重庆缙云山水源涵养林结构及功能研究
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摘要
本论文结合“十一五”国家科技支撑项目“重庆北部水源区水源涵养林构建技术试验示范(2006BAD03A1802)”,进行了重庆缙云山水源涵养林功能研究,以期为重庆缙云山水源涵养林植被建设提供科学依据。
本研究通过分析重庆缙云山森林类型,并选取典型森林类型,马尾松四川大头茶混交林、四川大头茶混交林、楠竹林、灌木林和农地的5个标准径流小区,马尾松广东山胡椒混交林、广东山胡椒杉木混交林、楠竹山矾马尾松混交林及马尾松火烧迹地4块标准样地作为研究对象,进行了森林水源涵养机理研究、功能评价和高效水源涵养林筛选。
对9种典型森林群落的林冠层、林下植被层、枯落物层和土壤层的水源涵养机理进行定量研究。结果表明:马尾松广东山胡椒混交林林冠持水量最大(28.70t/hm~2),马尾松火烧迹地最小(5.89t/hm~2);灌木林林下植被层持水量(25.4t/hm~2)远大于其他森林类型;林地枯落物的持水作用主要表现在降雨前期的1h以内,特别是在前10min,其24h持水量最大的是灌木林(15.61t/hm~2);林地土壤蓄水量在363.1～432.1mm,广东山胡椒杉木混交林土壤蓄水量最大。
采用层次分析法(AHP)构建了森林群落水源涵养功能层次结构模型,应用综合评分法对各森林群落水源涵养功能进行了静态评价,结果为:马尾松广东山胡椒混交林(0.792)>广东山胡椒杉木混交林(0.786)>楠竹山矾马尾松混交林(0.775)>马尾松四川大头茶混交林(0.644)>四川大头茶混交林(0.616)>灌木林(0.604)>马尾松火烧迹地(0.480)>楠竹林(0.491)>农地(0.424),从而筛选出高效水源涵养林为马尾松广东山胡椒混交林。
通过5个标准径流小区不同降雨条件下实测林内降雨和坡面产流数据,对其林冠截留能力和产流特征进行了动态评价。结果表明:3种乔木林中,马尾松四川大头茶混交林在降雨小于50mm时截留率最大,四川大头茶混交林在降雨小于5mm和大于10mm时,仅次于马尾松四川大头茶混交林,楠竹林在降雨5～10mm时截留率大于四川大头茶混交林,在降雨大于50mm时大于二者;灌木林的截留率在40%以上,其林冠截留能力明显优于其它森林群落。在小于5mm和大于25mm的降雨条件下,四川大头茶混交林削减径流峰值、延长径流历时和调节降雨的性能最强;在5～10mm的降雨条件下,马尾松大头茶混交林性能最强;在10～25mm的降雨条件下,灌木林性能最强,从而筛选出高效水源涵养林为为四川大头茶混交林。
利用缙云山遥感图像和森林资源GIS数据库,基于RS和GIS技术分析了缙云山森林群落的空间异质性、空间分布和涵养水源量分布。
选取了景观组分比例、边界密度、斑块密度、斑块平均面积等指标对缙云山的森林类型进行分析,研究该区森林类型的空间异质性。结果表明:缙云山森林破碎化程度较高,表现为边界密度和斑块密度都比较大,各森林类型的边界密度和斑块密度不同;不同分区不同森林类型的边界密度和斑块密度也呈现出异质性。
依据植被类型与数字高程模型对不同森林类型在空间上的分布与海拔、坡度、坡向等因子之间的关系和规律进行了研究。结果表明:各森林类型在海拔425-575m之间广有分布,面积比例随坡度变化表现为两端较少,集中位于16°-45°之间均呈正态分布,西北坡向上的分布皆愈30%。
缙云山水源林最大水源涵养总量为3982263m~3,其中马尾松林占66.48%、大头茶林占14.61%、慈竹林占6.34%、楠竹林占5.8%、杉木林占5.5%、山矾林占0.98%、苦竹林占0.28%。
The research on structure and function of water conservation forests of Jinyun mountain in Chongqing city was conducted,which are associated with the national 1 lth five-year key project of state forestry administration "Technology Research and Demonstration of Vegetation Construction with Water Conservation Function in Water district of northern Chongqing city"(2006BAD03A1802).The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence for vegetation construction with hydrological function in Chongqing city.
