真空—堆载联合预压法加固机理与计算理论研究
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摘要
真空预压法及真空-堆载联合预压法作为一种软土地基处理方法，具有诸多优点。随着我国大规模建设热潮，真空-堆载联合预压法也得到进一步的广泛应用。真空预压法及真空-堆载联合预压法在机理研究、施工工艺、设计理论等方面得到了较大的发展，但是同工程实践相比理论研究相对滞后，不少理论问题仍未能得到圆满解决。如真空预压法的加固深度、真空预压区地下水位的变化情况及真空预压和堆载预压加固效果的差别、真空预压对周围环境的影响等问题以及缺乏简便实用的真空预压设计计算方法等，因此制约了该方法的进一步推广和应用，已引起国内外学术界和工程界的广泛关注。
本文在前人工作的基础上，通过现场试验、室内试验和理论分析，对真空—堆载联合预压的加固机理与计算方法问题进行了较为深入的探讨。本文的主要工作有：
(1)结合现场试验对真空-堆载联合预压法的加固效果进行了研究，并分析了真空-堆载联合预压下的水位变化、加固深度等问题。
(2)改进了现有的试验仪器，并进行了真空预压、堆载预压、真空-堆载联合预压及各向等压的试验。结果表明真空预压在变形、土体加固等方面接近于各向等压，土体加固效果要优于堆载预压。
(3)根据固结度等效的原则，提出了与单井固结理论等效的成层均质地基等效渗透系数计算方法，从而将复杂砂井地基转化为无砂井成层地基，可用于平面应变有限元简化计算。
(4)编制了三维Biot固结有限元程序，针对软士的流变特性，对Borja的流变模型进行了改进并将其考虑到三维Biot固结有限元程序中去。
(5)考虑到真空-堆载联合预压处理地基中塑料排水板的作用特点，提出了一种三维排水板单元，以此代替塑料排水板实体单元，在精度满足要求的前提下，能够大大减少三维Biot有限元分析的计算量，并与解析解、常规有限元方法进行了比较、验证。
(6)在上述工作的基础上，针对真空-堆载联合预压处理的高速公路路基变形特点，应用三维Biot固结有限元对某真空-堆载联合预压处理的高速公路软基工程实例进行了计算，并和常用的平面应变方法进行了比较，结果表明，三维Biot固结有限元的计算结果更加精确和全面。值得进一步研究、推广。
(7)在轴对称单井模型的基础上，推导了考虑真空荷载施加过程的真空预压下地基孔压及固结度的解析解，同时可考虑井阻、涂抹等因素。
(8)根据以前真空-堆载联合预压解析解的不足之处，推导了真空-堆载联合预压下地基孔压及固结度的解析解。本文的解析解将真空荷载视为瞬时施加，而将堆载荷载的施加考虑为线性施加过程，因此可以考虑堆载施加的时间影响，与实际工程情况更
摘要
加接近，并可同时考虑井阻、涂抹的影响。
(9)研究了真空作用下地基沉降与堆载的不同之处，提出了负压下地基沉降计算的
修正方法。负压下的地基沉降计算，应考虑其受力特点的影响，本文的理论推导以及
实际_「程验i正，都表明了现有的规范对真空预压地基的沉降估算修正系数过大。而一
般真空一堆载联合预压的分层总和法计算修正系数可取0.77一1 .20。同时结合本文推导的
固结度计算，可以对真空预压及真空一堆载联合预压工程进行简化设计。
Vacuum preloading and Vacuum combined Surcharge preloading are effective methods to improve soft foundation. Along with our country's construction upsurge, these two methods were used more widely. There are some developments of improvement principle, construction techniques and design theory, but there are more questions to solve such as the depth of improvement, the change of underground water, difference between vacuum preloading and surcharge preloading, effect of vacuum preloading to the environment, computation method, and so on. This status limited the more application and development of these two methods. More and more researchers' attention in the world focuses on these questions.
Based on the former researchers' work, this thesis researched the questions above via field experiment, laboratory test and theoretical analysis. The main work of this thesis are:
(l)Studied the change of underground water and depth of improvement under the vacuum combined surcharge preloading through field experiment.
(2)Improved the laboratory test apparatus, and made four kinds of laboratory experiment, those are vacuum preloading, surcharge preloading, vacuum combined surcharge preloading and each direction equal loading. The result shows that the deformation and improvement of soil of vacuum preloading is more closely to each direction equal loading, and the improvement degree of soil is better than surcharge.
(3)According to the principle of equality of consolidation degree, an equivalent method of converting vertical drain to layered soil was proposed, and we can use plane strain FEM to analyze ground with vertical drain via translating it to layered soil foundation.
(4)Wrote the 3-D Biot consolidation program, improved the Borja's creep model and integrated in the program.
(5) Considering the character of PVD in the foundation improved by vacuum combined surcharge preloading, this thesis proposed a new 3-D drain element to replace the element in general FEM grid, we can reduce the calculating work and satisfied the precision of of 3-D FEM analysis the same time. The 3-D drain element was compared with analytical method and general FEM, and validated.
(6) Based on the work above and deformation character of highway's foundation improved by vacuum combined surcharge preloading, a practical engineering was computed via 3-D Biot consolidation FEM and compared with plane strain FEM, it showed that the result of 3-D Biot consolidation FEM analysis is more precise and worth researching more detail and extending.
(7) Axisymetrical analytical solutions of vacuum preloading was deduced to compute pore water pressure and degree of consolidation, the effect of vacuum loading speed, well resistance and smear were considered.
