基于身份与位置分离映射的可扩展路由体系研究
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摘要
随着科学技术的不断发展,互联网已成为人们工作和生活中不可或缺的一部分,并成为推动社会进步的巨大动力。然而,自互联网诞生三十多年以来,人们对互联网的需求已经发生了显著的变化。路由可扩展问题已成为互联网快速发展中所存在的一个巨大隐患,如何提供对移动性、安全性和多家乡等的支持也成为互联网面临的重大问题。这些关键缺陷都深深植根于互联网的原始设计架构之中,传统互联网原始设计的不足,阻碍着互联网的长远健康发展,迫切需要重新研究互联网中的基础理论以及关键机制,重新构思网络架构和核心协议,以满足未来网络发展的需要。
通过深入研究互联网的初始设计思路,可以发现IP地址在语义学上的双重属性是引发互联网诸多问题的根本原因之一。在传统互联网协议体系中,IP地址既代表节点的身份信息,也代表节点的位置信息。IP地址的双重属性引发了互联网严重的路由可扩展问题,并导致互联网难以支持移动和多家乡。此外,互联网扁平化的网络结构设计也是造成路由可扩展问题的一个重要原因。本论文主要针对身份信息与位置信息分离映射的可扩展路由体系结构进行了研究,主要研究成果和创新点如下:
(1)对IP地址的身份与位置双重属性问题进行了深入研究和分析,提出了一种身份标识与位置标识分离映射的网络结构ISMA(Identifiers Separating andMapping Architecture),描述了ISMA的基本原理和标识分离映射机制,分析并讨论了ISMA对路由可扩展、移动性、安全性、位置隐私性和多家乡等的支持能力。
(2)对互联网路由可扩展问题的产生原因和研究现状进行了全面的分析,基于ISMA提出了一种接入标识与路由标识替换的可扩展路由体系S-ISMA(Swapping based ISMA),设计了S-ISMA的网络结构,详细阐述了S-ISMA的工作机制和协议流程。利用现有互联网的实际数据对S-ISMA进行了性能分析,证明了S-ISMA能够较为有效的解决路由可扩展问题。开发了S-ISMA原型系统,对S-ISMA进行了功能和性能测试。
(3)研究了身份与位置分离映射机制中最核心和关键的映射信息解析问题,构建了一种分等级的分布式映射信息数据库,详细介绍了映射信息的扩散机制,设计了映射信息的汇报、查询、更新等流程。通过性能分析和原型系统测试证明了所提出的映射信息解析机制的合理性和有效性。
(4)创建了S-ISMA中基于网络的移动管理机制,研究了S-ISMA的移动性支持原理,设计了移动检测、移动切换和位置更新流程,分析了S-ISMA移动管理机制在快速切换、路由优化、可控可管、保护位置隐私和降低无线链路开销等方面的优势。性能分析表明S-ISMA能够有效支持绝大部分实时应用,原型系统的验证进一步说明了S-ISMA对移动性支持的可行性和有效性。
(5)提出了一种从传统互联网向S-ISMA平滑过渡的方案,使得传统互联网体系结构与S-ISMA能够长期并存,两种网络的用户能够正常通信。过渡方案给率先部署S-ISMA的服务提供商和用户网络带来激励性的利益,能够促进传统互联网向S-ISMA的尽快过渡。
With the rapid development of science and technology,the Internet has been one of the necessities of daily life and a basal driving force of human society.However,since the birth of the Internet about 30 years ago,people's requirements for the Internet have been changing a lot.Routing scalability is becoming a big challenge facing the current Internet.Besides,the Internet cannot meet the needs such as mobility,security and multihoming.Most of the drawbacks of the current Internet root in its designing principles,and hamper its long-term development.It is necessary to free our collective minds from the constraints of the current state of networking,and build a future Internet together with its network architecture,principles,and mechanisms.
Through in-depth study on the designing principles of the current Internet,we can see that many problems arise from the overloading of IP addresses with the semantics of both "who"(endpoint identifier,as used by transport layer) and "where"(locators for the routing system).This kind of overloading has had deep implications for the routing scalability,mobility and multihoming of the current Internet.The flat architecture of the current Internet is another main reason for the routing scalability problem.This dissertation focuses on the study of a scalable routing architecture based on separating and mapping of identity and locator.The main research points and innovations are outlined as follows:
(1)An identity/locator separated network architecture called ISMA(Identifiers Separating and Mapping Architecture) is proposed.The designing principles and working schemes of ISMA are presented.ISMA separates customer networks from core network strictly,and decouples node identities from their locators.The separating and mapping scheme provides efficient improvements in routing scalability,mobility, security,location privacy and multihoming.
