase rate of the decay coefficient decreases with the increase of the inital concentration of chlorine. pH poses an obvious impact on the decay of residual chlorine– the lower pH is, the faster residual chlorine decays and the higher the decay coefficient is; the lower pH is, the faster turbidity increases. The decay coefficient increases with the rising of flow rate. The increase of the flow rate will accelerate the striping of the attachment of the interior wall of the pipe, which will in turn increase the turbidity. With regard to new pipes, pipe material (cement-lined ductile pipes and PVC pipes) makes no differences on the performance of residual chlorine. Within 24 hours, the extent of the increase of pH for iron pipes is much larger than that in PVC pipes. The smaller the pipe is, the more influence the interior wall of the pipe puts on the quality of water, for the contact ratio between water and pipe wall will increase in smaller pipes. As a result, the faster residual chlorine decays, the larger the increase extent of pH is.
From the investigation to drinking water distribution system in field of Guangzhou city, it is found that pipe wall including biofilm and corrosion deposit is most important factor causing residual chlorine decay in drinking water distribution systems. The conclusion from the experiment in laboratory is the same to the one got from the investigation in field. The key point to control residual chlorine decay in drinking water distribution systems is to control the corrosion of interior pipe wall.
引文
[1]鲁巍.给水管网细菌生长特性及其控制的研究: [清华大学博士学位论文].北京:清华大学环境科学与工程系,2005:102-104
[2] Amy G L, Chadik P A, Chowdhury Z K. Developing models for predicting trihalomethane formation potential kinetics. Journal of American Water Works Association,1987,79(7):89–96
[3] Elsonor J D and Gagonon G A. Impact of secondary disinfection on corrosion in a model water distribution system. Journal of Water Supply:Research and Technology-AQUA,2004,53(7):441-452
[4]许保玖,安鼎年.给水处理理论与设计.北京:中国建筑出版社,1992:67-72
[5] USEPA. Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual. Washington DC: Office of Water,1999:200-203
[6] Jadas-Hecart A, Moher A El, Stitou M, et al. The chlorine demand of treated water. Water Research,1992,26(8):1073-1084
[7] Vasconcelos J J, Rossman L A, Grayman W M, et al. Characterization and Modeling of Chlorine Decay in Distribution Systems. Denver CO: AWWA and AWWARF,1996:105-115
[8] James C P, Hallam N B, West J R, et al. Factors which control bulk chlorine decay rates. Water Research,2000,34(1):117-126
[9] Nicholas B H, Fang Hua, West J R, et al. Bulk decay of chlorine in water distribution systems. Journal of water resources planning and management,2003, 129(1):78-81
[10] Paula V, Sergio Y C, Dalia L. Accounting for the influence of initial chlorine concentration, TOC, iron and temperature when modelling chlorine decay in water supply. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA, 2004,53(7): 453-467
[11] Duirk S E, Gombert B, Choi J, et al. Monochoramine loss in the presence of humic acid. Journal of Environmental Monitor,2002,4(1):85-89
[12] Duirk S E, Gombert B, Choi J, et al. Modeling monochloramine loss in the presence of natural organic matter. Water research,2005,39(14):3418-3431
[13]唐锋.给水管网中一氯胺消耗特性的研究: [清华大学硕士学位论文].北京:清华大学环境科学与工程系,2006:30-56
[14] Fang Hua, West J R, Barker R A, et al. Modelling of chlorine decay in municipal water supplies. Water Research,1999,33(12):2735-2746
[15] Chowdhury Z K, Rossman L, James U, et al. Assessment of Chloramine and Chlorine Residual Decay in the Distribution System. Colorado: AWWARF,2006: 39-43
[16] Zhang G R, Kiene L, Wable O, et al. Modelling of chlorine residual in the water distribution network of Macao. Environmental Technology,1992,13(10):937-946
[17] Taras M J. Preliminary Studies on the Chlorine Demand of Specific Chemical Compounds. Journal of American Water Works Association,1950,42(5): 462-468
