黎语志强话参考语法
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摘要
本文以“参考语法”(reference grammar)所倡导的语言描写与研究原则为理论指导,结合语言学的基本理论,以“参考语法”的写作范式为写作框架,同时又借鉴、吸收传统语法的描写方法,对志强黎语的语法进行深入的分析研究。全文共分十八章。
第一章绪论。简述黎语使用概况,并简要回顾前人对黎语的研究情况；介绍本文的研究对象、内容、以及研究意义；简要介绍志强黎族所处的自然地理、经济文化、以及宗教、节庆、婚丧嫁娶、饮食服饰、禁忌等社会文化和志强黎语使用情况。
第二章语音。描写志强黎语的声母、韵母、声调以及音节结构类型,并将志强黎语与同一方言其他土语作了比较。
第三章构词法。对黎语志强话的构词方法、外来词及词语替换现象进行描写。
第四章至第十三章,分别对名词、代词、数词、量词、动词、形容词、副词、连词、介词、助词等十大词类的语法特点进行了比较详细的描写。其中突出介绍名词的性、数、词缀和亲属名词的构词特点、人称代词的数、指示代词和疑问代词的构成、量词和数量结构的语序特点、动词的体范畴和动词中的特殊小类、形容词的重叠；副词、连词、介词、助词的类别及其句法功能。
第十四章短语。描写志强黎语的五种短语类型,即名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、介词短语、量词短语,重点描写各种短语的构成成分及其结构顺序。
第十五章语法化现象。介绍词缀τs□11、pai11来源,动作行为动词vuNk□□“做”、将来时间标记khuNi 1 1“将要”、体标记ΠbaNi 1 1、被动标记Πja31的语法化。
第十六章句类。分析描写陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句等四种句子。重点分析了疑问句的表达方法。
第十七章句型。分析和描写了志强黎语的系词句、否定句、比较句、话题句四种句子的结构类型。重点分析了系词句的类型及其结构特点、差比句和话题句。
第十八章复杂结构。分析和描写孑关系从句、补足语从句、并列关系和状语从句。关系从句介绍关系化标记、关系从句的类型和限定词的位置等；补足从句介绍了主语从句和宾语从句；并列关系介绍等立、顺承、递进、解说、转折、选择等六种类型的句子结构；状语从句介绍条件状语句、因果状语句、时间状语句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句和方式状语从句
附录部分包括3000常用词汇表和长篇故事、自然对话、谜语、歌谣等长篇语料。本文主要采用田野调查、描写归纳的研究方法,在掌握大量的、真实的语料的基础上对黎语志强话语法体系进行系统、全面的观察、分析和描写,对志强黎语一些典型语法现象进行了重点考察分析。
本文的研究目的：总结某一单点黎语的语音、词汇、语法的规律,丰富侗台语的研究理论,同时为普通语言学的研究,特别是语言类型学和语言共性的研究提供一份可靠翔实的语言材料。
This dissertation aims to synchronically make a comprehensive and systematic study on ZhiQiang Speech, a language spoken in the southern part of Ledong Li Autonomous County in Hainan province. According to the instructions of reference grammar, the dissertation mainly discusses its phonological system, morphology and systactic system. It consists of eighteen chapters.
Chapter One offers the designing of the dissertation, the aim and significance of choosing this subject, the theory and method this dissertation is based on. A general looking-back to the past linguistic researches on Li langusge is simultaneously covered. Makes a short description of the ZhiQiang Li peaple, including its geography, population, economy, social situation and a survey of the status quo of the ZhiQiang language use, so on and so forth.
Chapter Two describes the phonological system of ZhiQiang Speech, the main contents including initials, finals, tonic types and syllable canon. This chapter ends with a phonological compare between ZhiQiang Speech and the BaoDing LuoHuo Speech.
Chapter Three makes a presentation of word-building process of language, namely, compounding and affixation. Especially, the types and its constructive rules of coordinate compounding words are concluded through abundant examples. The chapter ends with a short inventory of loans (mainly from HaiNan MinNan language) of the lanfuage and argot.
Chapter Four to Chapter Eighteen is made up of ten sub-sections, focusing on the parts of the speech of ZhiQiang, including noun, pronoun, numeral, quantifier, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction, preposition, and particle, respectively. Each section is a general description of the gramatical features of each part of speech, with special attention to their grammatical functons and peculiar systactic behaviors, if any. For example, such phenomena as the性, number and affix of noun and characteristic of word-formation of the kinship terms,number of pronouns, the formation of the interrogative words and demonstrative pronouns, the order characteristic of structure of quantifier, the number system and its use, the aspect category and peculiar classification of verbs, the reduplication of adjectives are given sufficient observation and description. Attention is also paid to the classification and syntactic funtion of adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and particles.
In Chapter Fourteen, the description of phrases are given. The phrasal structure of ZhiQiang Speech is divided into noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, proposition phrases and numeral phrases, among which the constituents and order are emphasized.
