基于TRMM探测的热带及副热带降水及其光谱信号特征分析
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摘要
降水可以分为对流降水和层云降水两种主要雨型。由于热-动力过程和微物理过程的不同,不同类型降水的潜热廓线存在着显著差异；同时,反演降水所需要的雨滴谱信息与降水类型密切相关。因此,针对不同类型的降水进行研究,不仅可以更好地理解降水与热力、动力过程之间的关系以及降水潜热对大气环流的作用,进而为模式模拟降水提供参考依据,而且对改善降水反演算法也有很大的帮助。基于此,本文利用1998～2007年TRMM PR和VIRS的综合探测结果,在详细探讨了不同类型降水廓线的基础上,从季尺度特征出发,重点分析了热带及副热带地区对流降水和层云降水的降水频次、条件降水强度、雨顶高度、云顶温度以及垂直结构等降水参数,并对这些降水参数的夏季日变化特征进行了探讨。主要结论总结如下：
1降水廓线特征
在PR2A25_V61998～2007年所有的降水样本中,层云降水占78.6%左右,对流降水所占比例约为20.8%,而“其它”类型降水仅占0.6%。在24种降水类型中,只有16类降水的出现频率大于0.1%,且降水频率的空间分布具有明显的海陆差异。对降水廓线的分析表明,热带地区多年季平均降水廓线的季节变化最小。陆面降水的雨顶高度较洋面偏高,而近地面降水强度却相反,且陆面降水廓线的季节变化与洋面相比较强。综合考虑各类型降水的雷达回波信号及其垂直廓线特征,可以分别将层云降水和对流降水重新定义为四类和两类,其中T-100～T-130和T-200～T-240分别为“确定型”层云降水和对流降水。此外,“其它”类型降水的垂直廓线显示出了云砧的特点。
2对流降水和层云降水气候特征
对流降水主要分布在热带辐合带、南太平洋辐合带、亚洲季风区、南美至中美以及热带非洲等区域,其频次多介于1～2%之间。但总体上,热带及副热带85%以上区域四季对流降水频次小于1%。层云降水分布较广,频次也相对较高,超过55%的区域四季层云降水频次在1%以上,但两类降水的频次都体现出了明显的地域性和季节变化。对流降水的条件降水强度主要介于6～14mm/h之间,而绝大部分地区层云降水的条件降水强度在4mm/h以下。对降水廓线的分析表明,层云降水平均雨顶高度多低于9km,而对流降水平均雨顶高度相对较高,可达14km左右。两类降水的频次和条件降水强度都是洋面大于陆地,雨顶高度却相反,三者均存在显著的海陆差异。降水垂直结构的季节变化体现在雨顶高度和近地表降水强度两方面,且高纬度地区的季节变化较低纬度带剧烈。此外,由于洋面下垫面较陆地稳定,故洋面两类降水的季节变化较陆地偏弱。
3雨顶高度季尺度特征
对流降水雨顶高度明显高于层云降水,且层云降水雨顶高度的空间分布更加均匀。由于陆地强迫效应,陆面雨顶高度要高于洋面,但对流降水的陆地强迫作用较层云降水明显。就季节变化来说,对流降水雨顶高度的季节差异要比层云降水明显,但无论对流降水,还是层云降水,季节变化都是陆面强于洋面,高纬强于低纬。对不同雨顶高度对应的降水廓线分析表明,相同的雨顶高度,洋面近地面降水强度要大于陆面。对流降水近地面降水强度要大于层云降水,这与二者形成过程中的热-动力、微物理过程存在一定的关系。雨顶高度越高,降水廓线的层状结构越明显。此外,统计还表明,对流降水和层云降水雨顶高度与条件降水强度均存在明显的二次函数关系。
4降水云云顶温度季尺度特征
在主要的降水区,对流降水云和层状降水云的云顶温度(VIRS10.8μm通道亮温)多在250K以下。云顶温度低于230K的对流降水云和层状降水云都主要分布于陆面,而云顶温度高于270K的低云则主要出现在洋面,体现出了显著的海陆差异。此外,对流降水云和层状降水云的云顶温度还具有明显的季节变化特征。无论对流降水云,还是层状降水云,云顶温度越低,相应的条件降水强度也都越大,二者之间存在明显的负相关,且对流降水云的相关性要好于层状降水云。进一步的分析表明,条件降水强度与云顶温度之间存在自然指数函数关系。对不同云顶温度下对流降水和层云降水廓线的分析表明,云顶温度越低,降水廓线呈现的层状结构越明显,且海陆差异也更加显著。此外,相同的云顶温度,陆面对流降水和层云降水的雨顶高度要略高于洋面,但近地表降水强度却相反。
5夏季降水日变化特征
陆面对流降水多发生在午后,而洋面对流降水则多出现在夜间。陆面对流降水条件降水强度峰值时间最大概率密度仍出现在午后,洋面则出现在上午。陆面对流降水雨顶高度峰值时间与相应降水云云顶温度低值都主要出现在午后至傍晚,洋面主要集中在23～10点之间。层云降水参数的日变化与对流降水相似,但存在一些差异,如各时段见的概率密度差异更小。对典型区域降水参数日变化的研究表明,雨顶高度与相应降水云云顶温度日变化存在较好的对应关系,但由于探测仪器的不同,云顶温度较雨顶高度稍有延迟。降水频次和条件降水强度并不存在很好的一致性,这与地面雨量计观测结果存在一定的差异,但原因需要做进一步的研究。对比分析陆面和洋面降水参数日变化发现,陆面降水参数的日变化要强于洋面。对流降水和层云降水垂直廓线的日变化都主要体现在雨顶高度和近地表降水强度的日变化上。对流降水廓线显示,雨顶高度和近地表降水强度的最大差值都要大于层云降水廓线,这说明对流降水廓线日变化要强于层云降水廓线日变化。此外,陆面降水廓线的日变化要强于洋面。
Precipitation can be classified into two main types, convective and stratiform. Due to different thermo-dynamics and micro-processes during the formation of precipitation, the latent heating profiles of the two rain types differ crucially. By understanding the characteristics of different types of precipitation, we can get better insight into the interrelation among atmospheric circulation, thermo-dynamical and precipitation processes, and then provide references for models. Furthermore, retrieval of rain rate from radar requires knowledge of rain types, on which drop size distribution depends. In this paper, on the basis of the comparison of mean profile for different rain types, the seasonal characteristics of precipitation frequency, conditional rain rate, storm height, vertical structures and precipitating clouds top temperature for convective and stratiform precipitation over the Tropical and Subtropical areas are analyzed. Furthermore, diurnal variations of these precipitation parameters in summer are investigated. The results obtained in the present study can be summarized as follows.