[18] Feben D, Taras M J. Studies on Chlorine Demand Constants. Journal of American Water Works Association,1951,43(11):922-928
[19] Bousher A, Brimblecombe P, Midgley D. Kinetics of reactions in solutions containing monochloramine and bromide. Water research,1989,23(8):1049-1058
[20] Cunliffe D A. Bacterial nitrification in chloraminated water supply. Applied Environmental Microbiology,1991,57(11):3399-3402
[21] Arber R, Speed M A, Scully F. Significant findings related to formation of chlorinated organics in the presence of chloramines. Water chlorination: chemistry, environmental impact and health effects. Chelsea: Lewis Publications,1984:951-963
[22] Hao O J, Chien C M, Valentine R L. Kinetics of monochloramine reactions with nitrite. Journal of Environmental Engineering,1994,120(4):859-874
[23] Vikesland P J, Ozenkin K, Valentine R L. Monochloramine Decay in Model and Distribution System Waters. Water Research,2001,35(7):1766-1776
[24] Francis A D, Zhang W D. Pipe Section Rection to Evaluate Chlorine-Wall Reaction. Journal of American Water Works Association,2005,97(1):74-85
[25] Hallam N B, West J R, Forster C F, et al. The Decay of Chlorine Associated with the Pipe Wall in Water Distribution Systems. Water Research,2002,36(14): 3479-3488
[26]唐锋.给水管网中一氯胺消耗特性的研究: [清华大学硕士学位论文].北京:清华大学环境科学与工程系,2006:96-102
[27]崔勇,曲久辉,乐林生等.铜管模拟输配系统中余氯衰减过程与模拟.环境科学学报,2007,27(11):1761-1766
[28]童祯恭,刘遂庆.供水管网水质安全及其保障措施探讨.净水技术,2005, 24(1):49-53
[29] Mutoti G, Dietz J D, Arevalo J, et al. Combined chlorine dissipation: Pipematerial, water quality, and hydraulic effects. Journal of American Water Works Association,2007,99(10):96-106
[30] Al-Jasser A O. Chlorine decay in drinking-water transmission and distribution systems: Pipe service age effect. Water Research,2007,41(2):387-396
[31] Clark R M, Sivaganesan M. Predicting chlorine residuals in drinking water: Second order model. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 2002,128(2):152-161
[32] Clark R M. Chlorine demand and TTHM formation kinetics: A second- order model. Journal of Environmental Engineering,1998,124(1):16-24
[33] Clark R M, Sivaganesan M. Predicting Chlorine Residuals and Formation of TTHMs in Drinking Water. Journal of Environmental Engineering-ASCE,1998, 124(12):1203-1210
[34] Fang Hua, West J R, Barker R A, et al. Modelling of chlorine decay in municipal water supplies. Water Research,1999,33(12):2735-2746
[35] Powell J C, West J R, Hallam N B, et al. Performance of various kinetics models for chlorine decay. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 2000,126(1):13-20
[36] Haas C N, Karra S B. Kinetics of wastewater chlorine demand exertion. Journal of Water Pollution Control Federal,1984,56(2):170-173
[37] Clark R M, Sivaganesan M. Predicting Chlorine Residuals in Drinking Water: Second order Model. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 2002, 128(2):152-161
[38] Boccellia D L, Tryby M E, Uber J G, et al. A reactive species model for chlorine decay and THM formation under rechlorination conditions. Water Research, 2003,37(11):2654-2666
[39] Qualls R G, Johnson J D. Kinetics of the short-term consumption of chlorine by fulvic acid. Environmental Science&Technology,1983,17(11):692-698
[40] Jadas-Hecart A, Morer A E, Stitou M, et al. The chlorine demand of a treated water. Water Research,1992,26(8):1073-1084
[41] Gallard H, Gunten U. Chlorination of natural organic matter: kinetics of chlorination and of THM formation. Water Research,2002,36(1):65-74
[42]袁一星,赵洪宾,赵明.给水管网生长环研究.哈尔滨建筑大学学报,1998, 31(1):72-76
[43] Baribeau H, Prevost M, Desjardins R, et al. Changes in Chlorine and DOX Concentrations in Distribution Systems. Journal of American Water WorksAssociation,2001,93(12):102-114
[44] Hallam N B, West J R, Forster C F, et al. The Decay of Chlorine Associated with the Pipe Wall in Water Distribution Systems. Water Research,2002,36(14): 3479-3488