Chapter Fifteen describes and gives an analysis of process for phenomenon of grammaticalization. The origin of the proposition affix word "τs□1 1"、"pai1 1", the grammaticalization of verb word "vuNk□□", future marker word "khuNi1 1", aspect marker "ΠbaNi1 1" and pasive marker "Πja3 1" are described and analysed.
Chapter Sixteen gives a full description of declarative sentenses, interrogative sentenses, imperative sentenses and exclamatory sentenses in perspective of form and semantic. The express way of interrogative sentenses are emphasized.
Chapter Seventeen focuses on the copular sentenses, negative sentenses, comparative sentenses and topic sentenses. puts stress on the types and structural characteristic of the copular sentenses, comparative sentenses and topic sentenses.
In Chapter Eighteen, the study of relative clauses, complement clauses, subordinate clauses and coordinate clauses is carried out detailedly. The relative marker, the types of relative clauses and the location of restriction word in relative clauses, subject clause and object clause of complement clauses are introduced, respectively. An analysis is made on the study of six coordination types and six subordinate structure types, namely, and-coordinate, continue-coordinate, advance-coordinate, explain-coordinate, but-coordinate, or-coordinate and conditional clauses, causal clauses, temporal clauses, purpose clauses, concessive clauses and style clauses.
Appendices, the last part, contain about 3000 words and several long language materials.
It is strongly expected on the part of the author that the present study will be helpful to the further research of ZhiQiang Speech and beneficial to contrastive research and typological study of the Sino-Tibetan Family.
第一章绪论。简述黎语使用概况,并简要回顾前人对黎语的研究情况；介绍本文的研究对象、内容、以及研究意义；简要介绍志强黎族所处的自然地理、经济文化、以及宗教、节庆、婚丧嫁娶、饮食服饰、禁忌等社会文化和志强黎语使用情况。
第二章语音。描写志强黎语的声母、韵母、声调以及音节结构类型,并将志强黎语与同一方言其他土语作了比较。
第三章构词法。对黎语志强话的构词方法、外来词及词语替换现象进行描写。
第四章至第十三章,分别对名词、代词、数词、量词、动词、形容词、副词、连词、介词、助词等十大词类的语法特点进行了比较详细的描写。其中突出介绍名词的性、数、词缀和亲属名词的构词特点、人称代词的数、指示代词和疑问代词的构成、量词和数量结构的语序特点、动词的体范畴和动词中的特殊小类、形容词的重叠；副词、连词、介词、助词的类别及其句法功能。
第十四章短语。描写志强黎语的五种短语类型,即名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、介词短语、量词短语,重点描写各种短语的构成成分及其结构顺序。
第十五章语法化现象。介绍词缀τs□11、pai11来源,动作行为动词vuNk□□“做”、将来时间标记khuNi 1 1“将要”、体标记ΠbaNi 1 1、被动标记Πja31的语法化。
第十六章句类。分析描写陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句等四种句子。重点分析了疑问句的表达方法。
第十七章句型。分析和描写了志强黎语的系词句、否定句、比较句、话题句四种句子的结构类型。重点分析了系词句的类型及其结构特点、差比句和话题句。
第十八章复杂结构。分析和描写孑关系从句、补足语从句、并列关系和状语从句。关系从句介绍关系化标记、关系从句的类型和限定词的位置等；补足从句介绍了主语从句和宾语从句；并列关系介绍等立、顺承、递进、解说、转折、选择等六种类型的句子结构；状语从句介绍条件状语句、因果状语句、时间状语句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句和方式状语从句
附录部分包括3000常用词汇表和长篇故事、自然对话、谜语、歌谣等长篇语料。本文主要采用田野调查、描写归纳的研究方法,在掌握大量的、真实的语料的基础上对黎语志强话语法体系进行系统、全面的观察、分析和描写,对志强黎语一些典型语法现象进行了重点考察分析。
本文的研究目的：总结某一单点黎语的语音、词汇、语法的规律,丰富侗台语的研究理论,同时为普通语言学的研究,特别是语言类型学和语言共性的研究提供一份可靠翔实的语言材料。
This dissertation aims to synchronically make a comprehensive and systematic study on ZhiQiang Speech, a language spoken in the southern part of Ledong Li Autonomous County in Hainan province. According to the instructions of reference grammar, the dissertation mainly discusses its phonological system, morphology and systactic system. It consists of eighteen chapters.
Chapter One offers the designing of the dissertation, the aim and significance of choosing this subject, the theory and method this dissertation is based on. A general looking-back to the past linguistic researches on Li langusge is simultaneously covered. Makes a short description of the ZhiQiang Li peaple, including its geography, population, economy, social situation and a survey of the status quo of the ZhiQiang language use, so on and so forth.
Chapter Two describes the phonological system of ZhiQiang Speech, the main contents including initials, finals, tonic types and syllable canon. This chapter ends with a phonological compare between ZhiQiang Speech and the BaoDing LuoHuo Speech.