Based on analysis of forest communities of Jinyun mountain,the slope runoff plots of 5 typical forest communities(Pinus massoniana and Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest,Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest,Phyllostachys pubescens forest,and shrub forest)and arable land (control),and standard plots of 4 typical forest communities(Pinus massoniana and Lindera kwangtungensis mixed forest,Lindera kwangtungensis and Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forest, Phyllostachys pubescens mixed forest and Pinus massoniana burned area) in Jinyun mountain,northern Chongqing were selected research object in this paper.Mechanism and evaluation of water conservation, screening of the hydroglogical optimized structural model was conducted.
Hydrological function mechanism of 9 typical forest communities was investigated based on the quantitative analysis in hydrological effects of canopy,understory vegetation,litters and soil horizon. Results showed that water-holding capacity of canopy in Pinus massoniana and Lindera kwangtungensis mixed forest is best(28.70t/hm~2 ),the capacity in Pinus massoniana burned area is worst(5.89 t/hm~2);water-holding capacity of understory vegetation in shrub forest is much higher than others(25.4t/hm~2);The best hydrolgogical function of litters is mainly observed within the first hour of precipitaiton,especially in the first 10 minutes,the maximum water retention in shrub forest which have good improvement on litters is much higher than others(15.61t/hm~2 );the amount of water-holding ability of soil horizon in different forest ranges from 363.1 to 432.1mm,the highest one is Pinus massoniana and Lindera kwangtungensis mixed forest.
Then,the method of Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) was applied to establish the hydrological hierarchy function model of forest communities,and integrative grades were used to give static evaluation,the results of evaluation showed that:Pinus massoniana and Lindera kwangtungensis mixed forest(0.792)> Lindera kwangtungensis and Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forest(0.786)> Phyllostachys pubescens mixed forest(0.775)> Pinus massoniana and Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest(0.644)> Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest(0.616)> shrub forest(0.604)> Pinus massoniana burned area(0.480)> Phyllostachys pubescens forest(0.491)> arable land(0.424),so Pinus massoniana and Lindera kwangtungensis mixed forest has optimal hydrological function.
Dynamic evaluation based on observed runoff process of slope surface runoff,under ground runoff and throughfall of 5 slope runoff plots in different rainfall conditions showed that:canopy interception capacity of Pinus massoniana and Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest is best in rainfall(<50mm),the rate is slightly better than Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest in rainfall(<5mm,>10mm),the rate of Phyllostachys pubescens forest is better than Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest in rainfall(5-10mm), better than them in rainfall(>50mm);the rate of shrub forest main keep over 40%and its capacity is obviously better than others.The function of cutting rainfall peak and flood and water control of Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest is best in rainfall(<5mm,>25mm),the function of Pinus massoniana and Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest is best in rainfall(5-10mm),the function of shrub forest is best in rainfall(10-25mm),so Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest has optimal hydrological function.
Based on RS&GIS technique,using remotely imagery and GIS datdabase to analyze the forest landscape spatial pattern in Jinyun Mountain,Chongqing.Spatial heterogeneity Landscape features, environmental factors and the distribution of hydrological function were explored and expained in the study area.
With the help of six indices such as landscape patterns ratio,mean patch area,edge density,patch density,landscape diversity index,Shannon's evenness index and dominance were put forward to anal yze the patterns of forest landscapes in Jinyun mountain.Results showed that landscape fragmentation degree of water conservation forest is high,the edge and patch density are big in the whole level,the density of different area showed its heterogeneity.
By putting map of DEM and vegetat ions together,the relationships between vegetation distribu tion and elevation,slope and aspectw as analyzed.The result show s:Several forest communities distri butes widely at the altitude during 425-575m,every vegetation class mostly distributes at the slope during 16°-45°,the area percent changes with normal distribution,the area of each vegetation type is above 30%at north westaspect.
The maximum hydrology of Jinyun mountain is 3982263m3,the ratios of different vegetation as follows:Pinus massoniana mixed forest 66.48%,Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest 14.61%, Neosinocalamus affinis mixed forest 6.34%,Phyllostachys pubescens mixed forest5.8%,Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forest 5.5%,Symplocos setchuensis mixed forest 0.98%,Phyllostachys aurita mixed forest 0.28%.