1. Mean profiles of different rain types are presented. The contributions to total rain samples are about78.6%from stratiform precipitation,20.8%from convection, and only0.6%from "others". Actually, there are only sixteen of twenty four rain types whose populations exceed0.1%. The climatic characteristics of mean profiles at seasonal scale are then exposed in the Tropical belt of10°S to10°N according to over ocean or land, compared with that in the Northern Subtropics (15°N～35°N). It is found that seasonal variations of the mean profiles in the Tropics are minimal regardless of rain types, implying significant latitudinal dependent. Although the shapes of mean profiles over land and ocean resemble each other, there are still some differences between them. Meanwhile, seasonal variations of precipitation profiles over land and ocean differ crucially, mainly due to the different disabilities of underlying surface. Taking echo strength and climatic characteristics of precipitation profiles into consideration, stratiform precipitation can be reclassified as four main types while only two for both convection and "others". It is meaningful to analysis T-100-T-140subcategories for stratiform precipitation while T-200-T-240subcategories for convective precipitation as in many previous studies.
2. Climatic characteristics of convective and stratiform precipitation are exposed. Convective precipitations are distributed mainly over the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), the Asian Monsoon Region, regions between the South America and the Mid-America, and the Tropical Africa where the frequencies lie between1%and2%. But in four seasons, total area fractions of convective precipitation frequencies less than1%all exceed85%. The frequencies of stratiform precipitation are much higher than those of convective precipitation, and total area fractions of stratiform precipitation frequencies>1%are over55%during four seasons. However, frequencies of the two rain types show not only remarkable regionality, but also distinct seasonal variations. Conditional rain rates of convective precipitation range from6mm/h to14mm/h whereas those of stratiform precipitation are smaller than4mm/h. Meanwhile, rain tops of convective precipitation are higher than those of stratiform precipitation. The mean profiles of the two rain types show significant latitudinal dependency. And the seasonal variations of precipitation profiles are displayed mainly in the variations of rain tops. The frequencies and conditional rain rates of both rain types over ocean are higher than those over land, but rain tops are just the opposite. Moreover, the seasonal variations of both rain types over ocean are weaker than those over land because of the different stable states of underlying surfaces.
