基于GIS公路边坡稳定评判与防护决策系统研究
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摘要
近年来,山区高速公路高边坡开挖与防护问题备受关注。由于问题的复杂性,在建设过程中如何有效评判、预测高边坡稳定性,制定合理的防护方案已成为困扰工程顺利实施的一个棘手课题。公路边坡多为岩质复合边坡,破坏模式和结构形态复杂多变,物理模型及其参数具有不确定性。近三十多年来,尽管已经积累了相当丰富的试验数据,岩石力学研究也取得了长足的发展并具有相对成熟的理论基础,然而工程实践表明,单一评判方法几乎无法解决复杂的实际问题,以致于在实践中不得不依赖一些基于半经验半理论的稳定评判方法来制定工程实施方案。因此,如何将这些基础性研究成果系统有效地应用于实践,为工程问题找出解决方法与途径,是摆在岩石力学工作者面前极具挑战性并具有重要理论和实际应用价值的课题。
公路是一种线形带状工程,山区公路沿线边坡数量成百上千,由于岩体的复杂性和性状的不确定性,对众多边坡工程实践中经常依靠经验法则进行开挖,模型计算分析一般仅关注一些特殊边坡。即使现场能够获得力学模型和确定的参数,如果模型过于复杂,要在实践中应用也有难处。工程中被开挖岩体地质特征经常会随着开挖进程而变化,岩体的性状也受设计和施工方法、岩土地下水等环境特征变化影响,还经常受设计和施工(尤其是后者)的技术水平和施工质量所左右。因此,如何制定一套能有效指导边坡设计和施工的评判系统尤为重要。
本文在前人研究应用基础上结合工程实践与经验对以下几个方面开展研究。
一、滑动面确定方法理论研究。针对公路复杂边坡危险滑动面形态和位置多元性,结合工程实践中滑动面坡脚剪出口与坡顶后缘大致分布范围的经验可估性,本文研究提出一种基于坡面网格搜索全局最优滑动面方法。该方法能在给定搜索范围内锁定多个区域的安全系数极小值,并确定全局最危险滑动面。该方法适用于圆弧滑动面、折线滑动面搜索,结果具有较好全局性。
二、基于GIS边坡稳定评判专家系统研究开发与应用。结合浙南山区公路边坡防护设计经验和公路边坡工程特点,提出一种依靠GIS数据库,能考虑影响边坡稳定的20个主要因素,基于多个边坡专家经验的多层次模糊综合评判方法(AHP-Fuzzy法);依据AHP-Fuzzy法开发出边坡稳定评判专家系统;将该专家系统应用于温州绕城高速公路北线工程,有效指导了该项目边坡设计与施工。
三、基于GIS公路边坡稳定评判与防护决策系统(HIGHWAY SLOPEOPTIMIZATION SYSTEM,简称HSOS系统)研制开发。基于GIS数据管理与空间分析功能,在边坡稳定评判专家系统基础上根据相应稳定类型初步确定边坡防护对策,对筛选出的典型与特殊边坡,导入几何模型、地质参数,采用三维极限平衡与三维有限元方法经定量分析判断其稳定性,通过分析判断提出防护决策方案。该系统主要包括基于GIS数据采集、管理与维护的边坡管理模块、三维虚拟场地模块、边坡稳定评判专家系统模块(即边坡稳定半定性半定量分类评判系统模块,含AHP-Fuzzy评判法、Marklands法等)、边坡稳定定量分析系统模块(含边坡二维与三维极限平衡分析、桩锚结构设计分析、ABAQUS软件系统)和公路边坡防护决策系统模块等五部分。HSOS基于ArcGIS的COM组件技术自主有限开发完成,功能相对系统、完整,并经验证。
四、HSOS系统工程应用实例研究。应用HSOS系统,对杭金衢高速公路K103高边坡滑坡进行三维场地特征虚拟现实,开展二三维极限平衡稳定分析和三维有限元施工过程模拟,结合监测数据成果,提出防护决策方案,为滑坡防护多方案比选与决策、抗滑桩设计参数优化分析等应用提供理论依据。
五、生态边坡挡墙结构研究。结合公路边坡工程经验,研究提出多种生态边坡挡墙结构形式,其中,“层叠式花盆型锚杆挡墙”于2007年初获得国家“实用新型专利”证书。
Recent years, excavation and prevention of slopes along mountainous expressway is given more and more attention. How to efficiently and effectively evaluate the degree of high slope safety and how to make feasible prevention countermeasures are coming to a tough research. Expressway slopes are always the complexity of rockmass and soil, the damage forms of which are so complex and variable that it is very unsure of the slope physical model and its parameters. Although experience and theory is more and more abundant and mature about rockmass mechanics Since 1970. Practice tells that no single method can contain almost all those questions. Mostly, it has to depend on methods of half experience or half theoretics to solve problems from construction practice. Favorable application of basic theory to project is still sometimes in trouble, So it is the necessary task for us to find truth of problems gradually on road construction practice and resolve them constantly.
