人工林红松木材及木制品碳素储存的研究
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摘要
全球变暖主要是由人类活动所制造的温室气体特别是CO2的不断增加而导致,而木材中含碳50%,是一个巨大的碳素储存库,木材碳素储存功能的研究对定向培育优质高碳素储存量的人工林、制定储碳减排措施具有重要意义。
本文以人工林红松木材为研究对象,主要研究了红松木材及木制品的碳素储存功能。首先,通过回归分析和相关分析的方法研究红松木材解剖和物理特征分别对木材碳素储存量的影响,分析各项特征指标与碳素储存量之间的内在相关性；第二,通过统计分析、多元回归分析和相关分析的方法,研究不同经营措施(立地条件、气候条件、培育措施)对木材碳素储存量的影响,以明确高碳素储存量的优质人工林经营措施；第三,基于分形理论,从非线性角度出发,对红松木材碳素储存量进行分形分析,研究其规律性变化；最后,基于生命周期评价理论,建立木制品碳素储存周期C02排放的计算模型,并结合具体实例,对木制品的碳素储存周期进行评价。
所得到的研究结论总结如下：
(1)红松生长轮、早材、晚材碳素储存量的径向变异规律相似；生长轮碳素储存量分别与早材、晚材碳素储存量具有高度显著的相关性。
(2)红松解剖和物理特征对碳素储存量的影响主要表现在,早晚材碳素储存量分别与早晚材管胞长度、管胞长宽比呈高度显著的正相关,与早晚材管胞壁厚分别呈较显著的负、正相关,与早晚材微纤丝角呈高度显著的负相关；晚材碳素储存量与晚材管胞直径、胞璧率呈较显著的正相关。早晚材碳素储存量与早晚材密度呈显著的正相关,与晚材率呈高度显著的正相关,与生长速率呈高度显著的负相关；早材碳素储存量与早材宽度呈高度显著的负相关。木材碳素储存量与其他特征无显著相关性。
(3)针对不同立地条件红松木材碳素储存量的多少,方正林场>凉水林场>老山生态站；坡位中的既阴坡又坡上的位置>其他坡位；土壤类型中的白浆化暗棕壤>白浆土。
(4)针对不同气候条件,老山生态站和凉水林场红松碳素储存量与平均气温、平均地温、日照百分率、相对湿度及降水量均有一定的相关性。当气象因子交互影响时,老山生态站1月降水量与碳素储存量呈高度显著负相关,4月平均地温与碳素储存量呈高度显著正相关,10月平均地温与晚材碳素储存量呈高度显著正相关,相对湿度与生长轮、早材碳素储存量呈高度显著的负相关；凉水林场1月降水量、2月日照百分率与生长轮、早材碳素储存量均呈高度显著的负相关,4月平均地温与生长轮、早材碳素储存量呈高度显著正相关,10月相对湿度与晚材碳素储存量呈高度显著负相关；老山和凉水林场3月、5月、7—8月、11月的气象因子与碳素储存量均无显著相关性。
(5)针对不同培育措施红松木材碳素储存量的多少,林分结构中的纯林>混交林>三株一丛；初植密度1.5m×1.0m>2.0m×2.0m>1.5m×1.5m；抚育间伐措施中的间伐>未间伐。
(6)经营高碳素储存量的人工林红松时,方正林场较凉水林场,既阴坡又坡上的坡位较其他坡位,白浆化暗棕壤较白浆土更有助于提高木材碳素储存量；还可适量调高4月、7月平均地温1～2℃,合理升高11月相对湿度,降低1月、5月、7月、9月、10月相对湿度,及合理降低1月降水量,提高4月降水量；而且,最佳林分结构为纯林,最佳初植密度为1.5m×1.0m,并可进行适度间伐。
(7)由分形理论研究红松的碳素储存量得出,老山和凉水林场红松碳素储存量的径向变异趋势相近,凉水林场碳素储存能力高于老山生态站,凉水林场幼龄材和成熟材碳素储存量的分形维数平均值明显高于老山生态站,碳素储存量的梯度分布比老山生态站更复杂,碳素储存效果明显优于老山生态站；阳坡和阴坡碳素储存量的径向变异趋势相一致,阴坡碳素储存能力高于阳坡,阴坡幼龄材和成熟材碳素储存量的分形维数平均值明显高于阳坡,碳素储存量的梯度分布比阳坡变化幅度大,碳素储存效果优于阳坡。
(8)由生命周期评价理论,建立了木制品全生命周期及生产、运输、处置阶段C02排放量的计算模型；并以某中密度纤维板厂生产的中纤板为例,评价其碳素储存周期,得出中纤板在碳素储存周期内的生产、运输、处置阶段C02排放总量为32.8135kg/m2,约59%来自处置阶段,39%来自生产阶段,2%来自运输阶段。
Global warming was mainly caused by the increasing number of greenhouse gases made by the human activity, especially CO2. And the wood contained50%carbon, it was a huge carbon sink. Studying the wood carbon storage function had great significance to cultivate the superior quality plantation forest with high carbon storage, and establish the measures of carbon storage and emission reduction.
