基于分布式约束满足算法的无线信道分配研究
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摘要
无线蜂窝通信技术在移动通信发展史上有着里程碑的意义。近年来,随着移动通信系统在全球范围内的部署以各类移动通信业务功能的开发,蜂窝网已经成为应用最为广泛、业务最为繁重的移动通信网络之一。因此,如何有效利用有限的频谱资源保证通信质量是蜂窝网络技术研究中的一个重要课题。
通过改善信道分配技术,降低移动终端间的干扰冲突,能够提升网络可承载的移动终端数量。随着用户呼叫阻塞率和切换失败概率的减少,网络的性能也随着提升。当前的许多相关研究工作主要为设计各种优化算法,以求解最优或者次优的信道分配。而在实际蜂窝网的应用中,该信道分配算法的设计面临一下几个方面的挑战：
●有效支持大规模部署的信道分配算法
信道分配问题(Channel Assignment Problem, CAP)属于组合优化中的NP完备问题。对于解决NP完备问题,目前已存在若干优化算法在各种严格的约束条件下,如同频干扰约束(co-channel constraint),邻频干扰约束(adjacent channel constraint)和同位干扰约束(co-site constraint)等,都可以获得最优解。但是,在对于移动通信营业商来讲,集中式的最优化算法复杂度较高并且难以部署。当有话务产生、流量需求时,能够及时响应并分配信道以满足所有用户的请求,是运营商更加接受的解决方案。
●有效支持移动切换的信道分配算法
在蜂窝网络中,终端属于移动状态,可以在一个小区或多个小区之间越区运动。在蜂窝网络中,信道切换常常发生。通信被中断比呼叫被拒绝更加让人难以接受。目前提出的解决方案是借用信道。但是盲目地向邻小区借用信道,将导致邻小区处于拥塞状态。因此,需要结合借用信道等信道切换机制,设计更加有效的信道分配方案,减少多个小区的用户呼叫阻塞。
●支持多跳蜂窝网场景的联合路由和信道分配算法
多跳蜂窝网络(Multi-hop cellular networks, MCN)是近年来被广泛关注的一种新型的蜂窝网络架构,被认为是未来4G网络建设的无线架构之一。在多跳蜂窝网络中,死区(dead spots)问题和热区(hot spots)问题依然存在,因此,有必要设计高效的多跳中继／路由协议和信道分配算法以适应蜂窝网络中终端的高移动性。MCN中信道分配问题与路由问题是相互影响的——不同的信道分配对应不同网络拓扑,影响路由协议的决策；而不同的路由决策将影响各信道的负载状态,进一步影响信道分配的结果。现有的工作通常将两个问题单独处理,因此无法有效地解决蜂窝网络中的负载拥塞问题。
综合以上考虑,本文提出了一种基于分布式约束满足问题(Distributed Constraint Satisfaction Problem, DCSP)的信道分配方案。此论文由“自然科学基金”和“湖北省智能互联网重点实验室”资助,项目编号分别为60772088,60602029和No.HSIT200605。
本论文的主要贡献在于：
1.针对信道资源紧缺的问题,本论文提出基于分布式约束满足算法的信道分配,在保证系统无干扰的前提下,以最少的信道量满足更多的呼叫请求量,使得呼叫阻塞概率降低。该策略有效地利用信道资源,提高移动通信系统利用率。仿真结果表明,在大规模场景中基于DCSP的信道分配方法能够在满足用户服务请求,求解信道分配策略。
2.针对移动通信用户越区的信道切换失败的问题,本论文提出了一种差错容忍的信道分配(Fault Tolerant Channel Assignment)算法以保证移动终端在拥塞小区时的连续通信。此算法通过融合多种差错容忍的切换技术,包括预留信道、基于移动终端移动方向的信道借用技术、基于方向借用的信道锁定技术、信道复用等,能够显著降低蜂窝网络中的切换失败和呼叫阻塞的概率。
3.针对多跳蜂窝网系统中的热区问题,本论文提出了多跳蜂窝网络中联合考虑路由与信道分配(Joint Routing and Channel Assignment, JRCA)的算法。JRCA算法能够在可用信道较少时实现无冲突的信道分配,同时可以均衡网络负载以降低实现网络切换失败概率和呼叫阻塞概率。仿真结果表明JRCA相比传统蜂窝网络下的信道分配方法能够显著提升系统性能。
Wireless cellular networks are a milestone of today's communications systems. As more and more applications, and more and more attractive functions available for cell phones recently, the cellular network has become one of the most profitable mobile communication networks. Therefore, effectively utilizing the limited resources of electromagnetic spectrum and thoroughly maintaining the communication qualities become one of the most important issues in the management system of a cellular network. To address this issue, channel assignment is indispensable.
