河南嵩县祁雨沟金矿成矿流体及成矿机制研究
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摘要
祁雨沟金矿地处河南省嵩县城关镇境内,距县城18公里处,大地构造位置位于华北地块南缘熊耳地体东北缘。熊耳山—外方山地区是重要的Au、Mo、W和Ag-Pb-Zn的成矿区,祁雨沟金矿是熊耳山地区典型的角砾岩型金矿。
矿区内每个角砾岩体产出距离相距不远,但是各个角砾岩体矿化类型具有一定的差异：J2以Au矿化为主,J4以Au-Cu矿化为主,J5以Au矿化为主,J7则以Mo-Au为主。
本次研究根据露头及坑道中脉体之间的穿插关系以及矿物组合,将热液期划分为四个阶段：(Ⅰ)钾长石—石英阶段(Ⅱ)石英—黄铁矿阶段(Ⅲ)金-多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅳ)石英-碳酸盐阶段,其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段为主成矿阶段,金主要在第Ⅲ成矿阶段富集。金属矿物主要有黄铁矿、黄铜矿、自然金、银金矿,次要的有方铅矿,闪锌矿、褐铁矿、赤铁矿等；非金属矿物主要有石英、长石、方解石、绿帘石、绢云母,次要矿物有黑云母、白云母、钠长石、白云石、高岭石、萤石；微量矿物有榍石、锆石、磷灰石、独居石等。主要的蚀变类型有硅化、钾化、绢云母化、绿泥石化和碳酸盐化,其中硅化出现在成矿的四个阶段。
矿石构造主要有角砾状构造、块状构造、浸染状构造、脉状构造、细脉状构造、网脉状构造等。矿石结构主要分为结晶结构、变形结构和交代结构三类,其中结晶结构包括自形粒状结构、半自形粒状结构、他形粒状结构、解理结构、填隙结构、包含结构；变形结构包括揉皱结构、压碎结构；交代结构包括交代残余结构、骸晶结构、镶边结构和脉状结构。
包裹体岩相学显示,含矿石英脉以及各种角砾之间的含矿胶结物中发育了气液两相包裹体(L+V型)、子矿物多相包裹体(s型)、纯气相包裹体(V型)、纯液相包裹体(L型)以及含CO2三相包裹体(C型),这些包裹体成群成带分布,少数呈孤立分布,包裹体大小从<1μ-35μ不等,包裹体形状一般为近圆形、椭圆形、负晶形和不规则形。结合各成矿阶段矿石矿物特征和流体包裹体研究发现：第1阶段流体包裹体以富液两相流体包裹体(L+V型)、子矿物多相(S型)的包裹体为主,可见少量气体包裹体(V型)；第Ⅱ阶段和第Ⅲ阶段各种类型(L+V型,C型,V型,S型)的流体包裹体均有出现,以L+V型居多；第1V阶段流体包裹体主要以富液两相流体包裹体(L+V型)为主,可看到较多纯液相包裹体(L型)产出。祁雨沟金矿含有丰富的子矿物,子矿物出现在热液期的各个阶段,可以见到石盐、钾盐、赤铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿和方解石的子矿物。
包裹体显微测温和盐度数据显示：主成矿阶段(Ⅱ、Ⅲ)流体包裹体的均—温度集中于240～380°C之间,盐度集中于9～17 wt.%.NaCl之间。从第1阶段到第1V阶段,流体包裹体的均—温度集中范围依次为409.3～506.3℃(平均446.9℃)、303.6～442.8℃(平均370.0℃)、251.6～344.0℃(平均291.9℃)、121.8～254.6℃(平均192.3℃),呈现出逐渐降低的趋势；成矿流体的盐度范围分别为17.08～20.89wt.%(平均18.63wt.%)→6.16～20.07wt.%(平均12.24wt.%)→1.4～17.17wt.%(平均10.48wt.%)→1.4-12.85wt.%(平均5.04wt.%),同样呈现出逐渐降低的趋势。
对祁雨沟J4岩筒中20件测温片的单个包裹体进行了气液相成分的激光拉曼探针分析,含矿石英脉中V+L型的包裹体液相成分以H2O为主；气相成分中除H2O外还有一定量的CO2(特征峰值为1280 cm-1和1384 cm-1)和少量N2(特征峰值为2325cm-1)。对祁雨沟矿区单矿物群体流体包裹体进行成分测定显示,成矿流体气相成分主要的气体成分为H20,CO2,02, N2,少量CH4等；液相成分阳离子主要有Na+和K+,其次为Ca2+,Mg2+微量；阴离子主要为C1-,SO42次之,F-和NO3-微量。矿化较QYG-155,QYG-157,QYG-166,QYG-122都显示出较高的Cl-浓度,可以推测Cl-离子可能是把萃取金属成分的最好介质,同时表明Au的氯络合物可能是其主要的迁移形式。
