秸秆裂解炉开发与炉管内的温度场模拟
摘要
生物质热解技术是缓解能源危机的重要途径之一,也是一种有效可行的经济路线。在生物质快速热裂解的各种工艺中,反应器的类型和加热方式在很大程度上决定了产物的最终分布和生物油的质量、产率等,并且对于生产过程中条件的控制和热能的利用有重要影响。本文所做的主要内容如下:
以改善生物油的质量和提高生物油的产率为目的,在对现有生物质快速裂解装置类型和加热方式系统分析的基础上,提出了一种新型生物质裂解反应器——下吸式移动床裂解反应器。该裂解器的整个炉膛分为预热室和燃烧室,并在两区域连接处设置导流片。采用导流整流技术控制燃气的燃烧和热气流的流动,以保证裂解炉膛内温度均一。经过传热模型计算得到裂解器的基本结构为,炉体内径1.1m,燃烧室高度3.0m,预热室高度3.0m,炉膛内设有6根相同的裂解炉管。此裂解装置用燃气、煤或生物质热裂解产生的不凝气作为热源对裂解炉炉管内的生物质进行加热,可避免采用熔盐和砂子做中间加热介质。
在充分分析Fluent软件计算模型和算法的基础上,选取了适用于炉管内气固两相流的数学模型和具体求解方法。基于颗粒动力学理论,考虑气体与颗粒、颗粒组分以及颗粒之间的相互作用,建立了下吸式移动床裂解炉炉管内的气固两相流动模型。假设颗粒为独立的连续相,颗粒用相应的粒径、密度和弹性恢复系数、体积分数等参数表示,重点从颗粒相的能量传递、耗散以及气固相间作用考虑模型的封闭。
采用先进的CFD模拟软件FLUENT,运用欧拉——欧拉气固两相流模型和PC—SIMPLE算法,模拟了下吸式移动床裂解反应器。在不同进口气相速度下,模拟了颗粒在变径圆管(裂解炉炉管中间设有锥形段)和单纯的直行圆管内的流动特性及管内温度分布,并对两者的模拟结果进行了比较。在相同进料量的条件下,考察了粒径大小对管内固相分布的影响。结果显示,与普通直行圆管相比,变径圆管的锥形段对流场的影响更显著。在变径圆管内,颗粒经过锥形段后其运动轨迹呈“之”型,颗粒与颗粒之间发生明显的交叉现象,返混程度较强,更利于固相颗粒之间的热传递。当气相速度为0.01m/s、平均颗粒粒径为2mm时,炉管内的温度分布满足生物质快速裂解所需温度并且颗粒的停留时间是1.4s(小于2s)可有效抑制裂解气的二次裂解。
Biomass pyrolysis is not only one of the most important way for the alleviation of energy crisis , but also an effective and feasible economic routes. Among all kinds of the technological process of biomass fast pyrolysis, the final distribution of products, the quality and yield of bio-oil, depends to a great extent on the type of the cracker and the heating method, which have a great influence on the controlling of condition in the production process and utilization of heat energy. The main research of this paper was as follows:
To improve quality and increase yield of bio-oil, a new type reactor of biomass pyrolysis, downdraft moving bed pyrolysis reactor was proposed, based on systemic analysis of the type and heating method of biomass fast pyrolysis reactor. The pyrolysis reactor contained preheating chamber and combustion chamber and a flow deflector was set in the junction of the two chambers. The technology of stream guidance and rectification were employed to control the combustion of flue gas and the flow of thermal current in order to ensure uniform temperature in the furnace. The basic structure of the pyrolysis reactor were as followed, the inner diameter of furnace 1.1metre, the height of combustion chamber 3.0 metre, the height of preheating chamber 3.0 metre, there were six same cracking furnace tubes in the furnace. This cracker device used fuel gas, coal or non-condensable gas produced by biomass pyrolysis as the heat resource to heat the biomass in the furnace tube cracking furnace , so it could avoid the salt and sand being the heating medium.
On the base of sufficient analysis of computational model and algorithm in Fluent software , mathematical model and specific solution were selected that applied to gas-solid flow in the furnace. Based on the kinetic theory of granular flow, in the furnace tube of downdraft moving bed cracking furnace, a mathematical model of gas-solid flow was established taking consideration of the interaction between gases and particles as well as the interaction of granular component and particles. Assuming that particle group was separate continuous phase, and the particle was expressed by corresponding parameters such as a particle diameter , density and coefficient of restitution, volume fraction, etc. Model was closed mainly from energy transfer and dissipation in particles and the interaction of gas-solid phase.
A commercial CFD software FLUENT was used in the numerical simulation of the gas-solid flow hydrodynamic characteristics in the furnace tube by Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase models and PC-SIMPLE algorithm. The flow characteristics and temperature distribution of particles in round tube with diferent diameters and common straight-type round tube were studied when the inlet gas velocities were different, and compared these simulation results. The effect of different particle size on the distribution of the solid phase in the furnace was investigated at the same input quantity. The results showed that conical section in round tube with different diameters had a pronounced effect on its flow field comparaed with common straight-type round tube. The trajetory distribution map of these particles was like“Z”after they passed through conical section in the former, and there were obvious cross phenomena between particles and the degree of back-mixing was stronger, all these phenomena were more helpful for thermal transfer in solid particles. It was found that the temperature distribution inside the furnace would meet the temperature requirements of biomass fast pyrolysis when the gas velocity was 0.01m/s and the average particle size was 2mm. Secondary cracking of cracking gas would effectively inhibit provided the residence time of particle was less than 2s (like 1.4s).
