山区矸石山降雨入渗特性及其稳定性研究
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摘要
煤矸石是煤炭工业在采煤和洗选加工过程中产生的废弃物,目前一部分矸石被用于井下充填,而大部分矸石则被弃置于山沟、平川一带,形成矸石山。矸石山大都长期堆放,利用率极低,大量的煤矸石堆积除占据了大量的耕地外,如果矸石山堆积过高、坡度过大或受到人为开挖影响和暴雨侵蚀时,还容易形成坍塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害。本文针对山区矸石山,结合踏勘和现场试验,从分析矸石散体的力学特性以及渗流理论出发,研究了矸石山降雨入渗的分析理论与方法,在此基础上提出了矸石山体降雨作用下的稳定性评价方法,最后进行了降雨作用下典型矸石山滑坡工程实例研究,取得了以下研究成果:
①对重庆山区中梁山、万盛、荣昌、天府、綦江等矿区代表性的矸石山进行详细踏勘,对矸石山的堆放形态及其区域的工程水文地质情况进行调查;针对重庆山区矸石山,测试矸石散体的颗粒级配、含水量、天然密度、干密度等参数、并在此基础上,通过现场剪切、压缩、渗透试验等研究矸石散体的力学特征。
②从分析矸石散体的强度特性和变形特性入手分析了水对其强度、变形特性的影响以及水与矸石的物理化学作用;详细阐述了矸石散体的渗透特性以及矸石散体的粒径、孔隙特征和排矸年限对其渗透性的影响;基于多孔介质渗流理论和非饱和渗流基本理论推导了矸石散体的渗流微分方程。
③分析了矸石山降雨入渗的基本理论,详细介绍了降雨入渗的过程,以及矸石山降雨入渗过程的影响因素。以散体渗流理论和Navier-Stocks方程为基础,编制了二维平面内矸石山降雨入渗的数值模拟程序,计算降雨入渗过程中水分在矸石山散体中的运移规律,并由此计算散体中的孔隙水压力或基质吸力变化。针对目前对于边坡非饱和渗流一般采用不考虑气相流动以及渗流与应力耦合的简化计算方法,介绍了FLAC2D中水气两相流(Two-phase flow)的基本控制方程和数值计算公式,以及与应力耦合的计算公式。该软件不仅可以考虑气相流动,计算获得瞬态渗流场,同时由于采用显式方程,可以方便的实现与应力的耦合计算。
④对降雨入渗影响矸石山稳定性的机理进行分析,接着探讨了降雨作用下矸石山稳定性的评价方法,针对选取的典型的矸石山进行了稳定性安全储备分析(采用三维极限分析理论)和变形稳定计算(采用拉格朗日分析法),研究了安全系数和降雨持时以及降雨强度的关系;从确定有效降雨量出发,将降雨的随机性纳入矸石山边坡的可靠度计算之中,充分考虑降雨和矸石散体本身的随机性,对不同重现期的降雨影响进行了量化计算和定性分析。
⑤对降雨作用下山区典型矸石山滑坡工程实例进行研究,离散元模拟出的位移变形和剪应变集中带与实际滑坡的滑动面比较吻合。最后提出了山区矸石山灾害的整治和预防措施。
Coal mining waste is the wastes produced with the process of mining and laundering & picking in the coal industry. At present, some coal mining waste are filled in the mine, but mostly are discarded at valley and plain forming waste dump. The waste dump mostly are piled up for long, its using rate is very low. A great deal coal mining waste’s piling not only take up a lot of infield, but also arose gravitation geological disaster for instance collapse、slide and debris flow etc if they are piled too high、their slope angle is too big or they are influenced by artificial digging and rainstorm eroding. Based on the results of exploration and in-site test of typical waste dump in southwest mountainous area,the analysis theory and method of waste dump rainfall infiltration are discussed beginning at analysing coal waste’s mechanics characteristic and seepage theoty. Fllowed estimating method of waste dump stability is discussed influenced by rainfall. At last a typical engineering example of coal waste dump landslide influenced by rainfall is researched, acquiring research fruit hereinafter.