本次研究通过锆石U-Pb定年测得环绕J4角砾岩体的花岗斑岩年龄153.6±2.4Ma。通过同位素研究发现,祁雨沟的成矿物质主要来自于岩浆并且与区内的斑岩有同源的关系,后期受到地壳浅源物质(包括地层碳)的混合。祁雨沟金矿成矿流体主要与岩浆系统有关,而作为主要成矿流体的临界-超临界流体应该来自富含挥发份的高氧化状态的岩浆出溶作用形成。临界-超临界包裹体集中出现在第Ⅱ成矿阶段,在第Ⅰ成矿阶段也有少量出现。通过单个流体包裹体的激光拉曼光谱分析表明临界均一的包裹体均含有CO2。估算祁雨沟金矿的成矿压力为24MPa-37MPa。
综上所述,本次研究发现的祁雨沟矿床中的部分流体包裹体具有临界均一的特征,这些包裹体能够反映临界-超临界流体的特征。研究本类包裹体对于完善成矿流体演化具有重要意义。祁雨沟金矿的成矿机制可以概括为：矿区高温高氧逸度的岩浆侵位,在封闭的岩浆房内出溶作用形成临界-超临界包裹体。当临界-超临界包裹体不断聚集,内压高于外压时,发生隐爆,形成角砾岩体及其外围和顶部的裂隙带。隐爆发生后,压力和温度降低,临界-超临界流体发生减压沸腾,促使包裹体发生相分离,即把NaCl-H2O-CO2流体变成两个流体相：H2O-NaCl和CO2-H2O。Au的沉淀是在这种相分离的过程中发生的,流体的减压沸腾是Au沉淀的原因之一。由于角砾岩体的隐爆、流体减压沸腾及古大气水的混入,热液中的金被沉淀成矿,形成胶结物型和脉型金矿化。热液进入在角砾岩体间和外围裂隙带中并和围岩发生物质交换,发生硅化、黄铁矿化、绢云母化、绿泥石化和绿帘石化等,从而造成成矿物质的大量富集。随着地下水和雨水的加入,成矿流体逐渐转变为以H20为主要成分的低盐度富液相包裹体或者纯液相包裹体。
The Qiyugou Au deposit is 18 kilometers from the county, which located in the Xiong'er shan area, southern margin of the North China Craton. This mineral deposit is a typical of breccia hosted Au deposit. Xiongershan-Waifangshan region is an important gold mineralization region where assemble numerous Au, Mo, W, and Ag-Pb-Zn deposits.
Every breccias of the Qiyugou Au deposit is not far from each other, actually, mineralization situation of every breccias are different:J2 breccia has gold ore, J4 breccia has copper and gold ore, J2 breccia has gold ore, J7 breccia has molybdenum and gold ore.
On the basis of the field work and microscopic observations, four stages of mineralization have been recognized:the Quartz-Potash Feldspar stage (Ⅰ), the Quartz-Pyrite stage (Ⅱ), the Gold-Complex sulfide stage (Ⅲ), and the Quartz-Carbonate stage (Ⅳ).The mineralization mainly occurred in phaseⅡandⅢand gold mostly enriched in the late paragenesis of stage III. The ore minerals consist mainly of pyrite, chalcopyrite, electrum and gold, less significantly, galena, sphalerite, magnetite and hematite. The dominate gangue minerals are quartz, sericite, epidote, clacite, chlorite, biotite, plagioclase and amphibole.Hydrothermal alteration is well developed,such as silicification, sericitization, chloritization, and carbonatization, in addition,silicification being closely related to mineralization.