(8) For the sake of overcoming the shortage of the former work, axisymetrical analytical solutions of vacuum combined surcharge preloading were deduced, the effect of surcharge loading speed was considered and vacuum was regard as instantaneous load, so we can take account of effect of surcharge loading time, well resistance and smear, it is more closed to practical engineering.
(9)Simplified calculate method of settlement under negative pressure was researched. Integrated with axisymetrical analytical solution, we can design the foundation improved by vacuum preloading and vacuum combined surcharge preloading.
本文在前人工作的基础上，通过现场试验、室内试验和理论分析，对真空—堆载联合预压的加固机理与计算方法问题进行了较为深入的探讨。本文的主要工作有：
(1)结合现场试验对真空-堆载联合预压法的加固效果进行了研究，并分析了真空-堆载联合预压下的水位变化、加固深度等问题。
(2)改进了现有的试验仪器，并进行了真空预压、堆载预压、真空-堆载联合预压及各向等压的试验。结果表明真空预压在变形、土体加固等方面接近于各向等压，土体加固效果要优于堆载预压。
(3)根据固结度等效的原则，提出了与单井固结理论等效的成层均质地基等效渗透系数计算方法，从而将复杂砂井地基转化为无砂井成层地基，可用于平面应变有限元简化计算。
(4)编制了三维Biot固结有限元程序，针对软士的流变特性，对Borja的流变模型进行了改进并将其考虑到三维Biot固结有限元程序中去。
(5)考虑到真空-堆载联合预压处理地基中塑料排水板的作用特点，提出了一种三维排水板单元，以此代替塑料排水板实体单元，在精度满足要求的前提下，能够大大减少三维Biot有限元分析的计算量，并与解析解、常规有限元方法进行了比较、验证。
(6)在上述工作的基础上，针对真空-堆载联合预压处理的高速公路路基变形特点，应用三维Biot固结有限元对某真空-堆载联合预压处理的高速公路软基工程实例进行了计算，并和常用的平面应变方法进行了比较，结果表明，三维Biot固结有限元的计算结果更加精确和全面。值得进一步研究、推广。
(7)在轴对称单井模型的基础上，推导了考虑真空荷载施加过程的真空预压下地基孔压及固结度的解析解，同时可考虑井阻、涂抹等因素。
(8)根据以前真空-堆载联合预压解析解的不足之处，推导了真空-堆载联合预压下地基孔压及固结度的解析解。本文的解析解将真空荷载视为瞬时施加，而将堆载荷载的施加考虑为线性施加过程，因此可以考虑堆载施加的时间影响，与实际工程情况更
摘要
加接近，并可同时考虑井阻、涂抹的影响。
(9)研究了真空作用下地基沉降与堆载的不同之处，提出了负压下地基沉降计算的
修正方法。负压下的地基沉降计算，应考虑其受力特点的影响，本文的理论推导以及
实际_「程验i正，都表明了现有的规范对真空预压地基的沉降估算修正系数过大。而一
般真空一堆载联合预压的分层总和法计算修正系数可取0.77一1 .20。同时结合本文推导的
固结度计算，可以对真空预压及真空一堆载联合预压工程进行简化设计。
Vacuum preloading and Vacuum combined Surcharge preloading are effective methods to improve soft foundation. Along with our country's construction upsurge, these two methods were used more widely. There are some developments of improvement principle, construction techniques and design theory, but there are more questions to solve such as the depth of improvement, the change of underground water, difference between vacuum preloading and surcharge preloading, effect of vacuum preloading to the environment, computation method, and so on. This status limited the more application and development of these two methods. More and more researchers' attention in the world focuses on these questions.
Based on the former researchers' work, this thesis researched the questions above via field experiment, laboratory test and theoretical analysis. The main work of this thesis are:
(l)Studied the change of underground water and depth of improvement under the vacuum combined surcharge preloading through field experiment.
(2)Improved the laboratory test apparatus, and made four kinds of laboratory experiment, those are vacuum preloading, surcharge preloading, vacuum combined surcharge preloading and each direction equal loading. The result shows that the deformation and improvement of soil of vacuum preloading is more closely to each direction equal loading, and the improvement degree of soil is better than surcharge.
(3)According to the principle of equality of consolidation degree, an equivalent method of converting vertical drain to layered soil was proposed, and we can use plane strain FEM to analyze ground with vertical drain via translating it to layered soil foundation.
(4)Wrote the 3-D Biot consolidation program, improved the Borja's creep model and integrated in the program.
(5) Considering the character of PVD in the foundation improved by vacuum combined surcharge preloading, this thesis proposed a new 3-D drain element to replace the element in general FEM grid, we can reduce the calculating work and satisfied the precision of of 3-D FEM analysis the same time. The 3-D drain element was compared with analytical method and general FEM, and validated.
(6) Based on the work above and deformation character of highway's foundation improved by vacuum combined surcharge preloading, a practical engineering was computed via 3-D Biot consolidation FEM and compared with plane strain FEM, it showed that the result of 3-D Biot consolidation FEM analysis is more precise and worth researching more detail and extending.
(7) Axisymetrical analytical solutions of vacuum preloading was deduced to compute pore water pressure and degree of consolidation, the effect of vacuum loading speed, well resistance and smear were considered.
(8) For the sake of overcoming the shortage of the former work, axisymetrical analytical solutions of vacuum combined surcharge preloading were deduced, the effect of surcharge loading speed was considered and vacuum was regard as instantaneous load, so we can take account of effect of surcharge loading time, well resistance and smear, it is more closed to practical engineering.
(9)Simplified calculate method of settlement under negative pressure was researched. Integrated with axisymetrical analytical solution, we can design the foundation improved by vacuum preloading and vacuum combined surcharge preloading.
引文
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