本研究通过分析重庆缙云山森林类型,并选取典型森林类型,马尾松四川大头茶混交林、四川大头茶混交林、楠竹林、灌木林和农地的5个标准径流小区,马尾松广东山胡椒混交林、广东山胡椒杉木混交林、楠竹山矾马尾松混交林及马尾松火烧迹地4块标准样地作为研究对象,进行了森林水源涵养机理研究、功能评价和高效水源涵养林筛选。
对9种典型森林群落的林冠层、林下植被层、枯落物层和土壤层的水源涵养机理进行定量研究。结果表明:马尾松广东山胡椒混交林林冠持水量最大(28.70t/hm~2),马尾松火烧迹地最小(5.89t/hm~2);灌木林林下植被层持水量(25.4t/hm~2)远大于其他森林类型;林地枯落物的持水作用主要表现在降雨前期的1h以内,特别是在前10min,其24h持水量最大的是灌木林(15.61t/hm~2);林地土壤蓄水量在363.1～432.1mm,广东山胡椒杉木混交林土壤蓄水量最大。
采用层次分析法(AHP)构建了森林群落水源涵养功能层次结构模型,应用综合评分法对各森林群落水源涵养功能进行了静态评价,结果为:马尾松广东山胡椒混交林(0.792)>广东山胡椒杉木混交林(0.786)>楠竹山矾马尾松混交林(0.775)>马尾松四川大头茶混交林(0.644)>四川大头茶混交林(0.616)>灌木林(0.604)>马尾松火烧迹地(0.480)>楠竹林(0.491)>农地(0.424),从而筛选出高效水源涵养林为马尾松广东山胡椒混交林。
通过5个标准径流小区不同降雨条件下实测林内降雨和坡面产流数据,对其林冠截留能力和产流特征进行了动态评价。结果表明:3种乔木林中,马尾松四川大头茶混交林在降雨小于50mm时截留率最大,四川大头茶混交林在降雨小于5mm和大于10mm时,仅次于马尾松四川大头茶混交林,楠竹林在降雨5～10mm时截留率大于四川大头茶混交林,在降雨大于50mm时大于二者;灌木林的截留率在40%以上,其林冠截留能力明显优于其它森林群落。在小于5mm和大于25mm的降雨条件下,四川大头茶混交林削减径流峰值、延长径流历时和调节降雨的性能最强;在5～10mm的降雨条件下,马尾松大头茶混交林性能最强;在10～25mm的降雨条件下,灌木林性能最强,从而筛选出高效水源涵养林为为四川大头茶混交林。
利用缙云山遥感图像和森林资源GIS数据库,基于RS和GIS技术分析了缙云山森林群落的空间异质性、空间分布和涵养水源量分布。
选取了景观组分比例、边界密度、斑块密度、斑块平均面积等指标对缙云山的森林类型进行分析,研究该区森林类型的空间异质性。结果表明:缙云山森林破碎化程度较高,表现为边界密度和斑块密度都比较大,各森林类型的边界密度和斑块密度不同;不同分区不同森林类型的边界密度和斑块密度也呈现出异质性。
依据植被类型与数字高程模型对不同森林类型在空间上的分布与海拔、坡度、坡向等因子之间的关系和规律进行了研究。结果表明:各森林类型在海拔425-575m之间广有分布,面积比例随坡度变化表现为两端较少,集中位于16°-45°之间均呈正态分布,西北坡向上的分布皆愈30%。
缙云山水源林最大水源涵养总量为3982263m~3,其中马尾松林占66.48%、大头茶林占14.61%、慈竹林占6.34%、楠竹林占5.8%、杉木林占5.5%、山矾林占0.98%、苦竹林占0.28%。
The research on structure and function of water conservation forests of Jinyun mountain in Chongqing city was conducted,which are associated with the national 1 lth five-year key project of state forestry administration "Technology Research and Demonstration of Vegetation Construction with Water Conservation Function in Water district of northern Chongqing city"(2006BAD03A1802).The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence for vegetation construction with hydrological function in Chongqing city.