(2)A scalable routing architecture called S-ISMA(Swapping based ISMA) is introduced.S-ISMA is an implementation of ISMA.The working schemes and detailed approaches of S-ISMA are presented.Analyses show that S-ISMA can solve the routing sealability problem efficiently.A prototype is established and some experiments are performed to show that S-ISMA is feasible and effective.
(3)A scheme for identity/locator mapping service is designed.The mapping service is a key issue of all identity/locator separation schemes.A hierarchical distributed database for the identity/locator mapping information is presented.The report,query and update procedures of identity/locator mapping information are introduced.Analyses show that the design is feasible and effective.
(4)A network based mobility management scheme in S-ISMA is proposed.The procedures of mobility detection,handover,and location update are introduced.The network based mobility management scheme has some advantages in faster handover, route optimism,easier management,security,location privacy and decreasing assumptions on wireless channels.Analyses show that its handover delay can satisfy most of the real-time applications.Some experiments are performed in the prototype and results show that the mobility management scheme is effective.
(5)A smooth transition solution from the current Internet to S-ISMA is proposed.The current Internet and S-ISMA can work together for a long time,and users in these two kinds of networks can communicate with each other easily.Furthermore,the solution can bring great benefits for the Internet service providers and users who deploy S-ISMA first.
通过深入研究互联网的初始设计思路,可以发现IP地址在语义学上的双重属性是引发互联网诸多问题的根本原因之一。在传统互联网协议体系中,IP地址既代表节点的身份信息,也代表节点的位置信息。IP地址的双重属性引发了互联网严重的路由可扩展问题,并导致互联网难以支持移动和多家乡。此外,互联网扁平化的网络结构设计也是造成路由可扩展问题的一个重要原因。本论文主要针对身份信息与位置信息分离映射的可扩展路由体系结构进行了研究,主要研究成果和创新点如下:
(1)对IP地址的身份与位置双重属性问题进行了深入研究和分析,提出了一种身份标识与位置标识分离映射的网络结构ISMA(Identifiers Separating andMapping Architecture),描述了ISMA的基本原理和标识分离映射机制,分析并讨论了ISMA对路由可扩展、移动性、安全性、位置隐私性和多家乡等的支持能力。
(2)对互联网路由可扩展问题的产生原因和研究现状进行了全面的分析,基于ISMA提出了一种接入标识与路由标识替换的可扩展路由体系S-ISMA(Swapping based ISMA),设计了S-ISMA的网络结构,详细阐述了S-ISMA的工作机制和协议流程。利用现有互联网的实际数据对S-ISMA进行了性能分析,证明了S-ISMA能够较为有效的解决路由可扩展问题。开发了S-ISMA原型系统,对S-ISMA进行了功能和性能测试。
(3)研究了身份与位置分离映射机制中最核心和关键的映射信息解析问题,构建了一种分等级的分布式映射信息数据库,详细介绍了映射信息的扩散机制,设计了映射信息的汇报、查询、更新等流程。通过性能分析和原型系统测试证明了所提出的映射信息解析机制的合理性和有效性。
(4)创建了S-ISMA中基于网络的移动管理机制,研究了S-ISMA的移动性支持原理,设计了移动检测、移动切换和位置更新流程,分析了S-ISMA移动管理机制在快速切换、路由优化、可控可管、保护位置隐私和降低无线链路开销等方面的优势。性能分析表明S-ISMA能够有效支持绝大部分实时应用,原型系统的验证进一步说明了S-ISMA对移动性支持的可行性和有效性。
(5)提出了一种从传统互联网向S-ISMA平滑过渡的方案,使得传统互联网体系结构与S-ISMA能够长期并存,两种网络的用户能够正常通信。过渡方案给率先部署S-ISMA的服务提供商和用户网络带来激励性的利益,能够促进传统互联网向S-ISMA的尽快过渡。
With the rapid development of science and technology,the Internet has been one of the necessities of daily life and a basal driving force of human society.However,since the birth of the Internet about 30 years ago,people's requirements for the Internet have been changing a lot.Routing scalability is becoming a big challenge facing the current Internet.Besides,the Internet cannot meet the needs such as mobility,security and multihoming.Most of the drawbacks of the current Internet root in its designing principles,and hamper its long-term development.It is necessary to free our collective minds from the constraints of the current state of networking,and build a future Internet together with its network architecture,principles,and mechanisms.
Through in-depth study on the designing principles of the current Internet,we can see that many problems arise from the overloading of IP addresses with the semantics of both "who"(endpoint identifier,as used by transport layer) and "where"(locators for the routing system).This kind of overloading has had deep implications for the routing scalability,mobility and multihoming of the current Internet.The flat architecture of the current Internet is another main reason for the routing scalability problem.This dissertation focuses on the study of a scalable routing architecture based on separating and mapping of identity and locator.The main research points and innovations are outlined as follows:
(1)An identity/locator separated network architecture called ISMA(Identifiers Separating and Mapping Architecture) is proposed.The designing principles and working schemes of ISMA are presented.ISMA separates customer networks from core network strictly,and decouples node identities from their locators.The separating and mapping scheme provides efficient improvements in routing scalability,mobility, security,location privacy and multihoming.
