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地理信息服务发现方法研究
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摘要
地理信息服务有效促进了地理信息的共享和功能复用,目前越来越多的企业或组织将自己拥有的地理空间数据和软件功能开放为地理信息服务供人们享用。然而,随着网络上地理信息服务的数量不断增多,人们获取满足需求的地理信息服务变得越来越困难。因此,迫切需要高效的地理信息服务发现方法来帮助人们查找和选择所需服务。本文引入信息检索技术、语义网技术、数据挖掘技术以及多属性综合评价技术来研究地理信息服务发现方法,从基于基本描述和简单语义的地理信息服务发现、基于本体语义和规则支持的地理信息服务发现、基于分类与聚类的地理信息服务发现以及基于QoS的地理信息服务发现四个方面进行了深入研究。论文在地理信息服务发现的理论和方法上取得了一些成果,主要工作和创新点如下:
     1.分析了地理信息服务发现的背景、意义以及相关理论和技术基础。从地理信息系统的服务化转变、地理信息服务共享中存在的问题出发,对地理信息服务发现的背景进行了分析与思考,在此基础上进一步指出地理信息服务发现研究的重要意义。确立了网络服务技术、语义网技术、网络服务质量评价作为地理信息服务发现三大技术基础并阐述了相关理论和方法。给出了地理信息服务发现的定义,提出了地理信息服务发现的框架和方法,总结了地理信息服务发现的评价方法。
     2.现有网络环境下,基于关键字的地理信息服务发现方法无法取得满意的服务查找效果。针对此问题,论文引入信息检索技术、WordNet词汇语义技术进行改进,实现了基于基本描述和简单语义的地理信息服务发现方法。基于基本描述的地理信息服务匹配方法将基于编辑距离的服务名称匹配和基于向量空间的服务描述匹配相结合。然后重点研究了基于简单语义的地理信息服务匹配方法,该方法通过构造虚拟文档和引入WordNet词汇语义实现“操作级”的地理信息服务匹配,且能够支持词汇间同义关系、上位关系和下位关系的简单语义功能。
     3.研究了基于本体语义和规则支持的地理信息服务发现方法以解决语义网环境下的服务发现问题。围绕该问题,分析了地理信息本体构建的准则、方法与工具、地理信息本体的逻辑构成、地理信息本体的集成方法。然后从数据或信息语义、功能或操作语义、执行语义和服务质量语义四个方面出发,明确了地理信息服务的语义蕴含,并运用OWL-S对地理信息服务进行语义化描述。将加权语义距离和Wu-Palmer法相结合,改进了本体概念语义相似度的计算方法,在此基础上结合服务接口依赖关系,提出了支持接口多态性的本体语义地理信息服务输入输出IO匹配方法,然后进一步研究了规则支持的地理信息服务前提效果PE匹配方法。
     4.针对数量的增多和种类的繁杂多样使得地理信息服务变得混乱和无规则而影响服务发现效率的问题,论文提出将分类与聚类应用于地理信息服务发现。为此,分析了地理信息服务分类规范,为地理信息服务机器分类算法的类标选择奠定基础,并将朴素贝叶斯分类和k邻近分类法用于地理信息服务自动分类,实现了相关算法并进行了实验验证,阐述了地理信息服务类别匹配的方法。然后,提出了基于服务特征的地理信息服务k-均值聚类算法,并对初始聚类中心的选取、聚类过程中聚类中心的重新确定、聚类完成后服务聚类集的表示以及异常值处理问题进行了分析,阐述了地理信息服务聚类集匹配的问题。最后,通过实验验证了服务分类和服务聚类应用于地理信息服务发现的良好效果。
     5.为了进一步从非功能属性的角度来对地理信息服务进行筛选,研究了基于QoS的地理信息服务发现方法。首先,提出了基于QoS的地理信息服务发布和发现框架,该框架主要特点是引入服务QoS中介充当第三方的角色。其次,在分析地理信息服务质量要素特征的基础上,建立了基于服务类别的可扩展地理信息服务质量要素模型。然后,引入地理信息服务质量要素序关系,提出了基于序关系的地理信息服务质量要素权重的确定方法,并研究了两种地理信息服务质量评价的方法,即简单线性加权法和模糊综合评价法。详细阐述了序关系QoS偏好模型和权值QoS偏好模型的地理信息服务匹配方法。最后,对地理信息服务质量评价及基于QoS的地理信息服务发现方法进行了实验验证。
Geographical information service effectively promotes the sharing and functional reuse ofgeographical information. At present, more and more enterprises or organizations open their owndata or software functions as geographical information services to be used by people. However,following geographical information services on the web are increasing, people want to getsatisfied geographical information services become more and more difficult. Therefore, highlyefficient geographical information service discovery methods are urgently needed to help peoplefind and select required services. So this dissertation imports the techniques of information query,semantic web, data minning, and multiple attributes comprehensive evaluation to discuss thegeographical information service discovery methods. The methods of geographical informationservice discovery based on description and simple semantic, geographical information servicediscovery based on ontology semantic and rule support, geographical information service basedon classification and clustering, geographical information service discovery based on QoS arediscussed in detail. The main achievement and innovation are described as follows.