This paper took man-planted Pinus koraiensis wood as the research object, mainly studied the carbon storage function of Pinus koraiensis wood and wood products. First of all, researched the influence of Pinus koraiensis wood anatomical and physical characteristics on wood carbon storage through the methods of regression analysis and correlation analysis, and analyzed the internal correlation between characteristic indexes and carbon storage. Secondly, researched the influence of different management measures (included the site conditions, meteorological conditions and cultivating measures) on wood carbon storage through the methods of statistical analysis and multiple regression analysis and correlation analysis, in order to confirm the management measures of superior quality plantation forest with high carbon storage. Thirdly, based on the fractal theory, studied the Pinus koraiensis wood carbon storage through fractal analysis from the nonlinear perspective, and discussed the regular change. Finally, based on the theory of life cycle assessment, established the calculation model of CO2emissions of wood products carbon storage cycle, and combined with specific instances, evaluated the wood products carbon storage cycle.
The research conclusions were summarized as follows:
(1) The radial variation rules of Pinus koraiensis carbon storage of growth ring, early wood and latewood were similar. And grow ring carbon storage respectively had highly significant correlation with early wood and latewood carbon storage at the level of0.01.
(2) The influence of Pinus koraiensis wood anatomical and physical characteristics on carbon storage was mainly displayed in the following aspects. Earlywood and latewood carbon storage respectively had highly significant positive correlation with earlywood and latewood tracheid length and tracheid length-width ratio, and had relatively significant negative and positive correlation with earlywood and latewood tracheid wall thickness, and had highly significant negative correlation with earlywood and latewood microfibril angle. Latewood carbon storage had relatively significant positive correlation with latewood tracheid diameter and tracheid wall rate. Earlywood and latewood carbon storage had significant positive correlation with earlywood and latewood density, and had highly significant positive correlation with latewood rate, and had highly significant negative correlation with growth rate. Earlywood carbon storage had highly significant negative correlation with earlywood width. Wood carbon storage and other characteristics had not significant correlation.
(3) Aiming at Pinus koraiensis wood carbon storage under different site conditions, drew the summary that, Fangzheng Forest Farm> Liangshui Forest Farm> Laoshan Forest Farm, and the slope position which both in shady slope and on top of slope> other slope position, and during the soil types, albic horizon dark brown soil> albic soils.
(4) Under different meteorological conditions, Pinus koraiensis carbon storage of Laoshan Forest Farm and Liangshui Forest Farm had certain correlation with mean temperature, mean ground temperature, sunshine percentage, relative humidity and rainfall. When the meteorological factors influenced reciprocally, in Laoshan Forest Farm, the rainfall of January had highly significant negative correlation with wood carbon storage, the mean ground temperature of April had highly significant positive correlation with wood carbon storage, the mean ground temperature of October had highly significant positive correlation with latewood carbon storage, and the relative humidity of October had highly significant negative correlation with growth ring and earlywood carbon storage. In Liangshui Forest Farm, the rainfall of January and sunshine percentage of February both had highly significant negative correlation with growth ring and earlywood carbon storage, the mean ground temperature of April had highly significant positive correlation with growth ring and earlywood carbon storage, the relative humidity of October had highly significant negative correlation with latewood carbon storage. And the meteorological factors of March, May, July, August, November of Laoshan and Liangshui Forest Farm, and wood carbon storage all had not significant correlation.