The mineral stone structure include mainly of massive structure, disseminated structure, brecciated structure, mesh-vein structure and vein structure. The textures of ores consist mainly of crystal structure, deformational texture and replacement texture.
Fluid inclusions study of calcite and quartz has revealed that liquid rich two-phase fluid inclusions, daughter minerals bearing inclusions and CO2-rich three-phase inclusions are dominate all mineralization stages. The primary fluid inclusions are grouped close together, and minority primary fluid inclusions appear in isolation. The shapes of fluid inclusions are round, oval, negative form and irregular.The size of fluid inclusions is from11μto 35μ. The experimental results indicate that:Daughter minerals bearing inclusions(S type), gaseous fluid inclusions (V type) and two-phase fluid inclusions(L+V type) are locally present in minerals of stageⅠ. Every types of fluid inclusions(S type, L+V type, C type, V type) are locally present in minerals of stageⅡ,Ⅲ.Two-phase fluid inclusions (L+V type) and pure liquid fluid inclusions are locally present in minerals of stageⅠ. Daughter minerals bearing inclusions(S type) appeared in all phases of hydrothermal period. Daughter minerals include Hematite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and calcite.
The fluid inclusions in several types of rocks in the Qiyugou were systematically investigated in the aspects of petrography and temperature of phase change show that the homogeneous temperatures of the inclusions from stageⅠto stageⅣare 409.3～506.3℃, 303.6～442.8℃,251.6～344.0℃, and 121.8～254.6℃, respectively, while the calculated salinities of the ore fluids are17.08～20.89 wt.% NaCl equiv.,6.16～20.07 wt.% NaCl equiv.,1.4～17.17 wt.% NaCl equiv., and1.4-12.85wt.% NaCl equiv., respectively. Both homogenization temperatures and salinities are progressively decreasing from stageⅠto stageⅣ
Laser Raman spectrometer is applied to the identification of single fluid inclusion.20 samples come from J4 breccia to test. Liquid ingredients of V+L type is H2O, moreover, gas is CO2 and N2. By analyzing the data of group fluid inclusion, gas are H2O, CO2, O2, N2 and CH4.Furthermore, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-, F-and NO3-are existence.QYG-155, QYG-157, QYG-166 and QYG-122 had obvious mineralization, which also had abundant Cl-. So there is the possibility, Cl- is a great media of extract metallogenic material, in other words, migration of Au depend on chloric complex.
The granite porphyry is dated to be 153.6±2.4Ma by LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb, which surround J4 breccia. The contents of trace element in ore are complex.The characteristics of rare earth elements and sulfur, hydrogen and oxygen isotope indicate that gold mineralization are closely related with granites. The comibined fluid inclusion and stable isotope data support previous proposals for a genetic relationship between the Qiyugou ores and magmatic fluids. The ore-forming-fluid, which derive from magma, is near-saturated supercritical fluid and came from the magmatic exsolution with rich volatile constituent. Supercritical fluid is rich in CO2 and focus appearance in stageⅡ.It seldom the number of appearance in stageⅠ. Estimate for metallogenic pressure was 24MPa-37MPa.