(2)A scalable routing architecture called S-ISMA(Swapping based ISMA) is introduced.S-ISMA is an implementation of ISMA.The working schemes and detailed approaches of S-ISMA are presented.Analyses show that S-ISMA can solve the routing sealability problem efficiently.A prototype is established and some experiments are performed to show that S-ISMA is feasible and effective.
(3)A scheme for identity/locator mapping service is designed.The mapping service is a key issue of all identity/locator separation schemes.A hierarchical distributed database for the identity/locator mapping information is presented.The report,query and update procedures of identity/locator mapping information are introduced.Analyses show that the design is feasible and effective.
(4)A network based mobility management scheme in S-ISMA is proposed.The procedures of mobility detection,handover,and location update are introduced.The network based mobility management scheme has some advantages in faster handover, route optimism,easier management,security,location privacy and decreasing assumptions on wireless channels.Analyses show that its handover delay can satisfy most of the real-time applications.Some experiments are performed in the prototype and results show that the mobility management scheme is effective.
(5)A smooth transition solution from the current Internet to S-ISMA is proposed.The current Internet and S-ISMA can work together for a long time,and users in these two kinds of networks can communicate with each other easily.Furthermore,the solution can bring great benefits for the Internet service providers and users who deploy S-ISMA first.
引文
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[84]B.Zhang,D.Massey,D.Pei,L.Wang,L.Zhang,R.Oliveira,and V.Kambhampati.A Secure and Scalable Internet Routing Architecture(SIRA).Technical Report TR06-01,University of Arizona,April 2006.
[85]X.Yang,D.Clark,and W.Berger.NIRA:A New Inter-Domain Routing Architecture.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,Vol.15,No.4,2007,pp.775-788.
[86]L.Subramanian,M.Caesar,Cheng Tien Ee,and M.Handley.HLP:A Next Generation Interdomain Routing Protocol.ACM SIGCOMM 2005,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,USA,2005,pp.13-24.
[87]M.Caesar,T.Condie,J.Kannan,K.Lakshminarayanan,I.Stoica,and S.Shenker.ROFL:Routing on Flat Labels.ACM SIGCOMM 2006,Pisa,Italy,2006,pp.363-374.
[88]李信满.路由转发表的可扩展问题研究.中国教育网络,No.5,2007,pp.24-25.
[89]R.Hinden,S.Deering.IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture.RFC 2373,July 1998.
[90]R.Hinden,M.O'Dell,and S.Deering.An IPv6 Aggregatable Global Unicast Address Format.RFC 2374,July 1998.
[91]Advanced Network Technology Center and University of Oregon.The RouteViews project.http://www.routeviews.org/.
[92]R.Oliveira,R.Izhak-Ratzin,B.Zhang,and L.Zhang.Measurement of Highly Active Prefixes in BGP.IEEE GLOBCOM 2005,St.Louis,Missouri,USA,2005,pp.894-898.
[93]G.Huston,G.Armitage.Projecting Future Ipv4 Router Requirements from Trends in Dynamic BGP Behaviour.Australian Telecommunication Networks & Applications Conference(ATNAC),Australia,December 2006.
[94]http://bgpupdates.potaroo.net/instability/bgpupd.html.
[95]M.Handley,H.Schulzrinne,E.Schooler,and J.Rosenberg.SIP:Session Initiation Protocol.RFC 2543,March 1999.
[96]http://www.wireshark.org/.
[97]D.Farinacci,V.Fuller,and D.Meyer.LISP alternative topology(LISP-ALT).Internet Draft,draft-fuller-lisp-alt-01,November 2007.
[98]L.Mathy,L.Iannone,and O.Bonaventure,"LISP-DHT:towards a DHT to map identifiers onto locators," IETF Internet Draft,draft-mathy-lisp-dht-00,February 2008.
[99]S.Brim,N.Chiappa,D.Farinacci,V.Fuller,D.Lewis,and D.Meyer.LISP-CONS:A content distribution overlay network service for LISP.Internet Draft,draft-meyer-lisp-cons-03,November 2007.
[100]E.Lear.NERD:A Not-so-novel EID to RLOC Database.Internet Draft,draft-lear-lisp-nerd-04,April 2008.
[101]D.Farinacci,T.Li,S.Hanks,D.Meyer,and P.Traina.Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE).RFC 2748,March 2000.
[102]I.Stoica,R.Morris,D.Lieben-Nowell,D.Karger,M.Kaashoek,F.Dabek,and H.Balakrishnan.Chord:a scalable peer-to-peer lookup protocol for Internet applications.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networks,Vol.11,No.1,2003,pp.17-32.