3. Seasonal characteristics of storm height are analyzed. Storm heights of convective precipitation are relatively higher than that of stratiform precipitation, and the distributions of storm heights for stratiform precipitation are more uniform. Because of the land effect, storm heights over land are higher than that over ocean. But land effect to stratiform precipitation is not as obvious as that for convection. Generally, seasonal variations of storm heights for convective precipitation are stronger than that of stratiform precipitation. However, seasonal variations of storm heights over land (in high latitudes) are intense than that over ocean (in low latitudes). The analyses of mean profile for different storm heights indicate that near surface rain rates of convective precipitation are larger than that of stratiform precipitation. For the same storm height, near surface rain rates over ocean are intense than that over land. Clear layer structures of vertical profile for higher storm heights are also noticed. Statically, conditional rain rates and storm heights show remarkable quadratical function relationship for both convective and stratiform precipitation.
4. Climatic characteristics of cloud top temperatures for precipitating clouds are investigated. Cloud top temperatures are lower than250K in regions where convective and stratiform precipitations are mainly distributed. Further analyses show that regions in which cloud top temperatures<230K (>270K) are mainly distributed over land (ocean). Cloud top temperatures also show remarkable seasonal variations. Cloud top temperatures decrease with the increment of conditional rain rates, which show obvious negative correlation. Meanwhile, negative correlation for convective precipitation is more significant than that for stratiform precipitation. The results also show that conditional rain rate is the natural exponential function versus cloud top temperatures. The analyses of vertical profiles for different cloud top temperatures show that both layer structures and land-sea dependency are more visible for higher cloud top temperatures. For the same cloud top temperature, storm height over land is higher than that over ocean, but near surface rain rate is just contrast.
5. Diurnal variations of convective and stratiform precipitation in summer are discussed. Convections occur in afternoon over most land areas while in night time over ocean in summer Tropics and Subtropics. The peak time of conditional rain rate for convective precipitation does not agree with precipitation frequency very well. The largest PDF (probability density function) of peak time for conditional rain rates over land occurs in the afternoon while in the morning over ocean. The peak of storm heights and minimum clouds top temperatures over land mainly appear in afternoon and evening while in23-20LST over ocean. The diurnal variations of stratiform precipitation show similar characteristics with convective precipitation, but with a little differences of PDF among different time. Due to derived from different sensors, a shift exists between minimum clouds top temperature and peak of storm height. The diurnal variations over land are stronger than that over ocean. The diurnal variations of vertical profiles display in storm heights and near surface rain rates. Meanwhile, the diurnal variations of mean profile for convective precipitation are intense that that for stratiform precipitation.
