室内环境中的大气悬浮颗粒物粒度分布的预测模拟研究
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摘要
室内环境是人类生存和活动的重要场所,城市居民每天90%的时间是在各种室内环境中度过的,室内环境质量与人体健康息息相关,因而室内空气品质(IAQ)对人体健康的影响越来越受到国内外学者和研究人员的重视和关注。越来越多的流行病学研究表明,人群发病率和死亡率的不断上升与大气悬浮颗粒物质量浓度存在显著的正相关性,即使该浓度低于相关国家控制标准。但是其致病机理却仍不清楚,即还不能确定大气中哪些粒径的颗粒物、颗粒物中的哪些化合物是致病因子。
由于人类大部分的时间是在室内度过的,而室内外颗粒物浓度水平处于同一数量级,因此室内环境是人们主要的颗粒物暴露场所。但是关于室内环境中的颗粒物污染研究,尤其是大气悬浮颗粒物对室内空气品质影响的研究还很不够。由于对室内环境进行监测不仅费时费力,而且费用昂贵,而室外大气中颗粒污染物监测体系已经建立,根据大气环境监测网络中的室外颗粒物数据,预测和分析室内环境中的大气悬浮颗粒物的粒径分布是一个可能的解决方案。
本文系统地研究了大气悬浮颗粒物对室内空气品质的影响。首先,对国内外关于大气悬浮颗粒物对IAQ影响的研究进展进行了回顾和分析,指出了研究中仍然存在的问题,确定了研究方法和研究内容;介绍了室内环境中的大气悬浮颗粒物的来源、物理化学特性及其对人体健康可能造成的影响,并提出了减少室内颗粒物的控制措施;根据菲克定律和气溶胶力学理论,分别建立了颗粒物在室内光滑表面的沉积率模型和穿透因子的理论模型,并利用文献中的实验数据对模型进行了验证;结合沉积率模型和穿透因子模型,建立了可预测室内颗粒物浓度分布的质量平衡模型;对我国三类具有代表性的建筑的室内颗粒物粒度分布进行了预测,并对预测结果进行了分析;分别研究和分析了围护结构缝隙尺寸及其两侧压差和摩擦速度对三类代表性建筑的室内颗粒物粒度分布的影响。
Indoor environment is closely related to the health of people and indoor air quality has received high concern because that people averagely spend 90% of their lifetime indoors. Increasing epidemiological studies have reported that particulate matter (PM) is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality, even at the generally low levels that are within related national standards of PM. However, the biological mechanisms of health impact of PM have not been understood, i.e. the exact compounds and/or PM size ranges responsible for the adverse health effects on people have not yet been determined.Because people spend most of their time indoors, and indoor PM concentrations are estimated to be on the same order as outdoor concentrations, indoor environment is the most important place where people exposure to the particulate matter. But few studies are on indoor pollution, especially on the impact of indoor particulate matter on IAQ. Monitoring the indoor environment is time-consuming and expensive. It would be a good solution to set up a mathematical model to predict the concentration of the indoor PM according to the size distribution of outdoor PM parameters from monitoring network in cities.This paper has done a systematic study on this issue. Firstly, existing research, nationally and internationally, on indoor PM of outdoor origin are reviewed. Then existing problem are pointed out and method and content of this research are scheduled. The source and physical and chemical characteristics of PM in indoor environment and the effects on human health are introduced. The controlling methods to reduce the indoor PM were presented. Based on Fick's law and aerodynamic theory, the models of deposition rate and penetration factor were built, respectively. The models were validated with experimental data from literature. Combined the models of deposition rate and penetration factor with the mass balance model, a mathematical size-resolved model for predicting the indoor PM size distribution from outdoor data was proposed. The indoor number, mass and surface area concentration distribution of PM outdoors origin in three representative building types were then illustrated and analyzed. The effects