Expressway is always wandering like a piece of belt through mountains and valleys, along which there may be hundreds of slopes. It is such a hard design task that most of slopes in cutting are not directed by precise calculation but experience. Because the mechanics model and accurate dada sometimes behaves so uncomprehendable, while the geological properties so variable by rockmass cutting , that it can not be used in practice. Furthermore, rockmass geological properties are quite sensitive to different design and construction method or quality. Therefore, a good prevention countermeasure always tightly depends on condition in situ. It is very important to make a system to effectively direct the design and construction of road slope. This context brings several points of research as follow:
1) To find slide surface is a most important step of slope stability analysis. Slide surface is always of diverse scale and form for complex slope, and in practice, the range of the ahead or rear edges of sliding face on most landslides can often be experientially determined. This context put forward a piece of method to globally search critical slip face on slopes, which may be circle or multi-lines. Given the search area, it can scout around for several dangerous faces in different scopes at one time, and then make sure which to be most dangerous by accurate search.
2) Based on work experience in southwest of Zhejiang province, it refers a kind of method of Fuzzy Analysis of Hierarchy Process(AHP-Fuzzy) based on expert experience from slope professors according to characters of highway slopes. It contains 20 factors relating to slope stability, data of which can be taken from GIS conveniently whenever inquiring. Program module has been built in satisfactory use on slopes along the northern Expressway surrounding WenZhou city, which has effectively directed the classification and estimation for slope hazards. So it can validly improve the evaluation efficiency of slope stability.
3) Based on the Component Object Model(COM) of ArcGIS, this context has partly developed a piece of relatively compositive system of series of software with differentfunction--HIGHWAY SLOPE OPTIMIZATION SYSTEM( HSOS). It contains moduleof collection, management and maintenance of data, module of 3D simulation, module of calculation methods on half experience or half theoretics(such as AHP-Fuzzy method and Marklands menthod), module of quantificational methods(which includes 2D or 3D limited equilibrium methods, pile and anchor calculation methods and ABAQUS software for finite element analysis) and module of slope hazard prevention countermeasures. HSOS takes powerful management ability to spatial analysis and data maintenance on GIS, it may select module of calculation methods on half experience or half theoretics to judge the degree of stability of hundreds of slopes and put forward corresponding countermeasures for different slopes ordinarily. For special unstable slope, HSOS can bring geometrical model with additional geological parameters conveniently to physical model for stability calculation and make decision to preventive countermeasure. The analysis function of 3D limited equilibrium method and 3D finite element method is offered on HSOS. HSOS is refered to analyze the stability of Hang-Jin-Qu K103 landslide and to optimize the scheme of prevention countermeasures successfully.