①Particular exploration of typical waste dump in chongqing area and analysis estimate to its area engineering geology are done. Granule gradation、water content、nature density、dry densit etc parameter of waste granular media are tested. The mechanics characteristic of waste are researched by in-site shear experimentation、compressibility experimentation and infiltration experimentation.
②The coal waste dumping is different from other consecutive solid material as incompact granule structure. Its shear strength and transforming characteristic also have itself characteristic. Based on analysing strength and deformation characteristic of waste granular media, the influence of water to these characteristic and phisical chemic action of water & coal waste is analysed. The infiltration characteristic of waste granular media and influence of its granule diameter、pore characteristic and discarding time to infiltration are discussed particularly. Besides, waste granular media seepage differential coefficient equation is educed based on porous media seepage theory and unsaturation seepage theory.
③The rainfall infiltration theory of coal waste dump is analysed, the process of rainfall infiltration and its influence factor are introduced particularly at the same. The planar numerical simulation program of waste dump rainfall infiltration is developed by C language. By this program the motion rule of water in the waste granular media in the process of rainfall and the change of pore water pressure and suction of the waste granular media are calculated. Presently, for the calculation on the unsaturated seepage of slopes during the rainfall, that about gas-flow and simplified calculation of stress coupling is not considered. The paper also introduced the basic controlling equation, numerical computation formula and the stress-coupling formula of the Two-phase flow in FLAC2D . The software not only can obtain transitory seepage field by calculation considering gas-flow but also can realize the stess-coupling calculation expediently for using the obvious-formula equation.
④The mechanism of rainfall infiltration influencing the stability of waste dump is analysed. The mechanism of waste granular media characteristic and rainfall influencing waste dump stability is researched by theory. Fllowed the estimation method of waste dump stability as rainfll factor is discussed. The stability safety storage of typical waste dump is analysed (using 3-D limit analysis theory) and desformation deformation stability is calculated (using FLAC analysis method). The relation of factor of safety and rainfall continuance time or rainfall intensity. Starting at confirm the effective rainfall, the randomicity of rainfall is considered into reliability calculation of waste dump slope. The influence of different return rainfall is calculated quantitatively and analysed qualitativly considering the randomicity of ranifall and waste granular media per se adequately.
⑤A typical engineering example of coal waste dump landslide influenced by rainfall is researched. The slide plane simulated by dispersed element anastomose the actual plane. At last, the rational piling up measure and repairing measure of coal dump are bringed forward.
①对重庆山区中梁山、万盛、荣昌、天府、綦江等矿区代表性的矸石山进行详细踏勘,对矸石山的堆放形态及其区域的工程水文地质情况进行调查;针对重庆山区矸石山,测试矸石散体的颗粒级配、含水量、天然密度、干密度等参数、并在此基础上,通过现场剪切、压缩、渗透试验等研究矸石散体的力学特征。
②从分析矸石散体的强度特性和变形特性入手分析了水对其强度、变形特性的影响以及水与矸石的物理化学作用;详细阐述了矸石散体的渗透特性以及矸石散体的粒径、孔隙特征和排矸年限对其渗透性的影响;基于多孔介质渗流理论和非饱和渗流基本理论推导了矸石散体的渗流微分方程。
③分析了矸石山降雨入渗的基本理论,详细介绍了降雨入渗的过程,以及矸石山降雨入渗过程的影响因素。以散体渗流理论和Navier-Stocks方程为基础,编制了二维平面内矸石山降雨入渗的数值模拟程序,计算降雨入渗过程中水分在矸石山散体中的运移规律,并由此计算散体中的孔隙水压力或基质吸力变化。针对目前对于边坡非饱和渗流一般采用不考虑气相流动以及渗流与应力耦合的简化计算方法,介绍了FLAC2D中水气两相流(Two-phase flow)的基本控制方程和数值计算公式,以及与应力耦合的计算公式。该软件不仅可以考虑气相流动,计算获得瞬态渗流场,同时由于采用显式方程,可以方便的实现与应力的耦合计算。
④对降雨入渗影响矸石山稳定性的机理进行分析,接着探讨了降雨作用下矸石山稳定性的评价方法,针对选取的典型的矸石山进行了稳定性安全储备分析(采用三维极限分析理论)和变形稳定计算(采用拉格朗日分析法),研究了安全系数和降雨持时以及降雨强度的关系;从确定有效降雨量出发,将降雨的随机性纳入矸石山边坡的可靠度计算之中,充分考虑降雨和矸石散体本身的随机性,对不同重现期的降雨影响进行了量化计算和定性分析。
⑤对降雨作用下山区典型矸石山滑坡工程实例进行研究,离散元模拟出的位移变形和剪应变集中带与实际滑坡的滑动面比较吻合。最后提出了山区矸石山灾害的整治和预防措施。