由于人类大部分的时间是在室内度过的,而室内外颗粒物浓度水平处于同一数量级,因此室内环境是人们主要的颗粒物暴露场所。但是关于室内环境中的颗粒物污染研究,尤其是大气悬浮颗粒物对室内空气品质影响的研究还很不够。由于对室内环境进行监测不仅费时费力,而且费用昂贵,而室外大气中颗粒污染物监测体系已经建立,根据大气环境监测网络中的室外颗粒物数据,预测和分析室内环境中的大气悬浮颗粒物的粒径分布是一个可能的解决方案。
本文系统地研究了大气悬浮颗粒物对室内空气品质的影响。首先,对国内外关于大气悬浮颗粒物对IAQ影响的研究进展进行了回顾和分析,指出了研究中仍然存在的问题,确定了研究方法和研究内容;介绍了室内环境中的大气悬浮颗粒物的来源、物理化学特性及其对人体健康可能造成的影响,并提出了减少室内颗粒物的控制措施;根据菲克定律和气溶胶力学理论,分别建立了颗粒物在室内光滑表面的沉积率模型和穿透因子的理论模型,并利用文献中的实验数据对模型进行了验证;结合沉积率模型和穿透因子模型,建立了可预测室内颗粒物浓度分布的质量平衡模型;对我国三类具有代表性的建筑的室内颗粒物粒度分布进行了预测,并对预测结果进行了分析;分别研究和分析了围护结构缝隙尺寸及其两侧压差和摩擦速度对三类代表性建筑的室内颗粒物粒度分布的影响。
Indoor environment is closely related to the health of people and indoor air quality has received high concern because that people averagely spend 90% of their lifetime indoors. Increasing epidemiological studies have reported that particulate matter (PM) is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality, even at the generally low levels that are within related national standards of PM. However, the biological mechanisms of health impact of PM have not been understood, i.e. the exact compounds and/or PM size ranges responsible for the adverse health effects on people have not yet been determined.Because people spend most of their time indoors, and indoor PM concentrations are estimated to be on the same order as outdoor concentrations, indoor environment is the most important place where people exposure to the particulate matter. But few studies are on indoor pollution, especially on the impact of indoor particulate matter on IAQ. Monitoring the indoor environment is time-consuming and expensive. It would be a good solution to set up a mathematical model to predict the concentration of the indoor PM according to the size distribution of outdoor PM parameters from monitoring network in cities.This paper has done a systematic study on this issue. Firstly, existing research, nationally and internationally, on indoor PM of outdoor origin are reviewed. Then existing problem are pointed out and method and content of this research are scheduled. The source and physical and chemical characteristics of PM in indoor environment and the effects on human health are introduced. The controlling methods to reduce the indoor PM were presented. Based on Fick's law and aerodynamic theory, the models of deposition rate and penetration factor were built, respectively. The models were validated with experimental data from literature. Combined the models of deposition rate and penetration factor with the mass balance model, a mathematical size-resolved model for predicting the indoor PM size distribution from outdoor data was proposed. The indoor number, mass and surface area concentration distribution of PM outdoors origin in three representative building types were then illustrated and analyzed. The effects
引文
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[2] 潘小川.室内空气污染与健康危害评价.中国预防医学杂志,2002,3(3):167-169.