(5) Aiming at Pinus koraiensis wood carbon storage under different cultivating measures, drew the summary that, during the stand structure, pure forest> mixed forest> three trees a clump. During the planting density,1.5m×1.0m>2.0m×2.0m>1.5m×1.5m. And during the thinning measures, thinning> no thinning.
(6) When managing the man-planted Pinus koraiensis with high carbon storage, Fangzheng Forest Farm was better than Liangshui Forest Farm, the slope position which both in shady slope and on top of slope was better than other slope positions, albic horizon dark brown soil was better than albic soils, they could help to improve the wood carbon storage. It was better to increase1～2℃of the mean ground temperature of April and July appropriately, and rise the relative humidity of November, reduce the relative humidity of January, May, July, September and October, reduce the rainfall of January and raise the rainfall of April appropriately. And that, the best stand structure was pure forest, the best planting density was1.5m×1.0m, also could implement moderate thinning.
(7) To study the carbon storage of Pinus koraiensis by fractal theory, could drew the summary that, the radial variation trend of Pinus koraiensis carbon storage of Laoshan ForestFarm was close to Liangshui Forest Farm, and the carbon storage capacity of Liangshui Forest Farm was higher than that of Laoshan Forest Farm. The mean fractal dimension of juvenile wood and mature wood carbon storage of Liangshui Forest Farm was obviously higher than that of Laoshan Forest Farm, its gradient distribution of carbon storage was more complex than Laoshan Forest Farm and the effect of carbon storage was superior to Laoshan Forest Farm. The radial variation trend of carbon storage of sunny slope and shady slope was similar, and the carbon storage capacity of shady slope was higher than sunny slope. The mean fractal dimension of juvenile wood and mature wood carbon storage of shady slope was obviously higher than that of sunny slope, its range of variation of gradient distribution of carbon storage was larger than sunny slope, and the effect of carbon storage was better than sunny slope.
(8) Based on the theory of life cycle assessment, established the calculation model of CO2emissions during the whole life cycle of wood products and the stages of production, transportation and disposal. And taking the medium density fiberboard produced by a MDF factory as an example, evaluated its carbon storage cycle, and obtained that, the total CO2emissions of medium density fiberboard during the stages of production, transportation and disposal of carbon storage cycle was32.8135kg/m2. Among it, about59%came from the stage of disposal,39%came from the stage of production and2%came from the stage of transportation.
本文以人工林红松木材为研究对象,主要研究了红松木材及木制品的碳素储存功能。首先,通过回归分析和相关分析的方法研究红松木材解剖和物理特征分别对木材碳素储存量的影响,分析各项特征指标与碳素储存量之间的内在相关性；第二,通过统计分析、多元回归分析和相关分析的方法,研究不同经营措施(立地条件、气候条件、培育措施)对木材碳素储存量的影响,以明确高碳素储存量的优质人工林经营措施；第三,基于分形理论,从非线性角度出发,对红松木材碳素储存量进行分形分析,研究其规律性变化；最后,基于生命周期评价理论,建立木制品碳素储存周期C02排放的计算模型,并结合具体实例,对木制品的碳素储存周期进行评价。
所得到的研究结论总结如下：
(1)红松生长轮、早材、晚材碳素储存量的径向变异规律相似；生长轮碳素储存量分别与早材、晚材碳素储存量具有高度显著的相关性。