Coal mining waste is the wastes produced with the process of mining and laundering & picking in the coal industry. At present, some coal mining waste are filled in the mine, but mostly are discarded at valley and plain forming waste dump. The waste dump mostly are piled up for long, its using rate is very low. A great deal coal mining waste’s piling not only take up a lot of infield, but also arose gravitation geological disaster for instance collapse、slide and debris flow etc if they are piled too high、their slope angle is too big or they are influenced by artificial digging and rainstorm eroding. Based on the results of exploration and in-site test of typical waste dump in southwest mountainous area,the analysis theory and method of waste dump rainfall infiltration are discussed beginning at analysing coal waste’s mechanics characteristic and seepage theoty. Fllowed estimating method of waste dump stability is discussed influenced by rainfall. At last a typical engineering example of coal waste dump landslide influenced by rainfall is researched, acquiring research fruit hereinafter.
①Particular exploration of typical waste dump in chongqing area and analysis estimate to its area engineering geology are done. Granule gradation、water content、nature density、dry densit etc parameter of waste granular media are tested. The mechanics characteristic of waste are researched by in-site shear experimentation、compressibility experimentation and infiltration experimentation.
②The coal waste dumping is different from other consecutive solid material as incompact granule structure. Its shear strength and transforming characteristic also have itself characteristic. Based on analysing strength and deformation characteristic of waste granular media, the influence of water to these characteristic and phisical chemic action of water & coal waste is analysed. The infiltration characteristic of waste granular media and influence of its granule diameter、pore characteristic and discarding time to infiltration are discussed particularly. Besides, waste granular media seepage differential coefficient equation is educed based on porous media seepage theory and unsaturation seepage theory.
③The rainfall infiltration theory of coal waste dump is analysed, the process of rainfall infiltration and its influence factor are introduced particularly at the same. The planar numerical simulation program of waste dump rainfall infiltration is developed by C language. By this program the motion rule of water in the waste granular media in the process of rainfall and the change of pore water pressure and suction of the waste granular media are calculated. Presently, for the calculation on the unsaturated seepage of slopes during the rainfall, that about gas-flow and simplified calculation of stress coupling is not considered. The paper also introduced the basic controlling equation, numerical computation formula and the stress-coupling formula of the Two-phase flow in FLAC2D . The software not only can obtain transitory seepage field by calculation considering gas-flow but also can realize the stess-coupling calculation expediently for using the obvious-formula equation.
④The mechanism of rainfall infiltration influencing the stability of waste dump is analysed. The mechanism of waste granular media characteristic and rainfall influencing waste dump stability is researched by theory. Fllowed the estimation method of waste dump stability as rainfll factor is discussed. The stability safety storage of typical waste dump is analysed (using 3-D limit analysis theory) and desformation deformation stability is calculated (using FLAC analysis method). The relation of factor of safety and rainfall continuance time or rainfall intensity. Starting at confirm the effective rainfall, the randomicity of rainfall is considered into reliability calculation of waste dump slope. The influence of different return rainfall is calculated quantitatively and analysed qualitativly considering the randomicity of ranifall and waste granular media per se adequately.
⑤A typical engineering example of coal waste dump landslide influenced by rainfall is researched. The slide plane simulated by dispersed element anastomose the actual plane. At last, the rational piling up measure and repairing measure of coal dump are bringed forward.
引文
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