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[14] 刘阳生,陈睿,沈兴兴等.北京冬季室内空气中TSP,PM10,PM2.5和PM1污染研究.应用基础与工程科学学报,11(3):255-265
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[33] Abadie M., Limam K., Allard F. Indoor particle pollution: effect of wall textures on particle deposition. Building and Environment, 2001, 36: 821-827
[34] Koutrakis P., Briggs S. L. K. Source apportionment of indoor aerosol in Suffolk and Onondaga Counties. Environment Science and Technology, 1992, 26: 521-527
[35] Ozkaynak H., Xue J., Spengler J., et al. Personal exposure to airborne particles and metals: results from the Particle TEAM study in Riverside. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environment Epidemiology, 1996, 6(1): 57-58
[36] 赵厚银,邵龙义,时宗波等.室内空气污染物的种类及控制措施.重庆环境科学,2003,25(7):3-6
[37] Georgopoulos P. G., Jayjock E., Sun Q., et al. Mechanisms controlling the outdoor/indoor relationships of fine particle levels and characteristics. STAR Grant R82676801. New Jersey: US EPA, Final Technical Report CERM, 2002, 23-26
[38] Putaud J. P., Raes F., Dingenen R. V., et al. A European aerosol phenomenology-2: chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38: 2579-2595
[39] 吴国平,胡伟,滕恩江等.室外空气污染对成人呼吸系统健康影响的分析.中国环境监测,2001,17(特刊):33-38
[40] 董兆举,潘小川,王黎华等.皖西南农村地区空气污染水平调查.环境与健康杂志,2001,18(5):286-288
[41] 金永堂,周晓铁.大气污染对青少年生理机能的影响.环境与健康杂志,1998,15(3):108-110
[42] 胡汉升.环境医学.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1986,115-120
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[44] 李红,曾凡刚,邵龙义等.可吸入颗粒物对人体健康危害的研究进展.环境与健康杂志,2002,19(1):85-87
[45] 席淑华,孙文娟,叶丽杰.大气污染对儿童健康所致潜在危害研究.环境与健康杂志,2000,17(1):26-28
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[2] 潘小川.室内空气污染与健康危害评价.中国预防医学杂志,2002,3(3):167-169.
[3] Ware J. H., Ferris B. G. J. R., Dockery D. W., et al. Effects of sulfur oxides and suspended particles on respiratory health of preadoles-cent children. AM REV RESPIR DIS, 1986, 133: 834-842.
[4] Schwartz J., Dockery D.W., Neas L.M. Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles? Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 1996, 46: 927-939.
[5] Dockery D. W., Cunningham J., Damokosh A. I., et al. Health effects of acid aerosols on north American children: Respiratory symptoms. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1996, 104: 500-505
[6] John M. P., Edward A., William N., et al. A study of twelve southern California communities with differing levels and types of air pollution Ⅰ. Prevalence of respiratory morbidity. AM J Respir Crit Care Med, 1999, 159: 760-767
[7] Junfeng (Jim) Zhang, Wei Hu, Fusheng Wei, et al. Children's respiratory morbidity prevalence in relation to air pollution in four Chinese cities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2002, 11(9): 961-967
[8] Pope C. A., Bates D. V., Raizenne M. E. Health effects of particulate air pollution: time for reassessment? Environmental Health perspectives, 1995, 103:472-480
[9] Dockery D. W., Pope C. A., Xu X. P., et al. An association between air pollution and mortality in six United-States cities. New England Journal of Medicine, 1993, 329: 1753-1759
[10] Wallace L. Indoor Particles: A Review. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 1996, 46: 98-126
[11] 王存忠,俞卫平.影响空气质量的可吸入颗粒物.科技术语研究,2002,4(3):38-39
[12] 国家环境保护总局.2001年中国环境状况公报.www.zhb.gov.cn, 2002-04-10
[13] 胡伟,魏复盛,滕恩江等.中国四城市空气污染及其对儿童呼吸健康影响的分析.中国环境科学,2000,20(5):425-428.
