中国转型期非正规就业女性群体的福利权问题研究
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摘要
福利权是指现代国家中社会成员在收入维持、衣食、健康、住房、就业与社会服务等方面所拥有的权益,它是公民社会权利的主要组成部分。在中国的经济改革和社会转型过程中,城镇非正规就业经济逐渐兴起和成长,同时城镇非正规就业的女性化趋势也日益明显。女性在参与非正规就业过程中面临的一个主要问题就是难以保护和实现自己的福利权益,这对女性发展产生了极大的负面影响,也在很大程度上加剧了性别不平等趋势。因此,有必要对我国转型期城镇非正规就业女性群体的福利权问题展开深入研究,在理论层面解释这一群体失权状况的深层次根源,并为相关的性别平等政策提供决策参考。
本文从赋权理论的视角出发,探讨了转型期城镇非正规就业女性群体的福利权实现问题。本文主要针对非正规就业女性群体的社会保险和社会救助两方面权益,开展了扎根理论的研究,重点在于分析非正规就业女性福利权受损的影响因素问题。在扎根理论研究的基础上,本文构建了一个非正规就业女性群体福利权受损的理论解释模型,并提出相应的赋权性的社会支持实践模式。本文的研究发现如下:
第一,非正规就业女性的福利权受损状况包括外在的福利权益受损和内在的个人无权感两个方面。
第二,非正规就业女性的福利观念影响其福利权实现。转型期非正规就业女性的福利观念是一种社群关系本位的生存理性。生存理性是一种福利工具理性,它具有生计取向、比较取向和关系取向三个特征,这三种取向之间是相互联系、相互影响、互为建构的拟合关系。非正规就业女性的福利观念既有一定的价值普遍性,又有一定的历史性、时代性。这一生存理性的福利观念与西方的权利观念有着很大的区别。生存理性的福利观念形成非正规就业女性福利权实现的间接权能障碍,这主要包括:无权感的塑造;权利意识觉醒的抑制;维权行动的制约。
第三,非正规就业女性群体的社会边缘位置影响到其福利权实现。在体制变革和社会转型过程中,非正规就业女性群体受到来自国家、市场、社会和家庭的多重挤压和排斥,处于社会的边缘地位。被不断孤立和隔绝的社会位置使得这一弱势群体可掌控的资源和机会非常匮乏。非正规就业女性的边缘地位和资源匮乏造成其福利权利实现的障碍。直接障碍主要表现在福利的可及性方面,即个人和群体没有能力、机会获得所需要的福利资源。间接障碍则表现为非正规就业女性的维权能力不足和话语权限制两方面。
第四,非正规就业女性的社会位置与其福利观念之间进行着双向持续的互动。这一不良互动过程包括两个方面的作用机制:压迫内化机制和劣势积累机制。压迫内化是一个福利观念内化的过程,它依次发生在经验习得、心理预期和认知改变三个层面。劣势积累则是指在生存理性的福利观念支配下,很多非正规就业女性放弃改变环境的动机和行动,这使得其劣势不断积累,其边缘地位出现固化趋势。
因此,本文认为,社会工作者要建立一个性别赋权的社会支持实践模式,帮助非正规就业女性通过克服权能障碍,发展能力,获得权力和资源,从而实现福利权。在社会支持实践模式中,赋权性的介入内容主要包括自我赋权、集体赋权和政策性赋权三个方面。
Welfare rights mean the rights and benefits of income, food and clothing, health, housing, employment and social services that are held by the people in modern states, which are the major ingredients of social rights. During the process of china economic reform and society transformation, the informal employment in cities and towns has been increasing, with the significant occurrence of women work as informal employment. In the process of women participation in informal employment, they are difficult to protect and implement the welfare rights of themselves. To a great extent, this results in impeding women development and aggravating gender inequality. Hence, it is necessary to research deeply the welfare rights issue of informal employment women in cities and towns, and to interpret the root of this group's loss of rights from the theory. It will offer some reference for policy making concerning gender equality.
This paper researches the implementation of welfare rights of informal employment women in cities and towns from the perspective of empowerment. Adopting the grounded theory as the main methodology, the paper analyses the main factors that affect the welfare rights of informal employment women in cities and towns, which refers to social security and social assistance. On the basis of the grounded theory study, the paper builds up a framework of the welfare rights impairment of informal employment women, and puts forward to a social support practice model for achievement of the goals of empowerment. Based on the study, there are four points:
First, the welfare rights impairment of informal employment women consists of external impairment and internal feeling without power.