[103]R.Fielding,J.Gettys,J.Mogul,H.Frystyk,L.Masinter,P.Leach,and T.Berners-Lee.Hypertext Transfer Protocol--HTTP/1.1.RFC 2616,June 1999.
[104]李丹,吴建平,崔勇,徐恪.互联网名字空间结构及其解析服务研究.软件学报,Vol.16,No.8,2005,pp.1445-1455.
[105]S.Murphy.BGP Security Analysis.Internet Draft,draft-murphy-bgp-secr-04(work in progress),November 2001.
[106]R.White.Architecture and Deployment Considerations for Secure Origin BGP(soBGP).Internet Draft,draft-white-sobgparchitecture-00(work in progress),May 2004.
[107]T.Dierks,E.Rescorla.The Transport Layer Security(TLS) Protocol Version 1.1.RFC 4346,April 2006.
[108]C.Perkins.IP Mobility Support for IPv4,revised.Internet Draft,draft-ietf-mip4-rfc3344bis-06,March 2008.
[109]D.Johnson,C.Perkins,and J.Arkko.Mobility Support in Ipv6.RFC 3775,June 2004.
[110]N.Nakajima,A.Dutta,S.Das,and H.Schnlzrinne.Handoff delay analysis and measurement for SIP based mobility in IPv6.IEEE ICC 2003,Vol.2,2003,pp.1085-1089.
[111]R.Koodli.IP Address Location Privacy and Mobile IPv6:Problem Statement.RFC 4882,May 2007.
[112]R.Koodli,C.E.Perkins.Mobile IPv4 fast handovers.RFC 4988,October 2007.
[113]R.Koodli.Mobile IPv6 fast handovers.RFC 5268,June 2008.
[114]E.Fogelstroem,A.Jonsson,and C.E.Perkins.Mobile IPv4 regional registration.RFC 4857,June 2007.
[115]H.Soliman,C.Castelluccia,K.El Malki,and L.Bellier.Hierarchical mobile IPv6mobility management(HMIPv6).RFC 4140,August 2005.
[116]R.Wakikawa,S.Gundavelli.IPv4 support for proxy mobile IPv6.Internet Draft,draft-ietf-netlmm-pmip6-ipv4-support-03,May 2008.
[117]S.Gundavelli,K.Leung,V.Devarapalli,K.Chowdhury,and B.Patil.Proxy mobile IPv6.Internet Draft,draft-ietf-netlmm-proxymip6-18,2008.
[118]A.G.Valko.Cellular IP:a new approach to Internet host mobility.ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review,vol.29,no.1,1999,pp.50-65.
[119]R.Ramjee,T.La Porta,S.Thuel,K.Varadhan,and S.Y.Wang.HAWAⅡ:a domain-based approach for supporting mobility in wide-area wireless networks.Seventh International Conference on Network Protocols(ICNP'99),1999,pp.283-293.
[120]R.Ramjee,K.Varadhan,L.Salgarelli,S.R.Thuel,S.Wang,and T.La Porta.HAWAⅡ:a domain-based approach for Supporting mobility in wide-area wireless networks.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,vol.10,no.3,2002,pp.396-410.
[121]P.Lam,S.Liew,and J.Lee.Cellular Universal IP:A Low Delay Mobility Scheme based on Universal IP Addressing.MSWiM'05,ACM/IEEE,2005,pp.323-332.
[122]T.Narten,E.Nordmark,and W.Simpson.Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6(Ipv6).RFC 2461,December 1998.
[123]S.Thomson,T.Narten.IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration.RFC 2462,December 1998.
[124]P.McCann.Mobile IPv6 fast handovers for 802.11 networks.RFC 4260,November 2005.
[125]K.Claffy,G.Miller,and K.Thompson.The nature of the beast:recent traffic measurements from an Internet backbone,http://www.caida.org/publications/papers/1998/Inet98/Inet98.html.
[2]J.Abley,K.Lindqvist,E.Davies,B.Black,and V.Gill.IPv4 Multihoming Practices and Limitations.RFC 4116,July 2005.
[3]J.Abley,B.Black,and V.Gill.Goals for IPv6 Site-Multihoming Architectures.RFC 3582,August 2003.
[4]D.Awduche,A.Chiu,A.Elwalid,I.Widjaja,and X.Xiao.Overview and Principles of Internet Traffic Engineering.RFC 3272,May 2002.
[5]T.Li.Router Scalability and Moore's Law.http://www.iab.org/about/workshops/routingan daddressing/Router_Scalability.pdf.
[6]GENI:Global Environment for Network Innovations.http://www.geni.net.
[7]M.Handley.Why the Internet only just works.BT Technology Journal,Vol.24,No.3,2006,pp.119-129.