Chapter Three makes a presentation of word-building process of language, namely, compounding and affixation. Especially, the types and its constructive rules of coordinate compounding words are concluded through abundant examples. The chapter ends with a short inventory of loans (mainly from HaiNan MinNan language) of the lanfuage and argot.
Chapter Four to Chapter Eighteen is made up of ten sub-sections, focusing on the parts of the speech of ZhiQiang, including noun, pronoun, numeral, quantifier, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction, preposition, and particle, respectively. Each section is a general description of the gramatical features of each part of speech, with special attention to their grammatical functons and peculiar systactic behaviors, if any. For example, such phenomena as the性, number and affix of noun and characteristic of word-formation of the kinship terms,number of pronouns, the formation of the interrogative words and demonstrative pronouns, the order characteristic of structure of quantifier, the number system and its use, the aspect category and peculiar classification of verbs, the reduplication of adjectives are given sufficient observation and description. Attention is also paid to the classification and syntactic funtion of adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and particles.
In Chapter Fourteen, the description of phrases are given. The phrasal structure of ZhiQiang Speech is divided into noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, proposition phrases and numeral phrases, among which the constituents and order are emphasized.
Chapter Fifteen describes and gives an analysis of process for phenomenon of grammaticalization. The origin of the proposition affix word "τs□1 1"、"pai1 1", the grammaticalization of verb word "vuNk□□", future marker word "khuNi1 1", aspect marker "ΠbaNi1 1" and pasive marker "Πja3 1" are described and analysed.
Chapter Sixteen gives a full description of declarative sentenses, interrogative sentenses, imperative sentenses and exclamatory sentenses in perspective of form and semantic. The express way of interrogative sentenses are emphasized.
Chapter Seventeen focuses on the copular sentenses, negative sentenses, comparative sentenses and topic sentenses. puts stress on the types and structural characteristic of the copular sentenses, comparative sentenses and topic sentenses.
In Chapter Eighteen, the study of relative clauses, complement clauses, subordinate clauses and coordinate clauses is carried out detailedly. The relative marker, the types of relative clauses and the location of restriction word in relative clauses, subject clause and object clause of complement clauses are introduced, respectively. An analysis is made on the study of six coordination types and six subordinate structure types, namely, and-coordinate, continue-coordinate, advance-coordinate, explain-coordinate, but-coordinate, or-coordinate and conditional clauses, causal clauses, temporal clauses, purpose clauses, concessive clauses and style clauses.
Appendices, the last part, contain about 3000 words and several long language materials.
It is strongly expected on the part of the author that the present study will be helpful to the further research of ZhiQiang Speech and beneficial to contrastive research and typological study of the Sino-Tibetan Family.
引文
①[英]戴维·克里斯特尔：《现代语言学词典》,商务印书馆,2007年,第163页。
①志强黎族称沿海地区操哈方言黑土土语的黎族为Πbok31,即哈炎黎。
①以往学者们对黎语语音进行归纳时,都把只存在于人名而不出现在其他词语中的韵母排除在外,但这些韵母在人名中出现的频率是很高的,把它们排除在外归纳出来的语音系统应该是不完整的,故此,我们把这些韵母都归纳进来。
①黎语分哈、杞、本地、美孚和台加茂等五个方言,其中哈方言可分为罗活、博、保显三大土语,罗活土语又可分为罗活、抱由、志共、志强、抱怀、抱曼等次土语；保显土语可分为哈、抱国两个次土语；博土语内部各地比较一致,差异很小。这里仅以与志强话差异最小的罗活话为例进行比较。
①旧时,一对夫妻死亡第六个子女后,彼此互称为σαNυ31ζo,11断脖子
②旧时,一对夫妻亡第六个子女后,在世的子女对他们的称呼分别为>oυ31πhα11父亲、>oυ31παι11母亲。
①刘丹青编著,上海教育出版社,2008年。
①2009年当地干旱,这是张苏经过张福昌家时在张福昌家前交谈的一段话。
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①志强黎族称沿海地区操哈方言黑土土语的黎族为Πbok31,即哈炎黎。
①以往学者们对黎语语音进行归纳时,都把只存在于人名而不出现在其他词语中的韵母排除在外,但这些韵母在人名中出现的频率是很高的,把它们排除在外归纳出来的语音系统应该是不完整的,故此,我们把这些韵母都归纳进来。
①黎语分哈、杞、本地、美孚和台加茂等五个方言,其中哈方言可分为罗活、博、保显三大土语,罗活土语又可分为罗活、抱由、志共、志强、抱怀、抱曼等次土语；保显土语可分为哈、抱国两个次土语；博土语内部各地比较一致,差异很小。这里仅以与志强话差异最小的罗活话为例进行比较。
①旧时,一对夫妻死亡第六个子女后,彼此互称为σαNυ31ζo,11断脖子
②旧时,一对夫妻亡第六个子女后,在世的子女对他们的称呼分别为>oυ31πhα11父亲、>oυ31παι11母亲。
①刘丹青编著,上海教育出版社,2008年。
①2009年当地干旱,这是张苏经过张福昌家时在张福昌家前交谈的一段话。
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