一款客车外围流场的空气动力学特性研究
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摘要
随着汽车工业的不断发展和制造技术的快速提高,作为汽车重要分支的大客车的外部造型和气动特性也受到了极大的关注。客车的外围流场使其受到力和力矩的作用,和空气阻力系数密切相关,直接影响着车辆的使用经济性和使用者的运营成本,因此进行大客车外部流场的数值模拟研究具有非常重要的现实意义。
本文采用理论分析和数值模拟的方法,结合公司“12米长途大客车设计优化”项目,对大客车的外流场空气动力学特性进行了分析。在课题研究过程中,因为考虑到影响客车外围流场的因素较多,各个因素需要研究的水平也较多,如果采用全面试验的方法,要进行36=729种模拟计算。本文应用正交试验设计方法针对前侧弧、前倾度、后顶弧、后侧弧、尾部上翘、前下边缘圆化6个影响因素,选用L18(37)正交试验表确定了本文的模拟计算方案,极大的降低了计算分析工作量。
为确保计算结果的准确性,首先对Fluent软件的标准k-ε模型计算方法进行验证。因为对于大客车而言,在常用车速下在空气中行驶的雷诺数均落在大雷诺数范围内(大于104),并且与正方体具有一定的相似性,因此本文采用标准k-ε模型计算绕流正方体的阻力,并与经典流体理论的结果进行了对比。两结果误差仅为0.67%,说明了研究计算方法的可行性。
按照正交试验法确定的模拟计算方案,用Fluent软件对大客车的简化模型进行了模拟计算,对计算结果用极差分析法进行了数据处理,得到了各因素的优化组合。利用散点折线图分析了各因素的改变对空气阻力系数的影响,探讨了空调位置和气动阻力的相互关系。最后综合考虑正交试验表的最佳组合、空调位置和前端突起等因素,确定了优化提升方案,并对优化模型作了模拟分析。
研究表明:
⑴本次应用正交试验法分析得到的最优组合不在实施的部分试验之中,这表明优化结果并只是反映已做的部分试验的信息,而是反映全面试验的信息。直接从部分正交试验中比较实测结果得到的较优组合和正交试验表计算得到的最优方案相差不远,以较优组合作为最优方案也是适宜的。
⑵空调位置的变化对阻力系数的影响不大。
⑶对车身前部的前侧弧、前端后倾弧和前下缘圆化半径的优化,极大的减小了车头部位的气流分离现象,减少了能量损失,降低了车型前部的正压区,是减小空气阻力系数的重要措施;
⑷对后顶弧、后侧弧和尾部上翘等因素的优化,使气流分离在车身后端处减弱,由漩涡所造成的能量损失得到大幅的降低,车身后部的压强得到提升,使整车压差阻力减小,是降低空气阻力系数的另一重要措施;。
⑸增加前部突起可进一步降低整车空气阻力系数。
总之,本文所做的研究工作及其结论对降低大客车的空气阻力系数具有重要的指导意义,对进一步开展产品设计优化具有良好的参考与应用价值。
With the continuous development of the bus industry and improvement of the manufacturing technology, the external shape and aerodynamic characteristics of the big coaches are drew attention more and more. the external flow field around the big vehicles which is closely related to the air resistance coefficient have the coach suffered force and torque, and have a direct impact on bus operating costs, so the Numerical simulation of the external flow field have a practical significance.
This article connects with the design optimization of 12M coach which is the highlight project of our company and we adopted methods as theory analysis and numerical simulation in this text to carry out the analysis of the Drain Field Dynamics of the coach. During the study, take into account that there are some elements can impact the external flow field, and the different elements has different study level, if we select the comprehensive test method, need to use the 36=729 kinds of the analog computation. So this article selects orthogonal design to study the radii of front side pillar,forward degree,the radii of top pillar and backside Pillar,tilted tail and radii of the bottom Pillar, selected the orthogonal test form to fix the calculation program of this article, so greatly reduce the computational efforts.
for assuring the exactly of the computing result, firstly, we tested the k-εmodel of Fluent. For the coach, in the normal speed, all the Reynolds number is in the scope of the High Reynolds number (>104), meanwhile, has the similarity with the cube, so this article selects the k-εmodel to calculate the resistance of cube disturbed flow, and compared with results of classic fluid theory, the difference is only 0.67%, this prove that this method has feasibility.
The program of analog computation according to the Orthogonal test has been used the Fluent to calculate the simplified model of coach and made the range analysis to result using direct analysis. In the end we get the optimal combination of various factors. we analysed the influence on air resistance coefficient because of the various factors changes by using scatter curves and discussed relationships between the air-condition location and the aerodynamic drag. Finally considering the best combination of orthogonal test table, air-condition position and front bulge and other factors, to determine the optimal upgrade program, and made a simulation optimization computing.
Research shows:
⑴The most optimal combination is not in the part implemented experimentation by using the orthogonal test method, which indicates that the optimization results is not simply the part reflection of the information, but rather the comprehensive test information. The more optimum combination of experimental results directly from the orthogonal experiment is similar to the best program and the optimal scheme is also appropriate.
⑵Changes in air-condition location has little influence on the drag coefficient.
⑶The optimization of the radii of front side pillar、forward degree、the radii of top pillar greatly reduced the flow separation of the front part of the coach, and reduced energy loss and pressure on the front of vehicle area,which is the important measures to reduce the air resistance coefficient.
⑷The optimization of the radii of backside Pillar、tilted tail and radii of the bottom Pillar weakened the flow separation in the of the back part of the coach and reduced the energy loss by whirlpool, at the same time the pressure of rear body may be raised, which is the other important measures to reduce the air resistance coefficient.