The objective of channel assignment is to assign channels to mobile terminals and base stations such that the network's capacity, in terms of numbers of mobile users and no interference conflicts, is maximal. The capacity is maximal when the call-blocking and hand-over failure probabilities are minimal. Many previous works have been done in reducing the complexity of solving these problems, but for real time traffic, their designs are suffer from a few challenges such as:
●Practical deployment of channel assignment in large scale networks
Since channel assignment problem (CAP) is NP-complete, few computational intelligence approaches proposed in order to find a channel assignment that satisfies the hard constrains:co-channel constraint, adjacent channel constraint and co-site constraint, which using a minimum number of channels. However they may get an optimal solution in a resource allocation problem, but they are not pursued in the mobile communications in which satisfy all user requests while the voice generates or call arrives in real time. Moreover, many works are proposed to solve in a small scale networks.
●Fault-tolerant Channel assignment in case of mobile handover
The handover is a common problem that arises due to mobility. The handover is the process by which a user in motion crosses over the border between two cells. The increased demand for cellular networks makes this an important subject of study, since it is one of the bottlenecks of the cellular system. Several techniques are used to manage handovers that cope well with the traffic variation. However they have ability to minimize the handover failure probability, but may increase the new call blocking probability. On the other hand, the process of finding the proper channel to be borrowed is usually performed randomly and therefore carries a penalty.
●Joint Routing and channel assignment in multi-hop cellular networks
Multi-hop cellular networks (MCN) are new important concepts which are widely believed for future generation (4G) wireless systems. But in MCN, the problem of dead spots and hot spots still exit in these networks. Therefore, the optimal channel assignment due to multi-hop relaying and the efficient routing protocols at high mobility are needed. The exiting approaches proposed in the way of separation, which can't maximize the system throughput and solve well the congested problem. Because the channel assignment in MCN determines the network connectivity/topology, which affects the routing decision; and routing determines the amount of traffic on each link, which in turn affects the channel assignment decision.
To solve the above problems, we propose Distributed Constraint Satisfaction Problem (DCSP) based channel assignment. Our works are supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China through the grant 60772088 and 60602029, and the Foundation of Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Smart Internet Technology under Grant No.HSIT200605. The main contributions of our research are as follows:
1. In order to minimize the maximum of channel utilization in which can guarantee an interference free network, we formulize CAP as DCSP. Our DCSP based channel assignment can satisfies all user requests, while voice generates or call arrives and is suitable for a large-scale scene. The result shows that it can achieve much tight lower bounds on the number of required channels with related less computation time and cost.
2. In order to continue communicating with base station while mobile hosts move across the congested cells, we propose Fault Tolerant Channel Assignment (FTCA) for handover traffic. FTCA is the ability of a cell to continue communicating with its mobile hosts, even if there is an insufficient number of an available channel. Several techniques such as the influence-based channel reservation technique, technique of channel borrowing with user directions, the directional co-lock channel technique, and reuses available channels more efficiently, are used in our fault tolerant framework. As the result, our scheme greatly minimizes both of the average number of handover failures and new call blocking.
3. In order to design for balancing traffic to minimize the total call blocking probability and hand-over failure probability, we propose Joint Routing and Channel Assignment (JRCA) scheme in such a lower bound number of channels and no channel collision. Experimental results show that, our JRCA scheme can reduce in both of the call block rate and the hand-over failure rate, compared to traditional cellular network.