There is minerogenic mechanism of the Qiyugou deposit:Emplacement of granite magma was high oxygen fugacity.In Magma chamber, near-saturated supercritical fluid was gathering more and more so that stresses inside was increases. As the pressure inside higher than increases exterior pressures, crypto-explosion was happen. Then Ore-forming material transport and produce breccias. With the reduce of temperature and pressure, the supercritical fluid was Change to vapor phase with low salinity (CO2-H2O System) and liquid phase with high salinity (H2O-NaCl System).Cryptical blasting, fluid-boiling and meteoric water-mixing are reasons of gold deposition in the deposit, forming cement type and vein type mineralization. It has been found that the mineralization and enrichment by hydrothermally altered. Then the meteoric water-mixing change the fluid inclusion into liquid phase with low salinity
矿区内每个角砾岩体产出距离相距不远,但是各个角砾岩体矿化类型具有一定的差异：J2以Au矿化为主,J4以Au-Cu矿化为主,J5以Au矿化为主,J7则以Mo-Au为主。
本次研究根据露头及坑道中脉体之间的穿插关系以及矿物组合,将热液期划分为四个阶段：(Ⅰ)钾长石—石英阶段(Ⅱ)石英—黄铁矿阶段(Ⅲ)金-多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅳ)石英-碳酸盐阶段,其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段为主成矿阶段,金主要在第Ⅲ成矿阶段富集。金属矿物主要有黄铁矿、黄铜矿、自然金、银金矿,次要的有方铅矿,闪锌矿、褐铁矿、赤铁矿等；非金属矿物主要有石英、长石、方解石、绿帘石、绢云母,次要矿物有黑云母、白云母、钠长石、白云石、高岭石、萤石；微量矿物有榍石、锆石、磷灰石、独居石等。主要的蚀变类型有硅化、钾化、绢云母化、绿泥石化和碳酸盐化,其中硅化出现在成矿的四个阶段。
矿石构造主要有角砾状构造、块状构造、浸染状构造、脉状构造、细脉状构造、网脉状构造等。矿石结构主要分为结晶结构、变形结构和交代结构三类,其中结晶结构包括自形粒状结构、半自形粒状结构、他形粒状结构、解理结构、填隙结构、包含结构；变形结构包括揉皱结构、压碎结构；交代结构包括交代残余结构、骸晶结构、镶边结构和脉状结构。
包裹体岩相学显示,含矿石英脉以及各种角砾之间的含矿胶结物中发育了气液两相包裹体(L+V型)、子矿物多相包裹体(s型)、纯气相包裹体(V型)、纯液相包裹体(L型)以及含CO2三相包裹体(C型),这些包裹体成群成带分布,少数呈孤立分布,包裹体大小从<1μ-35μ不等,包裹体形状一般为近圆形、椭圆形、负晶形和不规则形。结合各成矿阶段矿石矿物特征和流体包裹体研究发现：第1阶段流体包裹体以富液两相流体包裹体(L+V型)、子矿物多相(S型)的包裹体为主,可见少量气体包裹体(V型)；第Ⅱ阶段和第Ⅲ阶段各种类型(L+V型,C型,V型,S型)的流体包裹体均有出现,以L+V型居多；第1V阶段流体包裹体主要以富液两相流体包裹体(L+V型)为主,可看到较多纯液相包裹体(L型)产出。祁雨沟金矿含有丰富的子矿物,子矿物出现在热液期的各个阶段,可以见到石盐、钾盐、赤铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿和方解石的子矿物。
包裹体显微测温和盐度数据显示：主成矿阶段(Ⅱ、Ⅲ)流体包裹体的均—温度集中于240～380°C之间,盐度集中于9～17 wt.%.NaCl之间。从第1阶段到第1V阶段,流体包裹体的均—温度集中范围依次为409.3～506.3℃(平均446.9℃)、303.6～442.8℃(平均370.0℃)、251.6～344.0℃(平均291.9℃)、121.8～254.6℃(平均192.3℃),呈现出逐渐降低的趋势；成矿流体的盐度范围分别为17.08～20.89wt.%(平均18.63wt.%)→6.16～20.07wt.%(平均12.24wt.%)→1.4～17.17wt.%(平均10.48wt.%)→1.4-12.85wt.%(平均5.04wt.%),同样呈现出逐渐降低的趋势。