[8]NewArch project:future-generation Internet architecture.http://www.isi.edu/newarch.
[9]FIND:Future Internet Network Design.http://find.isi.edu.
[10]FIRE:Future Internet Research and Experimentation.http://cordis.europa.eu/ist/fet/comm s-fire.htm.
[11]张宏科,苏伟.新网络体系基础研究——一体化网络与普适服务.电子学报,Vol.35,No.4,2007,pp.599-606.
[12]董平,秦雅娟,张宏科.支持普适服务的一体化网络研究.电子学报,Vol.35,No.4,2007,pp.599-606.
[13]杨冬,周华春,张宏科.基于一体化网络的普适服务研究.电子学报,Vol.35,No.4,2007,pp.607-613.
[14]J.Postel.Internetwork Protocol.RFC 791,September 1981.
[15]S.Deering,R.Hinden.Internet Protocol,Version 6(IPv6) Specification.RFC 2460,December 1998.
[16]J.Saltzer.On the naming and binding of network destinations.RFC 1498,August 1993.
[17]D.Clark,R.Braden,A.Falk,and V.Pingali.FARA:Reorganizing the Addressing Architecture.Proc.ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Future Directions in Network Architecture(FDNA),Karlsruhe,Germany,August 2003,pp.313-321.
[18]A.Feldmann,O.Maennel,Z.Mao,A.Berger,and B.Maggs.Locating Internet Routing Instabilities.ACM SIGCOMM 2004,Portland,Oregon,USA,2004,pp.205-218.
[19]R.Droms.Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.RFC 2131,March 1997.
[20]R.Droms,J.Bound,B.Volz,T.Lemon,C.Perkins,and M.Carney.Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6(DHCPv6).RFC 3315,July 2003.
[21]Y.Rekhter,B.Moskowitz,D.Karrenberg,G.J.de Groot,and E.Lear.Address Allocation for Private Internets.RFC 1918,February 1996.
[22]P.Srisuresh,K.Egevang.Traditional IP Network Address Translator(Traditional NAT).RFC 3022,January 2001.
[23]P.Srisuresh,M.Holdrege.IP Network Address Translator(NAT) Terminology and Considerations.RFC 2663,August 1999.
[24]H.Balakrishnan,K.Lakshminarayanan,S.Ratuasamy,S.Shenker,I.Stoica,and M.Walfish.A layered naming architecture for the Internet.ACM SIGCOMM 2004,Portland,Oregon,USA,2004,pp.343-352.
[25]M.Walfish,J.Stribling,M.Krohn,H.Balakrishnan,R.Morris,and S.Shenker.Middleboxes no longer considered harmful.OSDI '04:6th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation,December 2004,pp.215-230.
[26]P.Francis,R.Gummadi.IPNL:a NAT-extended Internet architecture.ACM SIGCOMM 2001.San Diego,California,USA,2001,pp.69-80.
[27]D.Cheriton,M.Gritter.TRIAD:a scalable deployable NAT-based Internet architecture.Technical report,January 2000.
[28]A.Jonsson,M.Folke,and B.Ahlgren.The split naming/forwarding network architecture.Proc.Swedish National Computer Networking Workshop(SN NW),Arlandastad,Sweden,2003.
[29]R.Moskowitz,P.Nikander.Host Identity Protocol(HIP) Architecture.RFC 4423,May 2006.
[30]P Nikander,J Arkko,and B Ohlman.Host Identity Indirection Infrastructure.The Second Swedish National Computer Networking Workshop 2004(SNCNW2004),2004.
[31]E.Nordmark and M.Bagnulo.Shim6:Level 3 Multihoming Shim Protocol for Ipv6.Internet Draft,draft-ietf-shim6-proto-10,February 2008.
[32]F Teraoka,M Ishiyama,and M Kunishi.LIN6:A Solution to Mobility and Multi-Homing in IPv6.Internet Draft,draft-teraoka-ipng-lin6-02,June 2003.
[33]R.Atkinson,S.Bhatti.An Introduction to the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol(ILNP).LCS2006:London Communications Symposium 2006,London,UK,2006.
[34]R.Atkinson.ILNP Concept of Operations.Intemet Draft,draft-rja-ilnp-intro-01,June 2008.
[35]R.Atkinson.Nonce Destination Option.Internet Draft,draft-rja-ilnp-nonce-00,June 2008.
[36]H.Yumiba,K.Imai,and M.Yabusaki.IP-Based IMT Network Platform.IEEE Personal Communications Magazine,vol.8,issue 5,2001,pp.18-23.
[37]T.Okagawa,K.Nishida,and A.Miura.A Proposed Routing Procedure in IP~2.Vehicular Technology Conference,2003,Vol.3,pp.2083-2087.