通过改善信道分配技术,降低移动终端间的干扰冲突,能够提升网络可承载的移动终端数量。随着用户呼叫阻塞率和切换失败概率的减少,网络的性能也随着提升。当前的许多相关研究工作主要为设计各种优化算法,以求解最优或者次优的信道分配。而在实际蜂窝网的应用中,该信道分配算法的设计面临一下几个方面的挑战：
●有效支持大规模部署的信道分配算法
信道分配问题(Channel Assignment Problem, CAP)属于组合优化中的NP完备问题。对于解决NP完备问题,目前已存在若干优化算法在各种严格的约束条件下,如同频干扰约束(co-channel constraint),邻频干扰约束(adjacent channel constraint)和同位干扰约束(co-site constraint)等,都可以获得最优解。但是,在对于移动通信营业商来讲,集中式的最优化算法复杂度较高并且难以部署。当有话务产生、流量需求时,能够及时响应并分配信道以满足所有用户的请求,是运营商更加接受的解决方案。
●有效支持移动切换的信道分配算法
在蜂窝网络中,终端属于移动状态,可以在一个小区或多个小区之间越区运动。在蜂窝网络中,信道切换常常发生。通信被中断比呼叫被拒绝更加让人难以接受。目前提出的解决方案是借用信道。但是盲目地向邻小区借用信道,将导致邻小区处于拥塞状态。因此,需要结合借用信道等信道切换机制,设计更加有效的信道分配方案,减少多个小区的用户呼叫阻塞。
●支持多跳蜂窝网场景的联合路由和信道分配算法
多跳蜂窝网络(Multi-hop cellular networks, MCN)是近年来被广泛关注的一种新型的蜂窝网络架构,被认为是未来4G网络建设的无线架构之一。在多跳蜂窝网络中,死区(dead spots)问题和热区(hot spots)问题依然存在,因此,有必要设计高效的多跳中继／路由协议和信道分配算法以适应蜂窝网络中终端的高移动性。MCN中信道分配问题与路由问题是相互影响的——不同的信道分配对应不同网络拓扑,影响路由协议的决策；而不同的路由决策将影响各信道的负载状态,进一步影响信道分配的结果。现有的工作通常将两个问题单独处理,因此无法有效地解决蜂窝网络中的负载拥塞问题。
综合以上考虑,本文提出了一种基于分布式约束满足问题(Distributed Constraint Satisfaction Problem, DCSP)的信道分配方案。此论文由“自然科学基金”和“湖北省智能互联网重点实验室”资助,项目编号分别为60772088,60602029和No.HSIT200605。
本论文的主要贡献在于：
1.针对信道资源紧缺的问题,本论文提出基于分布式约束满足算法的信道分配,在保证系统无干扰的前提下,以最少的信道量满足更多的呼叫请求量,使得呼叫阻塞概率降低。该策略有效地利用信道资源,提高移动通信系统利用率。仿真结果表明,在大规模场景中基于DCSP的信道分配方法能够在满足用户服务请求,求解信道分配策略。
2.针对移动通信用户越区的信道切换失败的问题,本论文提出了一种差错容忍的信道分配(Fault Tolerant Channel Assignment)算法以保证移动终端在拥塞小区时的连续通信。此算法通过融合多种差错容忍的切换技术,包括预留信道、基于移动终端移动方向的信道借用技术、基于方向借用的信道锁定技术、信道复用等,能够显著降低蜂窝网络中的切换失败和呼叫阻塞的概率。
3.针对多跳蜂窝网系统中的热区问题,本论文提出了多跳蜂窝网络中联合考虑路由与信道分配(Joint Routing and Channel Assignment, JRCA)的算法。JRCA算法能够在可用信道较少时实现无冲突的信道分配,同时可以均衡网络负载以降低实现网络切换失败概率和呼叫阻塞概率。仿真结果表明JRCA相比传统蜂窝网络下的信道分配方法能够显著提升系统性能。
Wireless cellular networks are a milestone of today's communications systems. As more and more applications, and more and more attractive functions available for cell phones recently, the cellular network has become one of the most profitable mobile communication networks. Therefore, effectively utilizing the limited resources of electromagnetic spectrum and thoroughly maintaining the communication qualities become one of the most important issues in the management system of a cellular network. To address this issue, channel assignment is indispensable.
The objective of channel assignment is to assign channels to mobile terminals and base stations such that the network's capacity, in terms of numbers of mobile users and no interference conflicts, is maximal. The capacity is maximal when the call-blocking and hand-over failure probabilities are minimal. Many previous works have been done in reducing the complexity of solving these problems, but for real time traffic, their designs are suffer from a few challenges such as:
●Practical deployment of channel assignment in large scale networks
Since channel assignment problem (CAP) is NP-complete, few computational intelligence approaches proposed in order to find a channel assignment that satisfies the hard constrains:co-channel constraint, adjacent channel constraint and co-site constraint, which using a minimum number of channels. However they may get an optimal solution in a resource allocation problem, but they are not pursued in the mobile communications in which satisfy all user requests while the voice generates or call arrives in real time. Moreover, many works are proposed to solve in a small scale networks.
●Fault-tolerant Channel assignment in case of mobile handover
The handover is a common problem that arises due to mobility. The handover is the process by which a user in motion crosses over the border between two cells. The increased demand for cellular networks makes this an important subject of study, since it is one of the bottlenecks of the cellular system. Several techniques are used to manage handovers that cope well with the traffic variation. However they have ability to minimize the handover failure probability, but may increase the new call blocking probability. On the other hand, the process of finding the proper channel to be borrowed is usually performed randomly and therefore carries a penalty.