[45] Tsai Y P. Interaction of chlorine concentration and shear stress on chlorine consumption biofilm growth rate and particle number. Bioresource Technology,2006, 97(10):1912-1919
[46] Digiano F A, Zhang Weidong. Pipe Section Reactor to Evaluate Chlorine-Wall Reaction. Journal of American Water Works Association,2005,97(1):74-85
[47] Rossman L A. The effect of advanced treatment on chlorine decay in metallic pipes. Water research,2006,40(13):2493-2502
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[49] Rossman L A, Clark R M, Grayman W M. Modeling Chlorine Residuals in Drinking Water Distribution Systems. Journal of Environment Engineering- ASCE, 1994,120(4):803-820
[50] Vasconcelos J J, Rossman L A, Grayman W M, et al. Kinetics of Chlorine Decay. Journal of American Water Works Association,1997,89(7):54-65
[51] Koch B, Krasner, Sclimenti S W. Predicting the Formation of DBPs by the Simulated Distribution System. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1991,83(10):62-70
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[53]国家环境保护总局.水与废水监测分析方法.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006:272-276
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[55] Woolschlager J, Rittmann B, Piriou P, et al. Using a comprehensive model to identify the major mechanisms of chloramine decay in distribution systems. Water science and Technology: Water Supply,2001,1(4):103-110
[56] Jafvert C T, Valentine R L. Dichloramine decomposition in the presence of excess ammonia. Water Research,1987,21(8):967-973
[2] Amy G L, Chadik P A, Chowdhury Z K. Developing models for predicting trihalomethane formation potential kinetics. Journal of American Water Works Association,1987,79(7):89–96
[3] Elsonor J D and Gagonon G A. Impact of secondary disinfection on corrosion in a model water distribution system. Journal of Water Supply:Research and Technology-AQUA,2004,53(7):441-452
[4]许保玖,安鼎年.给水处理理论与设计.北京:中国建筑出版社,1992:67-72
[5] USEPA. Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual. Washington DC: Office of Water,1999:200-203
[6] Jadas-Hecart A, Moher A El, Stitou M, et al. The chlorine demand of treated water. Water Research,1992,26(8):1073-1084
[7] Vasconcelos J J, Rossman L A, Grayman W M, et al. Characterization and Modeling of Chlorine Decay in Distribution Systems. Denver CO: AWWA and AWWARF,1996:105-115
[8] James C P, Hallam N B, West J R, et al. Factors which control bulk chlorine decay rates. Water Research,2000,34(1):117-126
[9] Nicholas B H, Fang Hua, West J R, et al. Bulk decay of chlorine in water distribution systems. Journal of water resources planning and management,2003, 129(1):78-81
[10] Paula V, Sergio Y C, Dalia L. Accounting for the influence of initial chlorine concentration, TOC, iron and temperature when modelling chlorine decay in water supply. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA, 2004,53(7): 453-467
[11] Duirk S E, Gombert B, Choi J, et al. Monochoramine loss in the presence of humic acid. Journal of Environmental Monitor,2002,4(1):85-89
[12] Duirk S E, Gombert B, Choi J, et al. Modeling monochloramine loss in the presence of natural organic matter. Water research,2005,39(14):3418-3431
[13]唐锋.给水管网中一氯胺消耗特性的研究: [清华大学硕士学位论文].北京:清华大学环境科学与工程系,2006:30-56
[14] Fang Hua, West J R, Barker R A, et al. Modelling of chlorine decay in municipal water supplies. Water Research,1999,33(12):2735-2746
[15] Chowdhury Z K, Rossman L, James U, et al. Assessment of Chloramine and Chlorine Residual Decay in the Distribution System. Colorado: AWWARF,2006: 39-43
[16] Zhang G R, Kiene L, Wable O, et al. Modelling of chlorine residual in the water distribution network of Macao. Environmental Technology,1992,13(10):937-946
[17] Taras M J. Preliminary Studies on the Chlorine Demand of Specific Chemical Compounds. Journal of American Water Works Association,1950,42(5): 462-468