Second, the ideology of welfare of informal employment women hinder them from reaching the welfare rights. During the transformation of society in china, the welfare ideology of informal employment women are subsistence rationality based on community relationship. Subsistence rationality is welfare instrument rationality or welfare action rationality, which has the characteristics of living orientation, community orientation, and comparison orientation. There are interrelated, interacted, and inter-constructive relationships among three orientations above. The ideology of welfare of informal employment women has not only some certain value generality but also some characteristics of history and time. There are immense differences between the type of instrumental subsistence rationality and that of normative rights. The ideology of welfare of subsistence rationality causes indirect blocks for informal employment women to reach the welfare rights, including shaping the powerlessness, impeding the rights awareness, and hindering the rights maintenance.
Third, the marginal status of informal employment women hinder them from reaching the welfare rights. During the process of social system reform and social transformation, informal employment women stay in the marginal status of society, suffering from multiple pressures and exclusions from state, market and family. This marginal status aggravates increasingly, resulting in lacking opportunities and resources available for this vulnerable group. This leads to impeding achievement of welfare rights in turn. Direct blocks mainly display reachment of welfare, which means that individual and group have no ability or opportunity to attain the welfare resources needed. Indirect blocks display insufficiency of rights maintenance capacity and restriction of discourse.
Finally, there is bilateral and ongoing interaction between social status and welfare ideology of informal employment women. The process of negative interaction includes two mechanisms: oppression internalization mechanism and inferiority accumulation mechanism. Oppression internalization is the process of internalizing welfare ideas, which happens in the following levels in order: experience acquisition, psychological expectation and cognitive change. Inferiority accumulation mechanism indicates that being dominated by the ideology of welfare of subsistence rationality, many informal employment women abandon motive and action of changing environment, which makes their inferiority accumulate continuously and marginal status solidified.
So, the social worker must build a social support practice model to help the informal employment women develop capacity, obtain power and resources, and reach welfare rights through overcoming blocks of rights and benefits. In the social support practice model, the goals of intervention focusing on empowerment mainly comprise those of individual empowerment, group empowerment, and policy empowerment.
本文从赋权理论的视角出发,探讨了转型期城镇非正规就业女性群体的福利权实现问题。本文主要针对非正规就业女性群体的社会保险和社会救助两方面权益,开展了扎根理论的研究,重点在于分析非正规就业女性福利权受损的影响因素问题。在扎根理论研究的基础上,本文构建了一个非正规就业女性群体福利权受损的理论解释模型,并提出相应的赋权性的社会支持实践模式。本文的研究发现如下:
第一,非正规就业女性的福利权受损状况包括外在的福利权益受损和内在的个人无权感两个方面。
第二,非正规就业女性的福利观念影响其福利权实现。转型期非正规就业女性的福利观念是一种社群关系本位的生存理性。生存理性是一种福利工具理性,它具有生计取向、比较取向和关系取向三个特征,这三种取向之间是相互联系、相互影响、互为建构的拟合关系。非正规就业女性的福利观念既有一定的价值普遍性,又有一定的历史性、时代性。这一生存理性的福利观念与西方的权利观念有着很大的区别。生存理性的福利观念形成非正规就业女性福利权实现的间接权能障碍,这主要包括:无权感的塑造;权利意识觉醒的抑制;维权行动的制约。
第三,非正规就业女性群体的社会边缘位置影响到其福利权实现。在体制变革和社会转型过程中,非正规就业女性群体受到来自国家、市场、社会和家庭的多重挤压和排斥,处于社会的边缘地位。被不断孤立和隔绝的社会位置使得这一弱势群体可掌控的资源和机会非常匮乏。非正规就业女性的边缘地位和资源匮乏造成其福利权利实现的障碍。直接障碍主要表现在福利的可及性方面,即个人和群体没有能力、机会获得所需要的福利资源。间接障碍则表现为非正规就业女性的维权能力不足和话语权限制两方面。
第四,非正规就业女性的社会位置与其福利观念之间进行着双向持续的互动。这一不良互动过程包括两个方面的作用机制:压迫内化机制和劣势积累机制。压迫内化是一个福利观念内化的过程,它依次发生在经验习得、心理预期和认知改变三个层面。劣势积累则是指在生存理性的福利观念支配下,很多非正规就业女性放弃改变环境的动机和行动,这使得其劣势不断积累,其边缘地位出现固化趋势。
因此,本文认为,社会工作者要建立一个性别赋权的社会支持实践模式,帮助非正规就业女性通过克服权能障碍,发展能力,获得权力和资源,从而实现福利权。在社会支持实践模式中,赋权性的介入内容主要包括自我赋权、集体赋权和政策性赋权三个方面。
Welfare rights mean the rights and benefits of income, food and clothing, health, housing, employment and social services that are held by the people in modern states, which are the major ingredients of social rights. During the process of china economic reform and society transformation, the informal employment in cities and towns has been increasing, with the significant occurrence of women work as informal employment. In the process of women participation in informal employment, they are difficult to protect and implement the welfare rights of themselves. To a great extent, this results in impeding women development and aggravating gender inequality. Hence, it is necessary to research deeply the welfare rights issue of informal employment women in cities and towns, and to interpret the root of this group's loss of rights from the theory. It will offer some reference for policy making concerning gender equality.