⑸Front bulge can further reduce air resistance coefficient.
In short, the study and conclusion of this article has the significance to decrease the Air resistance coefficient and the value to further optimization of product design.
本文采用理论分析和数值模拟的方法,结合公司“12米长途大客车设计优化”项目,对大客车的外流场空气动力学特性进行了分析。在课题研究过程中,因为考虑到影响客车外围流场的因素较多,各个因素需要研究的水平也较多,如果采用全面试验的方法,要进行36=729种模拟计算。本文应用正交试验设计方法针对前侧弧、前倾度、后顶弧、后侧弧、尾部上翘、前下边缘圆化6个影响因素,选用L18(37)正交试验表确定了本文的模拟计算方案,极大的降低了计算分析工作量。
为确保计算结果的准确性,首先对Fluent软件的标准k-ε模型计算方法进行验证。因为对于大客车而言,在常用车速下在空气中行驶的雷诺数均落在大雷诺数范围内(大于104),并且与正方体具有一定的相似性,因此本文采用标准k-ε模型计算绕流正方体的阻力,并与经典流体理论的结果进行了对比。两结果误差仅为0.67%,说明了研究计算方法的可行性。
按照正交试验法确定的模拟计算方案,用Fluent软件对大客车的简化模型进行了模拟计算,对计算结果用极差分析法进行了数据处理,得到了各因素的优化组合。利用散点折线图分析了各因素的改变对空气阻力系数的影响,探讨了空调位置和气动阻力的相互关系。最后综合考虑正交试验表的最佳组合、空调位置和前端突起等因素,确定了优化提升方案,并对优化模型作了模拟分析。
研究表明:
⑴本次应用正交试验法分析得到的最优组合不在实施的部分试验之中,这表明优化结果并只是反映已做的部分试验的信息,而是反映全面试验的信息。直接从部分正交试验中比较实测结果得到的较优组合和正交试验表计算得到的最优方案相差不远,以较优组合作为最优方案也是适宜的。
⑵空调位置的变化对阻力系数的影响不大。
⑶对车身前部的前侧弧、前端后倾弧和前下缘圆化半径的优化,极大的减小了车头部位的气流分离现象,减少了能量损失,降低了车型前部的正压区,是减小空气阻力系数的重要措施;
⑷对后顶弧、后侧弧和尾部上翘等因素的优化,使气流分离在车身后端处减弱,由漩涡所造成的能量损失得到大幅的降低,车身后部的压强得到提升,使整车压差阻力减小,是降低空气阻力系数的另一重要措施;。
⑸增加前部突起可进一步降低整车空气阻力系数。
总之,本文所做的研究工作及其结论对降低大客车的空气阻力系数具有重要的指导意义,对进一步开展产品设计优化具有良好的参考与应用价值。
With the continuous development of the bus industry and improvement of the manufacturing technology, the external shape and aerodynamic characteristics of the big coaches are drew attention more and more. the external flow field around the big vehicles which is closely related to the air resistance coefficient have the coach suffered force and torque, and have a direct impact on bus operating costs, so the Numerical simulation of the external flow field have a practical significance.
This article connects with the design optimization of 12M coach which is the highlight project of our company and we adopted methods as theory analysis and numerical simulation in this text to carry out the analysis of the Drain Field Dynamics of the coach. During the study, take into account that there are some elements can impact the external flow field, and the different elements has different study level, if we select the comprehensive test method, need to use the 36=729 kinds of the analog computation. So this article selects orthogonal design to study the radii of front side pillar,forward degree,the radii of top pillar and backside Pillar,tilted tail and radii of the bottom Pillar, selected the orthogonal test form to fix the calculation program of this article, so greatly reduce the computational efforts.
for assuring the exactly of the computing result, firstly, we tested the k-εmodel of Fluent. For the coach, in the normal speed, all the Reynolds number is in the scope of the High Reynolds number (>104), meanwhile, has the similarity with the cube, so this article selects the k-εmodel to calculate the resistance of cube disturbed flow, and compared with results of classic fluid theory, the difference is only 0.67%, this prove that this method has feasibility.
The program of analog computation according to the Orthogonal test has been used the Fluent to calculate the simplified model of coach and made the range analysis to result using direct analysis. In the end we get the optimal combination of various factors. we analysed the influence on air resistance coefficient because of the various factors changes by using scatter curves and discussed relationships between the air-condition location and the aerodynamic drag. Finally considering the best combination of orthogonal test table, air-condition position and front bulge and other factors, to determine the optimal upgrade program, and made a simulation optimization computing.
Research shows:
⑴The most optimal combination is not in the part implemented experimentation by using the orthogonal test method, which indicates that the optimization results is not simply the part reflection of the information, but rather the comprehensive test information. The more optimum combination of experimental results directly from the orthogonal experiment is similar to the best program and the optimal scheme is also appropriate.
⑵Changes in air-condition location has little influence on the drag coefficient.
⑶The optimization of the radii of front side pillar、forward degree、the radii of top pillar greatly reduced the flow separation of the front part of the coach, and reduced energy loss and pressure on the front of vehicle area,which is the important measures to reduce the air resistance coefficient.
⑷The optimization of the radii of backside Pillar、tilted tail and radii of the bottom Pillar weakened the flow separation in the of the back part of the coach and reduced the energy loss by whirlpool, at the same time the pressure of rear body may be raised, which is the other important measures to reduce the air resistance coefficient.
⑸Front bulge can further reduce air resistance coefficient.
In short, the study and conclusion of this article has the significance to decrease the Air resistance coefficient and the value to further optimization of product design.
引文
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