[38]Katsutoshi Nishida,Shin-ichi Isobe,Tomohiko Yagyu,and Ippei Akiyoshi.Implementation and Evaluation of a Network-Controlled Mobility Management Protocol (I~P2MM):Performance Evaluation Compared with Mobile Ipv6.Wireless Communications and Networking Conference,2005,Vol.3,pp.1402-1408.
[39]M.O'Dell.GSE - An Alternate Addressing Architecture for Ipv6.Internet Draft,http://www.watersprings.org/pub/id/draft-ietf-ipngwg-gseaddr-00.txt,1997.
[40]Juan Jose Adan.Tunneled Inter-domain Routing(TIDR).Internet Draft,draft-adan-idr-tidr-01,November 2006.
[41]D.Farinacci,V.Fuller,D.Oran,and D.Meyer.Locator/ID Separation Protocol(LISP).Internet Draft,draft-farinacci-lisp-06.txt,February 2008.
[42]R.Whittle.Ivip(internet Vastly Improved Plumbing) Architecture.Internet Draft,draft-whittle-ivip-arch-00,July 2007.
[43]B.Carpenter,S.Brim.Middleboxes:Taxonomy and issues.RFC 3234,February 2002.
[44]T.Berners-Lee,L.Masinter,and M.McCahill.Uniform Resource Locators(URL).RFC 1738,December 1994.
[45]D.Eastlake.Domain Name System(DNS) Case Insensitivity Clarification.RFC 4343,January 2006.
[46]E.Lewis.The Role of Wildcards in the Domain Name System.RFC 4592,July 2006.
[47]J.Postel.Transmission Control Protocol.RFC 793,September 1981.
[48]R.Moskowitz,P.Nikander,P.Jokela,and T.Henderson.Host Identity Protocol.RFC 5201,April 2008.
[49]T.Aura,A.Nagarajan,and A.Gurtov.Analysis of the HIP Base Exchange Protocol.Proceedings of the 10th Australasian Conference on Information Security and Privacy (ACISP),Brishbane,Australia,2005,Lecture Notes in Computer Science(LNCS),vol.3574,2005,pp.481-493.
[50]J.Laganier,L.Eggert.Host Identity Protocol(HIP) Rendezvous Extension.Internet Draft,draft-ietf-hip-rvs-05,June 2006.
[51]P.Nikander,T.Henderson,C.Vogt,and J.Arkko.End-host mobility and multihoming with the host identity protocol.RFC 5206,April 2008.
[52]Pekka Nikander,Jukka Ylitalo,and Jorma Wall.Integrating Security,Mobility,and Multi-homing in a HIP Way.Network and Distributed Systems Security Symposium (NDSS'03),2003,San Diego,CA,2003,pp.87-99.
[53]I.Stoica,D.Adldns,S.Zhuang,S.Shenker,and S.Surana.Internet Indirection Infrastructure.ACM SIGCOMM 2002,Pittsburgh,PA,USA,2002,pp.73-88.
[54]D.Adkins,K.Lakshminarayanan,A.Perrig and I.Stoica.Towards a More Functional and Secure Network Infrastructure.Technical Report No.UCB/CSD-03-1242,EECS Department,University of California,Berkeley,CA,USA,2003.
[55]R.Hinden,S.Deering.IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture.RFC 4219,February 2006.
[56]IEEE.Guidelines for 64-bit Global Identifier(EUI-64).IEEE Standards Association,2007.
[57]Y.Rekhter,T.Li,and S.Hares.A Border Gateway Protocol 4(BGP-4).RFC 4271,January 2006.
[58]T.Bates,Y.Rekhter,R.Chandra,and D.Katz.Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4.RFC 2858,June 2000.
[59]R.Whittle.Ivip Mapping Database Fast Push.Internet Draft,draft-whittle-ivip-db-fast-push-00,February 2008.
[60]D.Meyer,L.Zhang,and K.Fall.Report from the IAB Workshop on routing and addressing.RFC 4984.September 2007.
[61]The 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP).http://www.3gpp.org/.
[62]3GPP.3G Security:Security Architecture.3G TS 33.102.
[63]G Malkin.RIP Version 2.RFC 2453,November 1998.
[64]J.Moy.OSPF Version 2.RFC 2328,April 1998.
[65]R.Coltun,D.Ferguson,J.Moy,and A.Lindem.OSPF for Ipv6.RFC 5340,July 2008.
[66]ISO.Intermediate System to Intermediate System Intra-Domain Routeing Exchange Protocol for use in Conjunction with the Protocol for Providing the Connectionless-mode Network Service(ISO 8473).ISO DP 10589,February 1990.
[67]R.Callon.Use of OSI IS-IS for routing in TCP/IP and dual environments.RFC 1195,December 1990.
[68]The CIDR Report.http://www.cidr-report.org.
[69]The IAB workshop on the future of routing and addressing in the Internet.http://www.ia b.org/about/workshops/routingandaddressing/.