以改善生物油的质量和提高生物油的产率为目的,在对现有生物质快速裂解装置类型和加热方式系统分析的基础上,提出了一种新型生物质裂解反应器——下吸式移动床裂解反应器。该裂解器的整个炉膛分为预热室和燃烧室,并在两区域连接处设置导流片。采用导流整流技术控制燃气的燃烧和热气流的流动,以保证裂解炉膛内温度均一。经过传热模型计算得到裂解器的基本结构为,炉体内径1.1m,燃烧室高度3.0m,预热室高度3.0m,炉膛内设有6根相同的裂解炉管。此裂解装置用燃气、煤或生物质热裂解产生的不凝气作为热源对裂解炉炉管内的生物质进行加热,可避免采用熔盐和砂子做中间加热介质。
在充分分析Fluent软件计算模型和算法的基础上,选取了适用于炉管内气固两相流的数学模型和具体求解方法。基于颗粒动力学理论,考虑气体与颗粒、颗粒组分以及颗粒之间的相互作用,建立了下吸式移动床裂解炉炉管内的气固两相流动模型。假设颗粒为独立的连续相,颗粒用相应的粒径、密度和弹性恢复系数、体积分数等参数表示,重点从颗粒相的能量传递、耗散以及气固相间作用考虑模型的封闭。
采用先进的CFD模拟软件FLUENT,运用欧拉——欧拉气固两相流模型和PC—SIMPLE算法,模拟了下吸式移动床裂解反应器。在不同进口气相速度下,模拟了颗粒在变径圆管(裂解炉炉管中间设有锥形段)和单纯的直行圆管内的流动特性及管内温度分布,并对两者的模拟结果进行了比较。在相同进料量的条件下,考察了粒径大小对管内固相分布的影响。结果显示,与普通直行圆管相比,变径圆管的锥形段对流场的影响更显著。在变径圆管内,颗粒经过锥形段后其运动轨迹呈“之”型,颗粒与颗粒之间发生明显的交叉现象,返混程度较强,更利于固相颗粒之间的热传递。当气相速度为0.01m/s、平均颗粒粒径为2mm时,炉管内的温度分布满足生物质快速裂解所需温度并且颗粒的停留时间是1.4s(小于2s)可有效抑制裂解气的二次裂解。
Biomass pyrolysis is not only one of the most important way for the alleviation of energy crisis , but also an effective and feasible economic routes. Among all kinds of the technological process of biomass fast pyrolysis, the final distribution of products, the quality and yield of bio-oil, depends to a great extent on the type of the cracker and the heating method, which have a great influence on the controlling of condition in the production process and utilization of heat energy. The main research of this paper was as follows:
To improve quality and increase yield of bio-oil, a new type reactor of biomass pyrolysis, downdraft moving bed pyrolysis reactor was proposed, based on systemic analysis of the type and heating method of biomass fast pyrolysis reactor. The pyrolysis reactor contained preheating chamber and combustion chamber and a flow deflector was set in the junction of the two chambers. The technology of stream guidance and rectification were employed to control the combustion of flue gas and the flow of thermal current in order to ensure uniform temperature in the furnace. The basic structure of the pyrolysis reactor were as followed, the inner diameter of furnace 1.1metre, the height of combustion chamber 3.0 metre, the height of preheating chamber 3.0 metre, there were six same cracking furnace tubes in the furnace. This cracker device used fuel gas, coal or non-condensable gas produced by biomass pyrolysis as the heat resource to heat the biomass in the furnace tube cracking furnace , so it could avoid the salt and sand being the heating medium.
On the base of sufficient analysis of computational model and algorithm in Fluent software , mathematical model and specific solution were selected that applied to gas-solid flow in the furnace. Based on the kinetic theory of granular flow, in the furnace tube of downdraft moving bed cracking furnace, a mathematical model of gas-solid flow was established taking consideration of the interaction between gases and particles as well as the interaction of granular component and particles. Assuming that particle group was separate continuous phase, and the particle was expressed by corresponding parameters such as a particle diameter , density and coefficient of restitution, volume fraction, etc. Model was closed mainly from energy transfer and dissipation in particles and the interaction of gas-solid phase.
A commercial CFD software FLUENT was used in the numerical simulation of the gas-solid flow hydrodynamic characteristics in the furnace tube by Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase models and PC-SIMPLE algorithm. The flow characteristics and temperature distribution of particles in round tube with diferent diameters and common straight-type round tube were studied when the inlet gas velocities were different, and compared these simulation results. The effect of different particle size on the distribution of the solid phase in the furnace was investigated at the same input quantity. The results showed that conical section in round tube with different diameters had a pronounced effect on its flow field comparaed with common straight-type round tube. The trajetory distribution map of these particles was like“Z”after they passed through conical section in the former, and there were obvious cross phenomena between particles and the degree of back-mixing was stronger, all these phenomena were more helpful for thermal transfer in solid particles. It was found that the temperature distribution inside the furnace would meet the temperature requirements of biomass fast pyrolysis when the gas velocity was 0.01m/s and the average particle size was 2mm. Secondary cracking of cracking gas would effectively inhibit provided the residence time of particle was less than 2s (like 1.4s).
引文
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