[18] Feben D, Taras M J. Studies on Chlorine Demand Constants. Journal of American Water Works Association,1951,43(11):922-928
[19] Bousher A, Brimblecombe P, Midgley D. Kinetics of reactions in solutions containing monochloramine and bromide. Water research,1989,23(8):1049-1058
[20] Cunliffe D A. Bacterial nitrification in chloraminated water supply. Applied Environmental Microbiology,1991,57(11):3399-3402
[21] Arber R, Speed M A, Scully F. Significant findings related to formation of chlorinated organics in the presence of chloramines. Water chlorination: chemistry, environmental impact and health effects. Chelsea: Lewis Publications,1984:951-963
[22] Hao O J, Chien C M, Valentine R L. Kinetics of monochloramine reactions with nitrite. Journal of Environmental Engineering,1994,120(4):859-874
[23] Vikesland P J, Ozenkin K, Valentine R L. Monochloramine Decay in Model and Distribution System Waters. Water Research,2001,35(7):1766-1776
[24] Francis A D, Zhang W D. Pipe Section Rection to Evaluate Chlorine-Wall Reaction. Journal of American Water Works Association,2005,97(1):74-85
[25] Hallam N B, West J R, Forster C F, et al. The Decay of Chlorine Associated with the Pipe Wall in Water Distribution Systems. Water Research,2002,36(14): 3479-3488
[26]唐锋.给水管网中一氯胺消耗特性的研究: [清华大学硕士学位论文].北京:清华大学环境科学与工程系,2006:96-102
[27]崔勇,曲久辉,乐林生等.铜管模拟输配系统中余氯衰减过程与模拟.环境科学学报,2007,27(11):1761-1766
[28]童祯恭,刘遂庆.供水管网水质安全及其保障措施探讨.净水技术,2005, 24(1):49-53
[29] Mutoti G, Dietz J D, Arevalo J, et al. Combined chlorine dissipation: Pipematerial, water quality, and hydraulic effects. Journal of American Water Works Association,2007,99(10):96-106
[30] Al-Jasser A O. Chlorine decay in drinking-water transmission and distribution systems: Pipe service age effect. Water Research,2007,41(2):387-396
[31] Clark R M, Sivaganesan M. Predicting chlorine residuals in drinking water: Second order model. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 2002,128(2):152-161
[32] Clark R M. Chlorine demand and TTHM formation kinetics: A second- order model. Journal of Environmental Engineering,1998,124(1):16-24
[33] Clark R M, Sivaganesan M. Predicting Chlorine Residuals and Formation of TTHMs in Drinking Water. Journal of Environmental Engineering-ASCE,1998, 124(12):1203-1210
[34] Fang Hua, West J R, Barker R A, et al. Modelling of chlorine decay in municipal water supplies. Water Research,1999,33(12):2735-2746
[35] Powell J C, West J R, Hallam N B, et al. Performance of various kinetics models for chlorine decay. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 2000,126(1):13-20
[36] Haas C N, Karra S B. Kinetics of wastewater chlorine demand exertion. Journal of Water Pollution Control Federal,1984,56(2):170-173
[37] Clark R M, Sivaganesan M. Predicting Chlorine Residuals in Drinking Water: Second order Model. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 2002, 128(2):152-161
[38] Boccellia D L, Tryby M E, Uber J G, et al. A reactive species model for chlorine decay and THM formation under rechlorination conditions. Water Research, 2003,37(11):2654-2666
[39] Qualls R G, Johnson J D. Kinetics of the short-term consumption of chlorine by fulvic acid. Environmental Science&Technology,1983,17(11):692-698
[40] Jadas-Hecart A, Morer A E, Stitou M, et al. The chlorine demand of a treated water. Water Research,1992,26(8):1073-1084
[41] Gallard H, Gunten U. Chlorination of natural organic matter: kinetics of chlorination and of THM formation. Water Research,2002,36(1):65-74
[42]袁一星,赵洪宾,赵明.给水管网生长环研究.哈尔滨建筑大学学报,1998, 31(1):72-76
[43] Baribeau H, Prevost M, Desjardins R, et al. Changes in Chlorine and DOX Concentrations in Distribution Systems. Journal of American Water WorksAssociation,2001,93(12):102-114
[44] Hallam N B, West J R, Forster C F, et al. The Decay of Chlorine Associated with the Pipe Wall in Water Distribution Systems. Water Research,2002,36(14): 3479-3488
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