1降水廓线特征
在PR2A25_V61998～2007年所有的降水样本中,层云降水占78.6%左右,对流降水所占比例约为20.8%,而“其它”类型降水仅占0.6%。在24种降水类型中,只有16类降水的出现频率大于0.1%,且降水频率的空间分布具有明显的海陆差异。对降水廓线的分析表明,热带地区多年季平均降水廓线的季节变化最小。陆面降水的雨顶高度较洋面偏高,而近地面降水强度却相反,且陆面降水廓线的季节变化与洋面相比较强。综合考虑各类型降水的雷达回波信号及其垂直廓线特征,可以分别将层云降水和对流降水重新定义为四类和两类,其中T-100～T-130和T-200～T-240分别为“确定型”层云降水和对流降水。此外,“其它”类型降水的垂直廓线显示出了云砧的特点。
2对流降水和层云降水气候特征
对流降水主要分布在热带辐合带、南太平洋辐合带、亚洲季风区、南美至中美以及热带非洲等区域,其频次多介于1～2%之间。但总体上,热带及副热带85%以上区域四季对流降水频次小于1%。层云降水分布较广,频次也相对较高,超过55%的区域四季层云降水频次在1%以上,但两类降水的频次都体现出了明显的地域性和季节变化。对流降水的条件降水强度主要介于6～14mm/h之间,而绝大部分地区层云降水的条件降水强度在4mm/h以下。对降水廓线的分析表明,层云降水平均雨顶高度多低于9km,而对流降水平均雨顶高度相对较高,可达14km左右。两类降水的频次和条件降水强度都是洋面大于陆地,雨顶高度却相反,三者均存在显著的海陆差异。降水垂直结构的季节变化体现在雨顶高度和近地表降水强度两方面,且高纬度地区的季节变化较低纬度带剧烈。此外,由于洋面下垫面较陆地稳定,故洋面两类降水的季节变化较陆地偏弱。
3雨顶高度季尺度特征
对流降水雨顶高度明显高于层云降水,且层云降水雨顶高度的空间分布更加均匀。由于陆地强迫效应,陆面雨顶高度要高于洋面,但对流降水的陆地强迫作用较层云降水明显。就季节变化来说,对流降水雨顶高度的季节差异要比层云降水明显,但无论对流降水,还是层云降水,季节变化都是陆面强于洋面,高纬强于低纬。对不同雨顶高度对应的降水廓线分析表明,相同的雨顶高度,洋面近地面降水强度要大于陆面。对流降水近地面降水强度要大于层云降水,这与二者形成过程中的热-动力、微物理过程存在一定的关系。雨顶高度越高,降水廓线的层状结构越明显。此外,统计还表明,对流降水和层云降水雨顶高度与条件降水强度均存在明显的二次函数关系。
4降水云云顶温度季尺度特征
在主要的降水区,对流降水云和层状降水云的云顶温度(VIRS10.8μm通道亮温)多在250K以下。云顶温度低于230K的对流降水云和层状降水云都主要分布于陆面,而云顶温度高于270K的低云则主要出现在洋面,体现出了显著的海陆差异。此外,对流降水云和层状降水云的云顶温度还具有明显的季节变化特征。无论对流降水云,还是层状降水云,云顶温度越低,相应的条件降水强度也都越大,二者之间存在明显的负相关,且对流降水云的相关性要好于层状降水云。进一步的分析表明,条件降水强度与云顶温度之间存在自然指数函数关系。对不同云顶温度下对流降水和层云降水廓线的分析表明,云顶温度越低,降水廓线呈现的层状结构越明显,且海陆差异也更加显著。此外,相同的云顶温度,陆面对流降水和层云降水的雨顶高度要略高于洋面,但近地表降水强度却相反。
5夏季降水日变化特征
陆面对流降水多发生在午后,而洋面对流降水则多出现在夜间。陆面对流降水条件降水强度峰值时间最大概率密度仍出现在午后,洋面则出现在上午。陆面对流降水雨顶高度峰值时间与相应降水云云顶温度低值都主要出现在午后至傍晚,洋面主要集中在23～10点之间。层云降水参数的日变化与对流降水相似,但存在一些差异,如各时段见的概率密度差异更小。对典型区域降水参数日变化的研究表明,雨顶高度与相应降水云云顶温度日变化存在较好的对应关系,但由于探测仪器的不同,云顶温度较雨顶高度稍有延迟。降水频次和条件降水强度并不存在很好的一致性,这与地面雨量计观测结果存在一定的差异,但原因需要做进一步的研究。对比分析陆面和洋面降水参数日变化发现,陆面降水参数的日变化要强于洋面。对流降水和层云降水垂直廓线的日变化都主要体现在雨顶高度和近地表降水强度的日变化上。对流降水廓线显示,雨顶高度和近地表降水强度的最大差值都要大于层云降水廓线,这说明对流降水廓线日变化要强于层云降水廓线日变化。此外,陆面降水廓线的日变化要强于洋面。
Precipitation can be classified into two main types, convective and stratiform. Due to different thermo-dynamics and micro-processes during the formation of precipitation, the latent heating profiles of the two rain types differ crucially. By understanding the characteristics of different types of precipitation, we can get better insight into the interrelation among atmospheric circulation, thermo-dynamical and precipitation processes, and then provide references for models. Furthermore, retrieval of rain rate from radar requires knowledge of rain types, on which drop size distribution depends. In this paper, on the basis of the comparison of mean profile for different rain types, the seasonal characteristics of precipitation frequency, conditional rain rate, storm height, vertical structures and precipitating clouds top temperature for convective and stratiform precipitation over the Tropical and Subtropical areas are analyzed. Furthermore, diurnal variations of these precipitation parameters in summer are investigated. The results obtained in the present study can be summarized as follows.