[70]L.Kleinrock,F.Kamoun.Hierarchical Routing for Large Networks.Computer Networks,vol.1,no.3,1977,pp.155-174.
[71]X.Zhang,P.Francis,J.Wang,and K.Yoshida.Scaling IP Routing with the Core Router-Integrated Overlay.Proceedings of 14th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols,2006,Santa Barbara,CA,USA,2006,pp.147-156.
[72]D.Karrenberg.IPv4 Address Allocation and Assignment Policies for the RIPE NCC Service Region.RIPE-424,http://www.ripe.net/docs/ipv4-policies.html,2007.
[73]C.Vogt,Six/One:A Solution for Routing and Addressing in IPv6,Internet Engineering Task Force,drafl-vogt-rrg-six-one-01,November 2007.
[74]Routing Research Group(RRG).http://wiki.tools.ietf.org/group/irtf/trac/wiki/RoutingRes earchGroup.
[75]O.Bonaventure.Reconsidering the Internet Routing Architecture.http://www.info.ucl.ac.be/～obo/papers/rrg.pdf,March 2007.
[76]D.Jen,M.Meisel,D.Massey,L.Wang,B.Zhang,and L.Zhang.APT:A Practical Transit Mapping Service.Internet Draft,draft-jen-apt-01,November 18,2007.
[77]C.Vogt.Six/One Router Specification.http://users.piuha.net/chvogt/pub/2008/vogt-2008-six-one-router-spec.pdf.
[78]C.Vogt.Proxy Support for Six/One.http://users.piuha.net/chvogt/pub/2007/vogt-2007-s ix-one-proxy-support-pre.pdf.
[79]Tunneling Route Reduction Protocol(TRRP).http://bill.herrin.us/network/trrp.html.
[80]Tunneling Route Reduction Protocol(TRRP) Conceptual Summary and Analysis for RRG.http://bill.herrin.us/network/trrp-rrg.html.
[81]J.Hawkinson,T.Bates.Guidelines for creation,selection,and registration of an Autonomous System(AS).RFC 1930,March 1996.
[82]B.Zhang,L.Zhang.eFIT:enabling Future Internet innovations through Transit wire.http://www.cs.arizona.edu/～bzhang/projects.htm.
[83]D.Massey,L.Wang,B.Zhang,and L.Zhang.A Scalable Routing System Design for Future Internet.IPv6'07,Kyoto,Japan,2007.
[84]B.Zhang,D.Massey,D.Pei,L.Wang,L.Zhang,R.Oliveira,and V.Kambhampati.A Secure and Scalable Internet Routing Architecture(SIRA).Technical Report TR06-01,University of Arizona,April 2006.
[85]X.Yang,D.Clark,and W.Berger.NIRA:A New Inter-Domain Routing Architecture.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,Vol.15,No.4,2007,pp.775-788.
[86]L.Subramanian,M.Caesar,Cheng Tien Ee,and M.Handley.HLP:A Next Generation Interdomain Routing Protocol.ACM SIGCOMM 2005,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,USA,2005,pp.13-24.
[87]M.Caesar,T.Condie,J.Kannan,K.Lakshminarayanan,I.Stoica,and S.Shenker.ROFL:Routing on Flat Labels.ACM SIGCOMM 2006,Pisa,Italy,2006,pp.363-374.
[88]李信满.路由转发表的可扩展问题研究.中国教育网络,No.5,2007,pp.24-25.
[89]R.Hinden,S.Deering.IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture.RFC 2373,July 1998.
[90]R.Hinden,M.O'Dell,and S.Deering.An IPv6 Aggregatable Global Unicast Address Format.RFC 2374,July 1998.
[91]Advanced Network Technology Center and University of Oregon.The RouteViews project.http://www.routeviews.org/.
[92]R.Oliveira,R.Izhak-Ratzin,B.Zhang,and L.Zhang.Measurement of Highly Active Prefixes in BGP.IEEE GLOBCOM 2005,St.Louis,Missouri,USA,2005,pp.894-898.
[93]G.Huston,G.Armitage.Projecting Future Ipv4 Router Requirements from Trends in Dynamic BGP Behaviour.Australian Telecommunication Networks & Applications Conference(ATNAC),Australia,December 2006.
[94]http://bgpupdates.potaroo.net/instability/bgpupd.html.
[95]M.Handley,H.Schulzrinne,E.Schooler,and J.Rosenberg.SIP:Session Initiation Protocol.RFC 2543,March 1999.
[96]http://www.wireshark.org/.
[97]D.Farinacci,V.Fuller,and D.Meyer.LISP alternative topology(LISP-ALT).Internet Draft,draft-fuller-lisp-alt-01,November 2007.