对祁雨沟J4岩筒中20件测温片的单个包裹体进行了气液相成分的激光拉曼探针分析,含矿石英脉中V+L型的包裹体液相成分以H2O为主；气相成分中除H2O外还有一定量的CO2(特征峰值为1280 cm-1和1384 cm-1)和少量N2(特征峰值为2325cm-1)。对祁雨沟矿区单矿物群体流体包裹体进行成分测定显示,成矿流体气相成分主要的气体成分为H20,CO2,02, N2,少量CH4等；液相成分阳离子主要有Na+和K+,其次为Ca2+,Mg2+微量；阴离子主要为C1-,SO42次之,F-和NO3-微量。矿化较QYG-155,QYG-157,QYG-166,QYG-122都显示出较高的Cl-浓度,可以推测Cl-离子可能是把萃取金属成分的最好介质,同时表明Au的氯络合物可能是其主要的迁移形式。
本次研究通过锆石U-Pb定年测得环绕J4角砾岩体的花岗斑岩年龄153.6±2.4Ma。通过同位素研究发现,祁雨沟的成矿物质主要来自于岩浆并且与区内的斑岩有同源的关系,后期受到地壳浅源物质(包括地层碳)的混合。祁雨沟金矿成矿流体主要与岩浆系统有关,而作为主要成矿流体的临界-超临界流体应该来自富含挥发份的高氧化状态的岩浆出溶作用形成。临界-超临界包裹体集中出现在第Ⅱ成矿阶段,在第Ⅰ成矿阶段也有少量出现。通过单个流体包裹体的激光拉曼光谱分析表明临界均一的包裹体均含有CO2。估算祁雨沟金矿的成矿压力为24MPa-37MPa。
综上所述,本次研究发现的祁雨沟矿床中的部分流体包裹体具有临界均一的特征,这些包裹体能够反映临界-超临界流体的特征。研究本类包裹体对于完善成矿流体演化具有重要意义。祁雨沟金矿的成矿机制可以概括为：矿区高温高氧逸度的岩浆侵位,在封闭的岩浆房内出溶作用形成临界-超临界包裹体。当临界-超临界包裹体不断聚集,内压高于外压时,发生隐爆,形成角砾岩体及其外围和顶部的裂隙带。隐爆发生后,压力和温度降低,临界-超临界流体发生减压沸腾,促使包裹体发生相分离,即把NaCl-H2O-CO2流体变成两个流体相：H2O-NaCl和CO2-H2O。Au的沉淀是在这种相分离的过程中发生的,流体的减压沸腾是Au沉淀的原因之一。由于角砾岩体的隐爆、流体减压沸腾及古大气水的混入,热液中的金被沉淀成矿,形成胶结物型和脉型金矿化。热液进入在角砾岩体间和外围裂隙带中并和围岩发生物质交换,发生硅化、黄铁矿化、绢云母化、绿泥石化和绿帘石化等,从而造成成矿物质的大量富集。随着地下水和雨水的加入,成矿流体逐渐转变为以H20为主要成分的低盐度富液相包裹体或者纯液相包裹体。
The Qiyugou Au deposit is 18 kilometers from the county, which located in the Xiong'er shan area, southern margin of the North China Craton. This mineral deposit is a typical of breccia hosted Au deposit. Xiongershan-Waifangshan region is an important gold mineralization region where assemble numerous Au, Mo, W, and Ag-Pb-Zn deposits.
Every breccias of the Qiyugou Au deposit is not far from each other, actually, mineralization situation of every breccias are different:J2 breccia has gold ore, J4 breccia has copper and gold ore, J2 breccia has gold ore, J7 breccia has molybdenum and gold ore.
On the basis of the field work and microscopic observations, four stages of mineralization have been recognized:the Quartz-Potash Feldspar stage (Ⅰ), the Quartz-Pyrite stage (Ⅱ), the Gold-Complex sulfide stage (Ⅲ), and the Quartz-Carbonate stage (Ⅳ).The mineralization mainly occurred in phaseⅡandⅢand gold mostly enriched in the late paragenesis of stage III. The ore minerals consist mainly of pyrite, chalcopyrite, electrum and gold, less significantly, galena, sphalerite, magnetite and hematite. The dominate gangue minerals are quartz, sericite, epidote, clacite, chlorite, biotite, plagioclase and amphibole.Hydrothermal alteration is well developed,such as silicification, sericitization, chloritization, and carbonatization, in addition,silicification being closely related to mineralization.