●Joint Routing and channel assignment in multi-hop cellular networks
Multi-hop cellular networks (MCN) are new important concepts which are widely believed for future generation (4G) wireless systems. But in MCN, the problem of dead spots and hot spots still exit in these networks. Therefore, the optimal channel assignment due to multi-hop relaying and the efficient routing protocols at high mobility are needed. The exiting approaches proposed in the way of separation, which can't maximize the system throughput and solve well the congested problem. Because the channel assignment in MCN determines the network connectivity/topology, which affects the routing decision; and routing determines the amount of traffic on each link, which in turn affects the channel assignment decision.
To solve the above problems, we propose Distributed Constraint Satisfaction Problem (DCSP) based channel assignment. Our works are supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China through the grant 60772088 and 60602029, and the Foundation of Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Smart Internet Technology under Grant No.HSIT200605. The main contributions of our research are as follows:
1. In order to minimize the maximum of channel utilization in which can guarantee an interference free network, we formulize CAP as DCSP. Our DCSP based channel assignment can satisfies all user requests, while voice generates or call arrives and is suitable for a large-scale scene. The result shows that it can achieve much tight lower bounds on the number of required channels with related less computation time and cost.
2. In order to continue communicating with base station while mobile hosts move across the congested cells, we propose Fault Tolerant Channel Assignment (FTCA) for handover traffic. FTCA is the ability of a cell to continue communicating with its mobile hosts, even if there is an insufficient number of an available channel. Several techniques such as the influence-based channel reservation technique, technique of channel borrowing with user directions, the directional co-lock channel technique, and reuses available channels more efficiently, are used in our fault tolerant framework. As the result, our scheme greatly minimizes both of the average number of handover failures and new call blocking.
3. In order to design for balancing traffic to minimize the total call blocking probability and hand-over failure probability, we propose Joint Routing and Channel Assignment (JRCA) scheme in such a lower bound number of channels and no channel collision. Experimental results show that, our JRCA scheme can reduce in both of the call block rate and the hand-over failure rate, compared to traditional cellular network.
引文
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[36]Yang J., Jiang Q., Manivannan, D., and Mukesh Singhal. A Fault-Tolerant Distributed Channel Allocation Scheme for Cellular Networks. In Proceedings of IEEE Transactions on Computers,54(5), May 2005
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[42]Y.H. Tam, R. Benkoczi, H.S. Hassanein, and S.G. Akl. Optimal Channel Assignment in Multi-Hop Cellular Networks. In Proceedings of Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM), pages 731-735, November 2007
[43]Coll-Perales, B. and Gozalvez J.. Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Multi-Hop Cellular Networks. In International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, pages 1457-1461,2009
[44]Mahmoud M.E. and Xuemin Shen. Anonymous and Authenticated Routing in Multi-hop Cellular Networks. In International Conference on Communications, pages 1-6,2009
[45]Chengzhi Zhao, and Liangcai Gan. Dynamic channel assignment for cellular networks using noisy chaotic neural network. In International Conference on Computer Application and System Modeling (ICCASM), pages 143-147,2010
[46]Smith D.H., Hurley S., and Allen, S.M.. A New Lower Bound for the Channel Assignment Problem. In Proceedings of IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 49(4), pages 1265-1272, July 2000
[47]Audhya G.K., and Sinha B.P.. Lower Bound on Bandwidth for Channel Assignment in Multimedia Cellular Networks with 2-Band Buffering. In International Conference on Computing:Theory and Applications, pages 59-65,2007
[48]Audhya GK., Sinha K., and Sinha, B.P.. Lower Bound on Bandwidth for Feasible Channel Assignment in Multimedia Cellular Networks, In International Conference on Internet Multimedia Services Architecture and Applications, pages 1-6,2008
[49]Yifan Liang, and Goldsmith A.. Adaptive Channel Reuse in Cellular Systems. In International Conference on Communications, pages 857-862,2007
[50]Sarkar S., and Sivarajan K.N.. Channel assignment algorithms satisfying cochannel and adjacent channel reuse constraints in cellular mobile networks. In Proceedings of IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,51(5), pages 954-967,2002
