原油提馏装置工艺过程用能分析
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摘要
能源的使用情况标志着人类社会经济发展的规模和人民的生活水平。自从第一次工业革命人们开始大规模地使用能源以来，人们逐渐认识了能的本质并建立起关于能源知识的理论体系，即热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律，同时也为我们评价能源指明了方向。现在，能源危机已经成为世界性问题，各国的科学家都在研究如何更好地利用能源并密切关注着它的发展动向。文中首先介绍了能源分析技术在国内外的发展现状和发展前景。
能分析有两种重要的方法，即焓分析和(火用)分析。焓分析是基于热力学第一定律的分析方法；而(火用)分析则是基于热力学第二定律的分析方法。焓分析方法是一种的传统分析方法，它更多的是关注能量在数量上被有效利用的情况。而(火用)分析方法是近年来才逐渐被人们重视起来的方法，它更多关注的是能量在质量上使用的情况，本文着重介绍了(火用)的概念、(火用)分析的基本原则和方法。对于单元设备的分析使用的是黑箱模型和白箱模型，黑箱模型只适用于对简单的设备或过程做出粗略的分析，但是，对于复杂的设备就要用到白箱分析模型。进行能量的分析的最终目的就是科学有效地开展节能工作。但是节能工作本身的涉及范围很广，这里仅就化工工艺方面的节能作了一些探讨。分析化工工业中能源浪费的症结所在、怎样合理利用能源及在节能时应该注意的一些问题。
本文以萨中提馏装置为例，运用焓分析和(火用)分析理论建立了分析模型，分析了各个设备单元的用能情况，找到用能的薄弱环节，进而提出合理的改造方案。因为工艺过程不是各个设备的简单叠加，因此本文应用能源利用三环节的模型理论(能源转换和传输环节、能源的工艺利用环节和能源的回收环节)对萨中提馏装置进行了全面的能分析。
The Circumstance of usage for energy manifests the scale of the development about economy in human society and living level with people. Since the beginning of the first Industrial Revolution people on a large scale use the energy, people have gradually known the essence of energy and have established the system of theories concerning energy knowledge, namely the first law of thermodynamics and the second law, which meanwhile show the direction for our evaluating the energy.
Nowadays, energy crisis have already become the problem in the world, scientists in all countries do much research into how to better utilize energy and also closely fix their attentions on the trend of its development. At first, the text introduced present conditions and foreground on the technique of energy analysis from the domestic to international development. Energy analysis mainly have tow methods, namely enthalpy analysis on the base of using the first law of thermodynamics and exergy analysis according to the second law of thermodynamics; the method of enthalpy analysis is a traditional analysis method, which pay more attention to the quantity of energy usage. While the method of exergy analysis is a method, which is gradually paid attention by people in recent years and is more concerned about the quality of the energy. Here we put great emphasis on the concept of exergy, basic principle and method for analysis of exergy. For the analysis of unit equipments, we use model of black box, which is only applicable for the simple equipments or processes and model of white box, which is more applicable for the complicated ones. Its final purpose of the energy analysis is to availably and scientifically administers the work for the energy conservation. However, the work itself involves a rather wide scope, here we only roughly discuss the range of chemical industry, analyzing the key point in it, how to properly make use of the energy and some problem that should be noticed when it comes to the work.
Setting the example of Sazhong distillation systems and depending upon the method of enthalpy and exergy analysis, we build up the analysis model, then analyze the energy usage of each equipment unit, find-out the weak links and at last bring forward to the reasonable plan for reforming the project. But the analysis of the equipments themselves individually is not adequate because the craft process is not a simple project including equipment separately, so we should use the energy theory of three links that they are links of energy conversion and transmission, of the craft use of energy and of energy recovery to give a comprehensive consideration
能分析有两种重要的方法，即焓分析和(火用)分析。焓分析是基于热力学第一定律的分析方法；而(火用)分析则是基于热力学第二定律的分析方法。焓分析方法是一种的传统分析方法，它更多的是关注能量在数量上被有效利用的情况。而(火用)分析方法是近年来才逐渐被人们重视起来的方法，它更多关注的是能量在质量上使用的情况，本文着重介绍了(火用)的概念、(火用)分析的基本原则和方法。对于单元设备的分析使用的是黑箱模型和白箱模型，黑箱模型只适用于对简单的设备或过程做出粗略的分析，但是，对于复杂的设备就要用到白箱分析模型。进行能量的分析的最终目的就是科学有效地开展节能工作。但是节能工作本身的涉及范围很广，这里仅就化工工艺方面的节能作了一些探讨。分析化工工业中能源浪费的症结所在、怎样合理利用能源及在节能时应该注意的一些问题。
本文以萨中提馏装置为例，运用焓分析和(火用)分析理论建立了分析模型，分析了各个设备单元的用能情况，找到用能的薄弱环节，进而提出合理的改造方案。因为工艺过程不是各个设备的简单叠加，因此本文应用能源利用三环节的模型理论(能源转换和传输环节、能源的工艺利用环节和能源的回收环节)对萨中提馏装置进行了全面的能分析。
The Circumstance of usage for energy manifests the scale of the development about economy in human society and living level with people. Since the beginning of the first Industrial Revolution people on a large scale use the energy, people have gradually known the essence of energy and have established the system of theories concerning energy knowledge, namely the first law of thermodynamics and the second law, which meanwhile show the direction for our evaluating the energy.