Based on analysis of forest communities of Jinyun mountain,the slope runoff plots of 5 typical forest communities(Pinus massoniana and Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest,Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest,Phyllostachys pubescens forest,and shrub forest)and arable land (control),and standard plots of 4 typical forest communities(Pinus massoniana and Lindera kwangtungensis mixed forest,Lindera kwangtungensis and Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forest, Phyllostachys pubescens mixed forest and Pinus massoniana burned area) in Jinyun mountain,northern Chongqing were selected research object in this paper.Mechanism and evaluation of water conservation, screening of the hydroglogical optimized structural model was conducted.
Hydrological function mechanism of 9 typical forest communities was investigated based on the quantitative analysis in hydrological effects of canopy,understory vegetation,litters and soil horizon. Results showed that water-holding capacity of canopy in Pinus massoniana and Lindera kwangtungensis mixed forest is best(28.70t/hm~2 ),the capacity in Pinus massoniana burned area is worst(5.89 t/hm~2);water-holding capacity of understory vegetation in shrub forest is much higher than others(25.4t/hm~2);The best hydrolgogical function of litters is mainly observed within the first hour of precipitaiton,especially in the first 10 minutes,the maximum water retention in shrub forest which have good improvement on litters is much higher than others(15.61t/hm~2 );the amount of water-holding ability of soil horizon in different forest ranges from 363.1 to 432.1mm,the highest one is Pinus massoniana and Lindera kwangtungensis mixed forest.
Then,the method of Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) was applied to establish the hydrological hierarchy function model of forest communities,and integrative grades were used to give static evaluation,the results of evaluation showed that:Pinus massoniana and Lindera kwangtungensis mixed forest(0.792)> Lindera kwangtungensis and Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forest(0.786)> Phyllostachys pubescens mixed forest(0.775)> Pinus massoniana and Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest(0.644)> Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest(0.616)> shrub forest(0.604)> Pinus massoniana burned area(0.480)> Phyllostachys pubescens forest(0.491)> arable land(0.424),so Pinus massoniana and Lindera kwangtungensis mixed forest has optimal hydrological function.
Dynamic evaluation based on observed runoff process of slope surface runoff,under ground runoff and throughfall of 5 slope runoff plots in different rainfall conditions showed that:canopy interception capacity of Pinus massoniana and Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest is best in rainfall(<50mm),the rate is slightly better than Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest in rainfall(<5mm,>10mm),the rate of Phyllostachys pubescens forest is better than Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest in rainfall(5-10mm), better than them in rainfall(>50mm);the rate of shrub forest main keep over 40%and its capacity is obviously better than others.The function of cutting rainfall peak and flood and water control of Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest is best in rainfall(<5mm,>25mm),the function of Pinus massoniana and Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest is best in rainfall(5-10mm),the function of shrub forest is best in rainfall(10-25mm),so Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest has optimal hydrological function.
Based on RS&GIS technique,using remotely imagery and GIS datdabase to analyze the forest landscape spatial pattern in Jinyun Mountain,Chongqing.Spatial heterogeneity Landscape features, environmental factors and the distribution of hydrological function were explored and expained in the study area.
With the help of six indices such as landscape patterns ratio,mean patch area,edge density,patch density,landscape diversity index,Shannon's evenness index and dominance were put forward to anal yze the patterns of forest landscapes in Jinyun mountain.Results showed that landscape fragmentation degree of water conservation forest is high,the edge and patch density are big in the whole level,the density of different area showed its heterogeneity.
By putting map of DEM and vegetat ions together,the relationships between vegetation distribu tion and elevation,slope and aspectw as analyzed.The result show s:Several forest communities distri butes widely at the altitude during 425-575m,every vegetation class mostly distributes at the slope during 16°-45°,the area percent changes with normal distribution,the area of each vegetation type is above 30%at north westaspect.
The maximum hydrology of Jinyun mountain is 3982263m3,the ratios of different vegetation as follows:Pinus massoniana mixed forest 66.48%,Gordonia Svchuanensvs mixed forest 14.61%, Neosinocalamus affinis mixed forest 6.34%,Phyllostachys pubescens mixed forest5.8%,Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forest 5.5%,Symplocos setchuensis mixed forest 0.98%,Phyllostachys aurita mixed forest 0.28%.
引文
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