     1. The backgrounds, significances, and related theories of geographical information servicediscovery are anlalyzed. The geographical information system service-oriented changing, andexisted problems in the process of geographical information service sharing are analysed. Thenthe significances of geographical information service discovery are presented. Web service,semantic web, and web service QoS evaluation are confirmed as the three basic techniques ofgeographical information service discovery. The definition of geographical information servicediscovery is given, and the framework and methods are discussed. Finally, the evaluationmethods of geographical information service discovery are given.
     2. On now web environment, geographical information service discovery method based onkeywords cannot get satisfying effect. The dissertation imports the information query techniqueand WordNet lexical semantic technique to realize the geographical information servicediscovery methods based on description and simple semantic. The geographical informationservice discovery method based description is realized by service name matching with editdistance and service description matching with vector space model. The method of simplesemantic based geographical information service discovery is realized by constructing virtualdocuments and imporing WordNet lexical semantic. This method achieves the operation levelservice matching, and can support the simple semantic of synonymy, hypernym and hyponym.
     3. The geographical information service discovery methods based on ontology semantic andrule are discussed to sovle the problem of service finding on semantic web entironment. Aiming the problem, the geographical information ontology building rules, building methods, buildingtools, logic composition, and integration methods are discussed. Geographical informationservice semantics are confirmed by containing data or information semantic, function oroperation semantic, execution semantic, and QoS semantic. Then OWL-S is used to semanticlydescribe geographical information service. Weighted semantic distance and Wu-Palmer method arecombined to improve the calculating method of ontology concept semantic similarity, and thenservice interfaces dependent relations are introduced to promot the geographical informationservice input/output(IO) matching method which supports interface multi-condition. After that,geographical information service precondition/effect (PE) matching method is promoted.
     4. Geographical information services become disordered and irregular because of bigamounts and multifarious classes, which leads to the low service discovery efficiency. Aimingthe problem, the dissertation promots using service classification and clustering for geographicalinformation service discovery. Therefor, the geographical information service classificationcriterion is discussed for the preparation of machine classification label. Na ve BayesClassification algorithm and k-Nearest Neighbor algorithm are used to do geographical informationservice auto-classification, and are examined by experiments. Then geographical informationservice classification matching method is presented. Geographical information service k-Meansclustering algorithm based on service characters is promoted, and some problems are solved,such as selecting initial cluster centers, re-confirming cluster centers on the process, expressingservice clusers after clustering, and dealing with exceptional services. Then geographicalinformation service cluster matching method is presented. Finally, experiments are practised toexamine the application effects of service classification and clustering.
     5. In order to filter the geographical information services from non-function attributes, thegeographical information service discovery methods based on QoS are discussed. Geographicalinformation service publication and discovery framework based on QoS is promoted, whichespecially imports QoS broker. After analyzing the geographical information service QoSattributes’ characters, QoS model based on service classification which can extend is promoted.Geographical information service QoS attributes order-relation is introduced to calculate thepowers of QoS attributes. Then two geographical information service QoS evaluation methodsare discussed, they are simple additive weighted method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluationmethod. Geographical information service matching methods of QoS preference model based onorder-relation and weight are discussed. Finally, experiments are practised to examine theapplication effects of QoS evaluation and discovery method based on QoS.
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