Nowadays, energy crisis have already become the problem in the world, scientists in all countries do much research into how to better utilize energy and also closely fix their attentions on the trend of its development. At first, the text introduced present conditions and foreground on the technique of energy analysis from the domestic to international development. Energy analysis mainly have tow methods, namely enthalpy analysis on the base of using the first law of thermodynamics and exergy analysis according to the second law of thermodynamics; the method of enthalpy analysis is a traditional analysis method, which pay more attention to the quantity of energy usage. While the method of exergy analysis is a method, which is gradually paid attention by people in recent years and is more concerned about the quality of the energy. Here we put great emphasis on the concept of exergy, basic principle and method for analysis of exergy. For the analysis of unit equipments, we use model of black box, which is only applicable for the simple equipments or processes and model of white box, which is more applicable for the complicated ones. Its final purpose of the energy analysis is to availably and scientifically administers the work for the energy conservation. However, the work itself involves a rather wide scope, here we only roughly discuss the range of chemical industry, analyzing the key point in it, how to properly make use of the energy and some problem that should be noticed when it comes to the work.
Setting the example of Sazhong distillation systems and depending upon the method of enthalpy and exergy analysis, we build up the analysis model, then analyze the energy usage of each equipment unit, find-out the weak links and at last bring forward to the reasonable plan for reforming the project. But the analysis of the equipments themselves individually is not adequate because the craft process is not a simple project including equipment separately, so we should use the energy theory of three links that they are links of energy conversion and transmission, of the craft use of energy and of energy recovery to give a comprehensive consideration
引文
[1] 王庆一主编．中国能源．冶金工业出版社[M]，1988．，8—11
[2] J．E 艾亨著，黄志潜译．能量系统的(火用)分析方法[M]，机械工业出版社，1984
[3] 杨东华 论(火用)分析和焓分析[J] 华东化工学院院报，第四期 1982
[4] Knnoth Wrk Thermodynamics (Third-Edition), McGRAW-HILLCOMPAMY 1977
[5] Virgil Moring Falres Thermodynamics (Sixth Edition), MACMILLAN PUBLISHING CO INC 1978
[6] 小林清志．工程热力学．理工学社[M]，1981，25—32
[7] 华自强．工程热力学．人民教育出版社[M]，1979，31—34
[8] R.W Haywood, Equilibrium Thermodynamics for Engineers and Scientists, JOHN WILEY&SONS,1980
[9] 杨东华．能级平衡理论[J]．能量技术，第一期 1980
[10] 钱立伦，刘桂玉．也论能级平衡[J] 西安交通大学学报，第20卷第四期1986
[11] 曾丹苓等．工程热力学[M]．高等教育出版社，1986．5 384—385
[12] 吴迪胜编．化学工艺过程优化[M]．高等教育出版社，1988．10．14—10
[13] 赵家凤，薛荣书等编．(火用)理论及其工程应用[M]．重庆大学出版社 1992．2．175—77
[14] 项新耀编．工程(火用)分析方法[M]．石油工业出版社，1990 35—112
[15] 朱明善，陈宏芳等编．热力学分析[M] 高等教育出版社 1992．8．1 115—118
[16] 中国电工技术学会电控系统与装置专业委员会编著．风机水泵交流调速节能技术[M]．机械工业出版社，1990．63—4
[17] 廉乐明 李力能 吴家正 谭羽飞编．工程热力学[M] 中国建筑工业出版社 1999．12 89—90
[18] 北京石油设计院编．石油化工艺计算图表[M] 烃加工出版社，1985
[19] 第八届全国热力学分析与节能学术讨论会学术委员会编．热力学分析与节能论文集[C] 1997
[20] 陈铭诤主编．工业节能[M] 国防工业出版社，1989．3，124—201
[21] 杨志荣等．企业技术节能管理讲座 中国科学技术协会普及部 待发表著作