[98]L.Mathy,L.Iannone,and O.Bonaventure,"LISP-DHT:towards a DHT to map identifiers onto locators," IETF Internet Draft,draft-mathy-lisp-dht-00,February 2008.
[99]S.Brim,N.Chiappa,D.Farinacci,V.Fuller,D.Lewis,and D.Meyer.LISP-CONS:A content distribution overlay network service for LISP.Internet Draft,draft-meyer-lisp-cons-03,November 2007.
[100]E.Lear.NERD:A Not-so-novel EID to RLOC Database.Internet Draft,draft-lear-lisp-nerd-04,April 2008.
[101]D.Farinacci,T.Li,S.Hanks,D.Meyer,and P.Traina.Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE).RFC 2748,March 2000.
[102]I.Stoica,R.Morris,D.Lieben-Nowell,D.Karger,M.Kaashoek,F.Dabek,and H.Balakrishnan.Chord:a scalable peer-to-peer lookup protocol for Internet applications.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networks,Vol.11,No.1,2003,pp.17-32.
[103]R.Fielding,J.Gettys,J.Mogul,H.Frystyk,L.Masinter,P.Leach,and T.Berners-Lee.Hypertext Transfer Protocol--HTTP/1.1.RFC 2616,June 1999.
[104]李丹,吴建平,崔勇,徐恪.互联网名字空间结构及其解析服务研究.软件学报,Vol.16,No.8,2005,pp.1445-1455.
[105]S.Murphy.BGP Security Analysis.Internet Draft,draft-murphy-bgp-secr-04(work in progress),November 2001.
[106]R.White.Architecture and Deployment Considerations for Secure Origin BGP(soBGP).Internet Draft,draft-white-sobgparchitecture-00(work in progress),May 2004.
[107]T.Dierks,E.Rescorla.The Transport Layer Security(TLS) Protocol Version 1.1.RFC 4346,April 2006.
[108]C.Perkins.IP Mobility Support for IPv4,revised.Internet Draft,draft-ietf-mip4-rfc3344bis-06,March 2008.
[109]D.Johnson,C.Perkins,and J.Arkko.Mobility Support in Ipv6.RFC 3775,June 2004.
[110]N.Nakajima,A.Dutta,S.Das,and H.Schnlzrinne.Handoff delay analysis and measurement for SIP based mobility in IPv6.IEEE ICC 2003,Vol.2,2003,pp.1085-1089.
[111]R.Koodli.IP Address Location Privacy and Mobile IPv6:Problem Statement.RFC 4882,May 2007.
[112]R.Koodli,C.E.Perkins.Mobile IPv4 fast handovers.RFC 4988,October 2007.
[113]R.Koodli.Mobile IPv6 fast handovers.RFC 5268,June 2008.
[114]E.Fogelstroem,A.Jonsson,and C.E.Perkins.Mobile IPv4 regional registration.RFC 4857,June 2007.
[115]H.Soliman,C.Castelluccia,K.El Malki,and L.Bellier.Hierarchical mobile IPv6mobility management(HMIPv6).RFC 4140,August 2005.
[116]R.Wakikawa,S.Gundavelli.IPv4 support for proxy mobile IPv6.Internet Draft,draft-ietf-netlmm-pmip6-ipv4-support-03,May 2008.
[117]S.Gundavelli,K.Leung,V.Devarapalli,K.Chowdhury,and B.Patil.Proxy mobile IPv6.Internet Draft,draft-ietf-netlmm-proxymip6-18,2008.
[118]A.G.Valko.Cellular IP:a new approach to Internet host mobility.ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review,vol.29,no.1,1999,pp.50-65.
[119]R.Ramjee,T.La Porta,S.Thuel,K.Varadhan,and S.Y.Wang.HAWAⅡ:a domain-based approach for supporting mobility in wide-area wireless networks.Seventh International Conference on Network Protocols(ICNP'99),1999,pp.283-293.
[120]R.Ramjee,K.Varadhan,L.Salgarelli,S.R.Thuel,S.Wang,and T.La Porta.HAWAⅡ:a domain-based approach for Supporting mobility in wide-area wireless networks.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,vol.10,no.3,2002,pp.396-410.
[121]P.Lam,S.Liew,and J.Lee.Cellular Universal IP:A Low Delay Mobility Scheme based on Universal IP Addressing.MSWiM'05,ACM/IEEE,2005,pp.323-332.
[122]T.Narten,E.Nordmark,and W.Simpson.Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6(Ipv6).RFC 2461,December 1998.
[123]S.Thomson,T.Narten.IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration.RFC 2462,December 1998.
[124]P.McCann.Mobile IPv6 fast handovers for 802.11 networks.RFC 4260,November 2005.
[125]K.Claffy,G.Miller,and K.Thompson.The nature of the beast:recent traffic measurements from an Internet backbone,http://www.caida.org/publications/papers/1998/Inet98/Inet98.html.