[51]Lianhai Shan, Fuqiang Liu, Liping Wang, and Yusheng Ji. Predictive Group Handover Scheme with Channel Borrowing for Mobile Relay Systems. In International Conference on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, pages 153-158,2008
[52]Kirsal Y., and Gemikonakli O.. Performability Modelling of Handoff in Wireless Cellular Networks with Channel Failures and Recovery. In International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation, pages 544-547,2009
[53]Udgata S.K., Srivastava S., Mahajan H., and Udgata G.K.. Channel Assignment and Reassignment Using Co-channel Cells in Mobile Communication Networks, In International Conference on Information Technology, pages 135-140,2008
[54]S. H. Wong and I. Wassell. Dynamic channel allocation using a genetic algorithm for a TDD broadband fixed wireless access network. In International Conference on Wireless Opt. Communications, pages 521-526, July 2002
[55]M. Asvial, B. G Evans, and R. Tafazolli. Evolutionary genetic DCA for resource management in mobile satellite systems. In Proceedings of Electronic Letter,38(20), pages 1213-1214, September 26,2002
[56]Lutfi M.O.K., and Deo P.V. Reliability-Based Channel Allocation Using Genetic Algorithm in Mobile Computing. In Proceedings of IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,58(8), October 2009
[57]L.M. O. Khanbary, and D. P. Vidyarthi. A GA-based fault-tolerant model for channel allocation in mobile computing. In Proceedings of IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology,57(3), pages 1823-1833, May 2008
[58]Elhachimi J., and Guennoun, Z.. Frequency assignment for cellular mobile systems using a hybrid Tabu search with an adaptive constraint satisfaction technique. In International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems (ICMCS), pages 1-5,2011
[59]Guohong Cao and Mukesh Singhal. Distributed fault-tolerant channel allocation for cellular networks. In Proceedings of IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,18(7), pages 1326-1337, July 2000
[60]Boukerche A., Abrougui K., and Tingxue Huang. QoS and fault-tolerant based distributed dynamic channel allocation protocol for cellular networks. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, pages 59-67,2005
[61]Boukerche A., Tingxue Huang, Abrougui, K., and Williams J.. A fault-tolerant dynamic channel allocation protocol for cellular networks. In International Conference on Wireless Networks, Communications and Mobile Computing, pages 342-347,2005
[62]Zhaoji Xu, Nan Hu, and Zhiqiang He. Call Dropping and Blocking Probability of the Integrated Cellular Ad Hoc Relaying System. In Proceedings of Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM), pages 1-6,2008
[63]Seung-Yeon Kim, Se-Jin Kim, et el.. Call blocking and effective throughput analysis for a Mobile Multi-hop Relay uplink system. In International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), pages 2288-2292, 2010
[64]Tam Y.H., Benkoczi R., Hassanein H.S., and Akl, S.G.. Optimal Channel Assignment in Multi-Hop Cellular Networks. In Proceedings of Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM), pages 731-735,2007
[65]Jun SY, Hee Y S, Jaeyoon L, et el.. Performance of User Resource Allocation in Cellular System with Fixed Relay Station. In International Conference on Digital Telecommunications, pages 126-129,2008
[66]Min Liang, Huang Fan, Ya Feng Wang, and Da Cheng Yang. Power-Based Routing for Two-Hop OFDMA Cellular Networks with Fixed Relay Stations. In International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM), pages 1-4,2008
[67]Rujing Z., Xiangming W., Dongming S., and Wei Z. Call Dropping Probability of Next Generation Wireless Cellular Networks with Mobile Relay Station. In International Conference on Future Networks, pages 63-67,2010
[68]Munoz J., Coll-Perales B., and Gozalvez J.. Research testbed for field testing of Multi-hop Cellular Networks using Mobile Relays. In International Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), pages 304-307,2010
[69]Nourizadeh H., Nourizadeh S., and Tafazolli R.. Performance Evaluation of Cellular Networks with Mobile and Fixed Relay Station. In Proceedings of Vehicular Technology Conference, pages 1-5,2006
[70]Ping Li, Mengtian Rong, Yisheng Xue, Lan Wang, and Schulz, E.. Performance Analysis of Cellular System Enhanced with Two-Hop Fixed Relay Nodes. In Proceedings of Vehicular Technology Conference, pages 929-933,2007
[71]Rujing Zhao, Xiangming Wen, et el.. Call Dropping Probability of Next Generation Wireless Cellular Networks with Mobile Relay Station. In International Conference on Future Networks, pages 63-67,2010
[72]X. J. Li and P. H. J. Chong. A fixed channel assignment scheme for multihop cellular network. In Proceedings of IEEE GLOBECOM,20(6), pages 1-5, San Francisco, CA, November 2006
[73]P. H. J. Chong and C. Leung. A network-based dynamic channel assignment scheme for TDMA cellular systems. In International J. Wireless Inform. Networks, vol.8, pages 155-165, July 2001
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