(2)红松解剖和物理特征对碳素储存量的影响主要表现在,早晚材碳素储存量分别与早晚材管胞长度、管胞长宽比呈高度显著的正相关,与早晚材管胞壁厚分别呈较显著的负、正相关,与早晚材微纤丝角呈高度显著的负相关；晚材碳素储存量与晚材管胞直径、胞璧率呈较显著的正相关。早晚材碳素储存量与早晚材密度呈显著的正相关,与晚材率呈高度显著的正相关,与生长速率呈高度显著的负相关；早材碳素储存量与早材宽度呈高度显著的负相关。木材碳素储存量与其他特征无显著相关性。
(3)针对不同立地条件红松木材碳素储存量的多少,方正林场>凉水林场>老山生态站；坡位中的既阴坡又坡上的位置>其他坡位；土壤类型中的白浆化暗棕壤>白浆土。
(4)针对不同气候条件,老山生态站和凉水林场红松碳素储存量与平均气温、平均地温、日照百分率、相对湿度及降水量均有一定的相关性。当气象因子交互影响时,老山生态站1月降水量与碳素储存量呈高度显著负相关,4月平均地温与碳素储存量呈高度显著正相关,10月平均地温与晚材碳素储存量呈高度显著正相关,相对湿度与生长轮、早材碳素储存量呈高度显著的负相关；凉水林场1月降水量、2月日照百分率与生长轮、早材碳素储存量均呈高度显著的负相关,4月平均地温与生长轮、早材碳素储存量呈高度显著正相关,10月相对湿度与晚材碳素储存量呈高度显著负相关；老山和凉水林场3月、5月、7—8月、11月的气象因子与碳素储存量均无显著相关性。
(5)针对不同培育措施红松木材碳素储存量的多少,林分结构中的纯林>混交林>三株一丛；初植密度1.5m×1.0m>2.0m×2.0m>1.5m×1.5m；抚育间伐措施中的间伐>未间伐。
(6)经营高碳素储存量的人工林红松时,方正林场较凉水林场,既阴坡又坡上的坡位较其他坡位,白浆化暗棕壤较白浆土更有助于提高木材碳素储存量；还可适量调高4月、7月平均地温1～2℃,合理升高11月相对湿度,降低1月、5月、7月、9月、10月相对湿度,及合理降低1月降水量,提高4月降水量；而且,最佳林分结构为纯林,最佳初植密度为1.5m×1.0m,并可进行适度间伐。
(7)由分形理论研究红松的碳素储存量得出,老山和凉水林场红松碳素储存量的径向变异趋势相近,凉水林场碳素储存能力高于老山生态站,凉水林场幼龄材和成熟材碳素储存量的分形维数平均值明显高于老山生态站,碳素储存量的梯度分布比老山生态站更复杂,碳素储存效果明显优于老山生态站；阳坡和阴坡碳素储存量的径向变异趋势相一致,阴坡碳素储存能力高于阳坡,阴坡幼龄材和成熟材碳素储存量的分形维数平均值明显高于阳坡,碳素储存量的梯度分布比阳坡变化幅度大,碳素储存效果优于阳坡。
(8)由生命周期评价理论,建立了木制品全生命周期及生产、运输、处置阶段C02排放量的计算模型；并以某中密度纤维板厂生产的中纤板为例,评价其碳素储存周期,得出中纤板在碳素储存周期内的生产、运输、处置阶段C02排放总量为32.8135kg/m2,约59%来自处置阶段,39%来自生产阶段,2%来自运输阶段。
Global warming was mainly caused by the increasing number of greenhouse gases made by the human activity, especially CO2. And the wood contained50%carbon, it was a huge carbon sink. Studying the wood carbon storage function had great significance to cultivate the superior quality plantation forest with high carbon storage, and establish the measures of carbon storage and emission reduction.
This paper took man-planted Pinus koraiensis wood as the research object, mainly studied the carbon storage function of Pinus koraiensis wood and wood products. First of all, researched the influence of Pinus koraiensis wood anatomical and physical characteristics on wood carbon storage through the methods of regression analysis and correlation analysis, and analyzed the internal correlation between characteristic indexes and carbon storage. Secondly, researched the influence of different management measures (included the site conditions, meteorological conditions and cultivating measures) on wood carbon storage through the methods of statistical analysis and multiple regression analysis and correlation analysis, in order to confirm the management measures of superior quality plantation forest with high carbon storage. Thirdly, based on the fractal theory, studied the Pinus koraiensis wood carbon storage through fractal analysis from the nonlinear perspective, and discussed the regular change. Finally, based on the theory of life cycle assessment, established the calculation model of CO2emissions of wood products carbon storage cycle, and combined with specific instances, evaluated the wood products carbon storage cycle.
The research conclusions were summarized as follows:
(1) The radial variation rules of Pinus koraiensis carbon storage of growth ring, early wood and latewood were similar. And grow ring carbon storage respectively had highly significant correlation with early wood and latewood carbon storage at the level of0.01.