The mineral stone structure include mainly of massive structure, disseminated structure, brecciated structure, mesh-vein structure and vein structure. The textures of ores consist mainly of crystal structure, deformational texture and replacement texture.
Fluid inclusions study of calcite and quartz has revealed that liquid rich two-phase fluid inclusions, daughter minerals bearing inclusions and CO2-rich three-phase inclusions are dominate all mineralization stages. The primary fluid inclusions are grouped close together, and minority primary fluid inclusions appear in isolation. The shapes of fluid inclusions are round, oval, negative form and irregular.The size of fluid inclusions is from11μto 35μ. The experimental results indicate that:Daughter minerals bearing inclusions(S type), gaseous fluid inclusions (V type) and two-phase fluid inclusions(L+V type) are locally present in minerals of stageⅠ. Every types of fluid inclusions(S type, L+V type, C type, V type) are locally present in minerals of stageⅡ,Ⅲ.Two-phase fluid inclusions (L+V type) and pure liquid fluid inclusions are locally present in minerals of stageⅠ. Daughter minerals bearing inclusions(S type) appeared in all phases of hydrothermal period. Daughter minerals include Hematite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and calcite.
The fluid inclusions in several types of rocks in the Qiyugou were systematically investigated in the aspects of petrography and temperature of phase change show that the homogeneous temperatures of the inclusions from stageⅠto stageⅣare 409.3～506.3℃, 303.6～442.8℃,251.6～344.0℃, and 121.8～254.6℃, respectively, while the calculated salinities of the ore fluids are17.08～20.89 wt.% NaCl equiv.,6.16～20.07 wt.% NaCl equiv.,1.4～17.17 wt.% NaCl equiv., and1.4-12.85wt.% NaCl equiv., respectively. Both homogenization temperatures and salinities are progressively decreasing from stageⅠto stageⅣ
Laser Raman spectrometer is applied to the identification of single fluid inclusion.20 samples come from J4 breccia to test. Liquid ingredients of V+L type is H2O, moreover, gas is CO2 and N2. By analyzing the data of group fluid inclusion, gas are H2O, CO2, O2, N2 and CH4.Furthermore, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-, F-and NO3-are existence.QYG-155, QYG-157, QYG-166 and QYG-122 had obvious mineralization, which also had abundant Cl-. So there is the possibility, Cl- is a great media of extract metallogenic material, in other words, migration of Au depend on chloric complex.
The granite porphyry is dated to be 153.6±2.4Ma by LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb, which surround J4 breccia. The contents of trace element in ore are complex.The characteristics of rare earth elements and sulfur, hydrogen and oxygen isotope indicate that gold mineralization are closely related with granites. The comibined fluid inclusion and stable isotope data support previous proposals for a genetic relationship between the Qiyugou ores and magmatic fluids. The ore-forming-fluid, which derive from magma, is near-saturated supercritical fluid and came from the magmatic exsolution with rich volatile constituent. Supercritical fluid is rich in CO2 and focus appearance in stageⅡ.It seldom the number of appearance in stageⅠ. Estimate for metallogenic pressure was 24MPa-37MPa.
There is minerogenic mechanism of the Qiyugou deposit:Emplacement of granite magma was high oxygen fugacity.In Magma chamber, near-saturated supercritical fluid was gathering more and more so that stresses inside was increases. As the pressure inside higher than increases exterior pressures, crypto-explosion was happen. Then Ore-forming material transport and produce breccias. With the reduce of temperature and pressure, the supercritical fluid was Change to vapor phase with low salinity (CO2-H2O System) and liquid phase with high salinity (H2O-NaCl System).Cryptical blasting, fluid-boiling and meteoric water-mixing are reasons of gold deposition in the deposit, forming cement type and vein type mineralization. It has been found that the mineralization and enrichment by hydrothermally altered. Then the meteoric water-mixing change the fluid inclusion into liquid phase with low salinity
引文
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