[14] 刘阳生,陈睿,沈兴兴等.北京冬季室内空气中TSP,PM10,PM2.5和PM1污染研究.应用基础与工程科学学报,11(3):255-265
[15] 修光利,赵一先,张大年.办公室内可吸入颗粒物污染初析.上海环境科学,1999,18(5):202-204
[16] 张文丽,戚其平,徐东群等.我国两城市空气细颗粒物PM2.5污染及对肺上皮细胞炎性因子的影响.环境与职业医学,2003,20(5):325-330
[17] Cristy G. A., Chester C. V. Emergency protection form aerosols. ORNL-5519. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, 1981, 32-35
[18] Ozkaynak H., Xue J., Spengler J., et al. Personal exposure to airborne particles and metals: results from the Particle TEAM Study in Riverside, CA. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environment Epidemiology, 1996, 6(1): 57-78
[19] Freed J. R., Chambers T., Christie W. N., et al. Methods for assessing exposure to chemical substance. EPA 560/5-83-015. UoS. EPA office of Toxic Substances. 1983, 2: 70-73
[20] Thatcher T. L., Layton D. W. Deposition, resuspension, and penetration of particles within a residence. Atmospheric Environment, 1995, 29(13): 1487-1497
[21] Ozkaynak H., Xue J., Weker R., et al. The Particle TEAM (PTEAM) study: analysis of the data. Contract # 68-02-4544. North Carolina: US EPA. Draft Final Report(Ⅲ), 1993, 36-40
[22] Liu D-L, Nazaroff W. W. Particle penetration through building cracks. Aerosol Science & Technology, 2003, 37: 565-573
[23] Long C. M., Suh H. H., Catalano P. J., et al. Using time- and size- resolved particulate data to quantify indoor penetration and deposition behavior. Environmental Science & Technology, 2001, 35: 2089-2099
[24] Koutrakis P., Briggs S. L. K. Source apportionment of indoor aerosols in Suffolk and Onondaga Counties, New York. Environmental Science & Technology, 1992, 26(3): 521-527
[25] Vette A. F., Rea A. W., Lawless P. A., et al. Characterization of indoor- outdoor aerosol concentration relationships during the Fresno PM exposure studies. Aerosol Science & Technology, 2001, 34: 118-126
[26] Tung T. C. W., Chao C. Y. H., John Burnett. A methodology to investigate the particulate penetration coefficient through building shell. Atmospheric Environment, 1999, 33: 881-893
[27] Mosley R. B., Greenwell D. J., Sparks L. E., et al. Penetration of ambient fine particles into the indoor environment. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2001, 34:127-136
[28] Lewis S. Solid particle penetration into enclosures. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 1995, 43: 195-216
[29] Liu D-L, Nazaroff W. W. Particle penetration through windows. In: Proc Indoor Air'2002, California, U.S.A., Vol.1, 862-867
[30] Thatcher T. L., Lai A. C. K., Rosa Moreno-Jackson, et al. Effects of room furnishings and air speed on particle deposition rates indoors. Atmospheric Environment, 2002, 36: 1811-1819
[31] Lai A.C.K., Nazaroff W.W. Modeling indoor particle deposition from turbulent flow onto smooth surfaces. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2000, 31(4): 463-476
[32] Chao C. Y. H., Wan M. P., Cheng E. C. K. Penetration coefficient and deposition rate as a function of particle size in non-smoking naturally ventilated residences. Atmospheric Environment, 2003, 37: 4233-4241
[33] Abadie M., Limam K., Allard F. Indoor particle pollution: effect of wall textures on particle deposition. Building and Environment, 2001, 36: 821-827
[34] Koutrakis P., Briggs S. L. K. Source apportionment of indoor aerosol in Suffolk and Onondaga Counties. Environment Science and Technology, 1992, 26: 521-527
[35] Ozkaynak H., Xue J., Spengler J., et al. Personal exposure to airborne particles and metals: results from the Particle TEAM study in Riverside. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environment Epidemiology, 1996, 6(1): 57-58
[36] 赵厚银,邵龙义,时宗波等.室内空气污染物的种类及控制措施.重庆环境科学,2003,25(7):3-6
[37] Georgopoulos P. G., Jayjock E., Sun Q., et al. Mechanisms controlling the outdoor/indoor relationships of fine particle levels and characteristics. STAR Grant R82676801. New Jersey: US EPA, Final Technical Report CERM, 2002, 23-26
[38] Putaud J. P., Raes F., Dingenen R. V., et al. A European aerosol phenomenology-2: chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38: 2579-2595
[39] 吴国平,胡伟,滕恩江等.室外空气污染对成人呼吸系统健康影响的分析.中国环境监测,2001,17(特刊):33-38
[40] 董兆举,潘小川,王黎华等.皖西南农村地区空气污染水平调查.环境与健康杂志,2001,18(5):286-288
[41] 金永堂,周晓铁.大气污染对青少年生理机能的影响.环境与健康杂志,1998,15(3):108-110
[42] 胡汉升.环境医学.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1986,115-120
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