(2) The influence of Pinus koraiensis wood anatomical and physical characteristics on carbon storage was mainly displayed in the following aspects. Earlywood and latewood carbon storage respectively had highly significant positive correlation with earlywood and latewood tracheid length and tracheid length-width ratio, and had relatively significant negative and positive correlation with earlywood and latewood tracheid wall thickness, and had highly significant negative correlation with earlywood and latewood microfibril angle. Latewood carbon storage had relatively significant positive correlation with latewood tracheid diameter and tracheid wall rate. Earlywood and latewood carbon storage had significant positive correlation with earlywood and latewood density, and had highly significant positive correlation with latewood rate, and had highly significant negative correlation with growth rate. Earlywood carbon storage had highly significant negative correlation with earlywood width. Wood carbon storage and other characteristics had not significant correlation.
(3) Aiming at Pinus koraiensis wood carbon storage under different site conditions, drew the summary that, Fangzheng Forest Farm> Liangshui Forest Farm> Laoshan Forest Farm, and the slope position which both in shady slope and on top of slope> other slope position, and during the soil types, albic horizon dark brown soil> albic soils.
(4) Under different meteorological conditions, Pinus koraiensis carbon storage of Laoshan Forest Farm and Liangshui Forest Farm had certain correlation with mean temperature, mean ground temperature, sunshine percentage, relative humidity and rainfall. When the meteorological factors influenced reciprocally, in Laoshan Forest Farm, the rainfall of January had highly significant negative correlation with wood carbon storage, the mean ground temperature of April had highly significant positive correlation with wood carbon storage, the mean ground temperature of October had highly significant positive correlation with latewood carbon storage, and the relative humidity of October had highly significant negative correlation with growth ring and earlywood carbon storage. In Liangshui Forest Farm, the rainfall of January and sunshine percentage of February both had highly significant negative correlation with growth ring and earlywood carbon storage, the mean ground temperature of April had highly significant positive correlation with growth ring and earlywood carbon storage, the relative humidity of October had highly significant negative correlation with latewood carbon storage. And the meteorological factors of March, May, July, August, November of Laoshan and Liangshui Forest Farm, and wood carbon storage all had not significant correlation.
(5) Aiming at Pinus koraiensis wood carbon storage under different cultivating measures, drew the summary that, during the stand structure, pure forest> mixed forest> three trees a clump. During the planting density,1.5m×1.0m>2.0m×2.0m>1.5m×1.5m. And during the thinning measures, thinning> no thinning.
(6) When managing the man-planted Pinus koraiensis with high carbon storage, Fangzheng Forest Farm was better than Liangshui Forest Farm, the slope position which both in shady slope and on top of slope was better than other slope positions, albic horizon dark brown soil was better than albic soils, they could help to improve the wood carbon storage. It was better to increase1～2℃of the mean ground temperature of April and July appropriately, and rise the relative humidity of November, reduce the relative humidity of January, May, July, September and October, reduce the rainfall of January and raise the rainfall of April appropriately. And that, the best stand structure was pure forest, the best planting density was1.5m×1.0m, also could implement moderate thinning.
(7) To study the carbon storage of Pinus koraiensis by fractal theory, could drew the summary that, the radial variation trend of Pinus koraiensis carbon storage of Laoshan ForestFarm was close to Liangshui Forest Farm, and the carbon storage capacity of Liangshui Forest Farm was higher than that of Laoshan Forest Farm. The mean fractal dimension of juvenile wood and mature wood carbon storage of Liangshui Forest Farm was obviously higher than that of Laoshan Forest Farm, its gradient distribution of carbon storage was more complex than Laoshan Forest Farm and the effect of carbon storage was superior to Laoshan Forest Farm. The radial variation trend of carbon storage of sunny slope and shady slope was similar, and the carbon storage capacity of shady slope was higher than sunny slope. The mean fractal dimension of juvenile wood and mature wood carbon storage of shady slope was obviously higher than that of sunny slope, its range of variation of gradient distribution of carbon storage was larger than sunny slope, and the effect of carbon storage was better than sunny slope.
(8) Based on the theory of life cycle assessment, established the calculation model of CO2emissions during the whole life cycle of wood products and the stages of production, transportation and disposal. And taking the medium density fiberboard produced by a MDF factory as an example, evaluated its carbon storage cycle, and obtained that, the total CO2emissions of medium density fiberboard during the stages of production, transportation and disposal of carbon storage cycle was32.8135kg/m2. Among it, about59%came from the stage of disposal,39%came from the stage of production and2%came from the stage of transportation.
引文
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