4) In engineering example of Hang-Jin-Qu K103 landslide, multiple comparative countermeasures and optimized parameters of pile design have been approvingly fulfilled by analysis of 3D simulation of landform, 2D & 3D limited equilibrium analysis, 3D numerical simulation of finite element analysis and landslide monitor data. It gives more theoretical proof for landslide countermeasure analysis.
5) According to designing experience of highway slope, it has put forward several kinds of vegetable walls for the safeguard of the foot of high slope. The plan of "Precast soil nail wall-face of cascading flowerpots applied in highway slopes" gained the design patent of China.
公路是一种线形带状工程,山区公路沿线边坡数量成百上千,由于岩体的复杂性和性状的不确定性,对众多边坡工程实践中经常依靠经验法则进行开挖,模型计算分析一般仅关注一些特殊边坡。即使现场能够获得力学模型和确定的参数,如果模型过于复杂,要在实践中应用也有难处。工程中被开挖岩体地质特征经常会随着开挖进程而变化,岩体的性状也受设计和施工方法、岩土地下水等环境特征变化影响,还经常受设计和施工(尤其是后者)的技术水平和施工质量所左右。因此,如何制定一套能有效指导边坡设计和施工的评判系统尤为重要。
本文在前人研究应用基础上结合工程实践与经验对以下几个方面开展研究。
一、滑动面确定方法理论研究。针对公路复杂边坡危险滑动面形态和位置多元性,结合工程实践中滑动面坡脚剪出口与坡顶后缘大致分布范围的经验可估性,本文研究提出一种基于坡面网格搜索全局最优滑动面方法。该方法能在给定搜索范围内锁定多个区域的安全系数极小值,并确定全局最危险滑动面。该方法适用于圆弧滑动面、折线滑动面搜索,结果具有较好全局性。
二、基于GIS边坡稳定评判专家系统研究开发与应用。结合浙南山区公路边坡防护设计经验和公路边坡工程特点,提出一种依靠GIS数据库,能考虑影响边坡稳定的20个主要因素,基于多个边坡专家经验的多层次模糊综合评判方法(AHP-Fuzzy法);依据AHP-Fuzzy法开发出边坡稳定评判专家系统;将该专家系统应用于温州绕城高速公路北线工程,有效指导了该项目边坡设计与施工。
三、基于GIS公路边坡稳定评判与防护决策系统(HIGHWAY SLOPEOPTIMIZATION SYSTEM,简称HSOS系统)研制开发。基于GIS数据管理与空间分析功能,在边坡稳定评判专家系统基础上根据相应稳定类型初步确定边坡防护对策,对筛选出的典型与特殊边坡,导入几何模型、地质参数,采用三维极限平衡与三维有限元方法经定量分析判断其稳定性,通过分析判断提出防护决策方案。该系统主要包括基于GIS数据采集、管理与维护的边坡管理模块、三维虚拟场地模块、边坡稳定评判专家系统模块(即边坡稳定半定性半定量分类评判系统模块,含AHP-Fuzzy评判法、Marklands法等)、边坡稳定定量分析系统模块(含边坡二维与三维极限平衡分析、桩锚结构设计分析、ABAQUS软件系统)和公路边坡防护决策系统模块等五部分。HSOS基于ArcGIS的COM组件技术自主有限开发完成,功能相对系统、完整,并经验证。
四、HSOS系统工程应用实例研究。应用HSOS系统,对杭金衢高速公路K103高边坡滑坡进行三维场地特征虚拟现实,开展二三维极限平衡稳定分析和三维有限元施工过程模拟,结合监测数据成果,提出防护决策方案,为滑坡防护多方案比选与决策、抗滑桩设计参数优化分析等应用提供理论依据。
五、生态边坡挡墙结构研究。结合公路边坡工程经验,研究提出多种生态边坡挡墙结构形式,其中,“层叠式花盆型锚杆挡墙”于2007年初获得国家“实用新型专利”证书。
Recent years, excavation and prevention of slopes along mountainous expressway is given more and more attention. How to efficiently and effectively evaluate the degree of high slope safety and how to make feasible prevention countermeasures are coming to a tough research. Expressway slopes are always the complexity of rockmass and soil, the damage forms of which are so complex and variable that it is very unsure of the slope physical model and its parameters. Although experience and theory is more and more abundant and mature about rockmass mechanics Since 1970. Practice tells that no single method can contain almost all those questions. Mostly, it has to depend on methods of half experience or half theoretics to solve problems from construction practice. Favorable application of basic theory to project is still sometimes in trouble, So it is the necessary task for us to find truth of problems gradually on road construction practice and resolve them constantly.