1. Mean profiles of different rain types are presented. The contributions to total rain samples are about78.6%from stratiform precipitation,20.8%from convection, and only0.6%from "others". Actually, there are only sixteen of twenty four rain types whose populations exceed0.1%. The climatic characteristics of mean profiles at seasonal scale are then exposed in the Tropical belt of10°S to10°N according to over ocean or land, compared with that in the Northern Subtropics (15°N～35°N). It is found that seasonal variations of the mean profiles in the Tropics are minimal regardless of rain types, implying significant latitudinal dependent. Although the shapes of mean profiles over land and ocean resemble each other, there are still some differences between them. Meanwhile, seasonal variations of precipitation profiles over land and ocean differ crucially, mainly due to the different disabilities of underlying surface. Taking echo strength and climatic characteristics of precipitation profiles into consideration, stratiform precipitation can be reclassified as four main types while only two for both convection and "others". It is meaningful to analysis T-100-T-140subcategories for stratiform precipitation while T-200-T-240subcategories for convective precipitation as in many previous studies.
2. Climatic characteristics of convective and stratiform precipitation are exposed. Convective precipitations are distributed mainly over the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), the Asian Monsoon Region, regions between the South America and the Mid-America, and the Tropical Africa where the frequencies lie between1%and2%. But in four seasons, total area fractions of convective precipitation frequencies less than1%all exceed85%. The frequencies of stratiform precipitation are much higher than those of convective precipitation, and total area fractions of stratiform precipitation frequencies>1%are over55%during four seasons. However, frequencies of the two rain types show not only remarkable regionality, but also distinct seasonal variations. Conditional rain rates of convective precipitation range from6mm/h to14mm/h whereas those of stratiform precipitation are smaller than4mm/h. Meanwhile, rain tops of convective precipitation are higher than those of stratiform precipitation. The mean profiles of the two rain types show significant latitudinal dependency. And the seasonal variations of precipitation profiles are displayed mainly in the variations of rain tops. The frequencies and conditional rain rates of both rain types over ocean are higher than those over land, but rain tops are just the opposite. Moreover, the seasonal variations of both rain types over ocean are weaker than those over land because of the different stable states of underlying surfaces.
3. Seasonal characteristics of storm height are analyzed. Storm heights of convective precipitation are relatively higher than that of stratiform precipitation, and the distributions of storm heights for stratiform precipitation are more uniform. Because of the land effect, storm heights over land are higher than that over ocean. But land effect to stratiform precipitation is not as obvious as that for convection. Generally, seasonal variations of storm heights for convective precipitation are stronger than that of stratiform precipitation. However, seasonal variations of storm heights over land (in high latitudes) are intense than that over ocean (in low latitudes). The analyses of mean profile for different storm heights indicate that near surface rain rates of convective precipitation are larger than that of stratiform precipitation. For the same storm height, near surface rain rates over ocean are intense than that over land. Clear layer structures of vertical profile for higher storm heights are also noticed. Statically, conditional rain rates and storm heights show remarkable quadratical function relationship for both convective and stratiform precipitation.
4. Climatic characteristics of cloud top temperatures for precipitating clouds are investigated. Cloud top temperatures are lower than250K in regions where convective and stratiform precipitations are mainly distributed. Further analyses show that regions in which cloud top temperatures<230K (>270K) are mainly distributed over land (ocean). Cloud top temperatures also show remarkable seasonal variations. Cloud top temperatures decrease with the increment of conditional rain rates, which show obvious negative correlation. Meanwhile, negative correlation for convective precipitation is more significant than that for stratiform precipitation. The results also show that conditional rain rate is the natural exponential function versus cloud top temperatures. The analyses of vertical profiles for different cloud top temperatures show that both layer structures and land-sea dependency are more visible for higher cloud top temperatures. For the same cloud top temperature, storm height over land is higher than that over ocean, but near surface rain rate is just contrast.
5. Diurnal variations of convective and stratiform precipitation in summer are discussed. Convections occur in afternoon over most land areas while in night time over ocean in summer Tropics and Subtropics. The peak time of conditional rain rate for convective precipitation does not agree with precipitation frequency very well. The largest PDF (probability density function) of peak time for conditional rain rates over land occurs in the afternoon while in the morning over ocean. The peak of storm heights and minimum clouds top temperatures over land mainly appear in afternoon and evening while in23-20LST over ocean. The diurnal variations of stratiform precipitation show similar characteristics with convective precipitation, but with a little differences of PDF among different time. Due to derived from different sensors, a shift exists between minimum clouds top temperature and peak of storm height. The diurnal variations over land are stronger than that over ocean. The diurnal variations of vertical profiles display in storm heights and near surface rain rates. Meanwhile, the diurnal variations of mean profile for convective precipitation are intense that that for stratiform precipitation.
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