This paper researches the implementation of welfare rights of informal employment women in cities and towns from the perspective of empowerment. Adopting the grounded theory as the main methodology, the paper analyses the main factors that affect the welfare rights of informal employment women in cities and towns, which refers to social security and social assistance. On the basis of the grounded theory study, the paper builds up a framework of the welfare rights impairment of informal employment women, and puts forward to a social support practice model for achievement of the goals of empowerment. Based on the study, there are four points:
First, the welfare rights impairment of informal employment women consists of external impairment and internal feeling without power.
Second, the ideology of welfare of informal employment women hinder them from reaching the welfare rights. During the transformation of society in china, the welfare ideology of informal employment women are subsistence rationality based on community relationship. Subsistence rationality is welfare instrument rationality or welfare action rationality, which has the characteristics of living orientation, community orientation, and comparison orientation. There are interrelated, interacted, and inter-constructive relationships among three orientations above. The ideology of welfare of informal employment women has not only some certain value generality but also some characteristics of history and time. There are immense differences between the type of instrumental subsistence rationality and that of normative rights. The ideology of welfare of subsistence rationality causes indirect blocks for informal employment women to reach the welfare rights, including shaping the powerlessness, impeding the rights awareness, and hindering the rights maintenance.
Third, the marginal status of informal employment women hinder them from reaching the welfare rights. During the process of social system reform and social transformation, informal employment women stay in the marginal status of society, suffering from multiple pressures and exclusions from state, market and family. This marginal status aggravates increasingly, resulting in lacking opportunities and resources available for this vulnerable group. This leads to impeding achievement of welfare rights in turn. Direct blocks mainly display reachment of welfare, which means that individual and group have no ability or opportunity to attain the welfare resources needed. Indirect blocks display insufficiency of rights maintenance capacity and restriction of discourse.
Finally, there is bilateral and ongoing interaction between social status and welfare ideology of informal employment women. The process of negative interaction includes two mechanisms: oppression internalization mechanism and inferiority accumulation mechanism. Oppression internalization is the process of internalizing welfare ideas, which happens in the following levels in order: experience acquisition, psychological expectation and cognitive change. Inferiority accumulation mechanism indicates that being dominated by the ideology of welfare of subsistence rationality, many informal employment women abandon motive and action of changing environment, which makes their inferiority accumulate continuously and marginal status solidified.
So, the social worker must build a social support practice model to help the informal employment women develop capacity, obtain power and resources, and reach welfare rights through overcoming blocks of rights and benefits. In the social support practice model, the goals of intervention focusing on empowerment mainly comprise those of individual empowerment, group empowerment, and policy empowerment.
引文
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2 关于社会保障权益与福利权的关系,以及社会保障与社会福利两个概念之间的联系、区别,本文在第二章第一节部分进行了较为详细的论述。
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1 转引自阮曾嫒琪.中国就业妇女社会支持网络研究—“扎根理论”研究方法的应用.熊跃根译.北京:北京大学出版社,2002.28
1 转引自田凯.关于社会福利的定义及其与社会保障关系的再探讨.学术季刊,2001(1)
1 转引自马广海,许英.论社会福利:概念和视角.山东大学学报(哲社版),2008(5)
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1 转引自刘梦,陈丽云.赋权观念在妇女小组中的运用——小组的理念、设计和本土化探讨.见:王思斌主编.中国社会工作研究:第一辑.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002:84
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1 Susan P.Robbisn Pranab Chatterjee &Edwarb R.Canda.Contemporary Human Behavior Theory:A Critical Perspective for Social Work.Published by Allyn and Bacon.1998.105
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1 中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.中国的社会保障状况和政策白皮书.2004
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