Expressway is always wandering like a piece of belt through mountains and valleys, along which there may be hundreds of slopes. It is such a hard design task that most of slopes in cutting are not directed by precise calculation but experience. Because the mechanics model and accurate dada sometimes behaves so uncomprehendable, while the geological properties so variable by rockmass cutting , that it can not be used in practice. Furthermore, rockmass geological properties are quite sensitive to different design and construction method or quality. Therefore, a good prevention countermeasure always tightly depends on condition in situ. It is very important to make a system to effectively direct the design and construction of road slope. This context brings several points of research as follow:
1) To find slide surface is a most important step of slope stability analysis. Slide surface is always of diverse scale and form for complex slope, and in practice, the range of the ahead or rear edges of sliding face on most landslides can often be experientially determined. This context put forward a piece of method to globally search critical slip face on slopes, which may be circle or multi-lines. Given the search area, it can scout around for several dangerous faces in different scopes at one time, and then make sure which to be most dangerous by accurate search.
2) Based on work experience in southwest of Zhejiang province, it refers a kind of method of Fuzzy Analysis of Hierarchy Process(AHP-Fuzzy) based on expert experience from slope professors according to characters of highway slopes. It contains 20 factors relating to slope stability, data of which can be taken from GIS conveniently whenever inquiring. Program module has been built in satisfactory use on slopes along the northern Expressway surrounding WenZhou city, which has effectively directed the classification and estimation for slope hazards. So it can validly improve the evaluation efficiency of slope stability.
3) Based on the Component Object Model(COM) of ArcGIS, this context has partly developed a piece of relatively compositive system of series of software with differentfunction--HIGHWAY SLOPE OPTIMIZATION SYSTEM( HSOS). It contains moduleof collection, management and maintenance of data, module of 3D simulation, module of calculation methods on half experience or half theoretics(such as AHP-Fuzzy method and Marklands menthod), module of quantificational methods(which includes 2D or 3D limited equilibrium methods, pile and anchor calculation methods and ABAQUS software for finite element analysis) and module of slope hazard prevention countermeasures. HSOS takes powerful management ability to spatial analysis and data maintenance on GIS, it may select module of calculation methods on half experience or half theoretics to judge the degree of stability of hundreds of slopes and put forward corresponding countermeasures for different slopes ordinarily. For special unstable slope, HSOS can bring geometrical model with additional geological parameters conveniently to physical model for stability calculation and make decision to preventive countermeasure. The analysis function of 3D limited equilibrium method and 3D finite element method is offered on HSOS. HSOS is refered to analyze the stability of Hang-Jin-Qu K103 landslide and to optimize the scheme of prevention countermeasures successfully.
4) In engineering example of Hang-Jin-Qu K103 landslide, multiple comparative countermeasures and optimized parameters of pile design have been approvingly fulfilled by analysis of 3D simulation of landform, 2D & 3D limited equilibrium analysis, 3D numerical simulation of finite element analysis and landslide monitor data. It gives more theoretical proof for landslide countermeasure analysis.
5) According to designing experience of highway slope, it has put forward several kinds of vegetable walls for the safeguard of the foot of high slope. The plan of "Precast soil nail wall-face of cascading flowerpots applied in highway slopes" gained the design patent of China.
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