[22] Francis G Shinskey, Energy Conservation through Control. ACADEMIC PRESS 1978
[23] Optimum Energy Design in the 80's, Monsanto Corporate Engineering
[24] Charles A Berg A Technical Basis for Energy Conservation Mech Eng 1996 No5 30—42 1974
[25] 何耀文、陈蔼番．有效能分析法讲座[R]．化学工程，1979 1—6
[26] 何耀文．能量的质量和节能[M]．石油炼制，1980 7—8
[27] 何耀文．深冷过程的有效能分析[M]，深冷技术 1981 No．6 18
[28] Colin D Grant, Energy Conservation in the Chemical and Process Industries, The Institution of Chemical Engineers in Association With George Godwin Limited 1979
[29] R. F Strigle, Jr and D. A. Perry Hydrocarbon Processing 46—50 1979
[30] M.J Dolan and R.F Strigle, CEP, November 78—83 1980
[31] 彦启森．空气调节用制冷技术(第二版)[M]．中国建筑工业出版社，1991，57—58
[32] 阎长乐．中国能源发展报告[R]．经济管理出版社 1997，9—11
[33] 李汝辉．能量有效利用[M]．北京航空航天大学出版社，1992．3 372—376
[34] 朱明善．能量系统的(火用)分析[M]．清华大学出版社，1988 18—21
[35] 中国石油天然气总公司装备局编．变频调速应用技术[M] 石油工业出版社 1992
[36] 《能源管理手册》翻译组译．能源管理手册[M] [美]海湾出版公司 烃加工出版社 1985．11 102—106
[37] 汪杰年．工业炉改造节能．机械工业出版社 1987．5 147—161
[38] 第五届全国热力学分析与节能学术讨论会学术委员会编．热力学分析与节能论文集[C] 1988
[39] 华贲．工艺过程用能分析与综合[M]．烃加工出版社，1989，71—79
[2] J．E 艾亨著，黄志潜译．能量系统的(火用)分析方法[M]，机械工业出版社，1984
[3] 杨东华 论(火用)分析和焓分析[J] 华东化工学院院报，第四期 1982
[4] Knnoth Wrk Thermodynamics (Third-Edition), McGRAW-HILLCOMPAMY 1977
[5] Virgil Moring Falres Thermodynamics (Sixth Edition), MACMILLAN PUBLISHING CO INC 1978
[6] 小林清志．工程热力学．理工学社[M]，1981，25—32
[7] 华自强．工程热力学．人民教育出版社[M]，1979，31—34
[8] R.W Haywood, Equilibrium Thermodynamics for Engineers and Scientists, JOHN WILEY&SONS,1980
[9] 杨东华．能级平衡理论[J]．能量技术，第一期 1980
[10] 钱立伦，刘桂玉．也论能级平衡[J] 西安交通大学学报，第20卷第四期1986
[11] 曾丹苓等．工程热力学[M]．高等教育出版社，1986．5 384—385
[12] 吴迪胜编．化学工艺过程优化[M]．高等教育出版社，1988．10．14—10
[13] 赵家凤，薛荣书等编．(火用)理论及其工程应用[M]．重庆大学出版社 1992．2．175—77
[14] 项新耀编．工程(火用)分析方法[M]．石油工业出版社，1990 35—112
[15] 朱明善，陈宏芳等编．热力学分析[M] 高等教育出版社 1992．8．1 115—118
[16] 中国电工技术学会电控系统与装置专业委员会编著．风机水泵交流调速节能技术[M]．机械工业出版社，1990．63—4
[17] 廉乐明 李力能 吴家正 谭羽飞编．工程热力学[M] 中国建筑工业出版社 1999．12 89—90
[18] 北京石油设计院编．石油化工艺计算图表[M] 烃加工出版社，1985
[19] 第八届全国热力学分析与节能学术讨论会学术委员会编．热力学分析与节能论文集[C] 1997
[20] 陈铭诤主编．工业节能[M] 国防工业出版社，1989．3，124—201
[21] 杨志荣等．企业技术节能管理讲座 中国科学技术协会普及部 待发表著作
[22] Francis G Shinskey, Energy Conservation through Control. ACADEMIC PRESS 1978
[23] Optimum Energy Design in the 80's, Monsanto Corporate Engineering
[24] Charles A Berg A Technical Basis for Energy Conservation Mech Eng 1996 No5 30—42 1974
[25] 何耀文、陈蔼番．有效能分析法讲座[R]．化学工程，1979 1—6
[26] 何耀文．能量的质量和节能[M]．石油炼制，1980 7—8
[27] 何耀文．深冷过程的有效能分析[M]，深冷技术 1981 No．6 18
[28] Colin D Grant, Energy Conservation in the Chemical and Process Industries, The Institution of Chemical Engineers in Association With George Godwin Limited 1979
[29] R. F Strigle, Jr and D. A. Perry Hydrocarbon Processing 46—50 1979
[30] M.J Dolan and R.F Strigle, CEP, November 78—83 1980
[31] 彦启森．空气调节用制冷技术(第二版)[M]．中国建筑工业出版社，1991，57—58
[32] 阎长乐．中国能源发展报告[R]．经济管理出版社 1997，9—11
[33] 李汝辉．能量有效利用[M]．北京航空航天大学出版社，1992．3 372—376
[34] 朱明善．能量系统的(火用)分析[M]．清华大学出版社，1988 18—21
[35] 中国石油天然气总公司装备局编．变频调速应用技术[M] 石油工业出版社 1992
[36] 《能源管理手册》翻译组译．能源管理手册[M] [美]海湾出版公司 烃加工出版社 1985．11 102—106
[37] 汪杰年．工业炉改造节能．机械工业出版社 1987．5 147—161
[38] 第五届全国热力学分析与节能学术讨论会学术委员会编．热力学分析与节能论文集[C] 1988
[39] 华贲．工艺过程用能分析与综合[M]．烃加工出版社，1989，71—79
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