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劳动力转移对农村发展的影响研究
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摘要
在我国改革开放的过程中,由于各种道德观、价值观和行为选择的聚集与碰撞,涌现出大量深层次的问题,在这些问题中又以“三农”问题最为明显。而解决“三农”问题的关键又是要合理地转移农村劳动力。
     目前关于农村劳动力转移问题的研究中,无论是农村劳动力转移经典理论的分析,如刘易斯理论、费景汉-拉尼斯理论、托达罗理论等,还是国内外相关学者对此问题的实证研究,都将重点放在劳动力外部转移对农村发展的影响的研究上,且多数是针对农村经济发展的影响,而以农村经济、社会综合发展目标为衡量标准将两种转移模式对农村发展的影响进行定性与定量相结合比较分析的则较少。因此,笔者就针对目前学术界研究中相对较为薄弱的领域,以《劳动力转移对农村发展的影响》为题,进行深入的相关研究。
     本文主要采用理论分析与实证分析相结合的研究方法,在具体介绍陕西省两种转移模式样本村劳动力转移的历史进程、特征及发展趋势的基础上,对比分析了两种转移模式对农村经济、社会发展的具体影响,并找出产生这些影响的深层原因;运用模糊综合评价法,构建劳动力转移对农村发展的影响评价模型,并利用样本村的调查数据,实证评价、分析两种转移模式对农村发展的影响。
     就农村劳动力转移对农村经济发展的影响而言,无论是内部转移还是外部转移都能促进农民收入的增加,就本文样本村的调查情况而言,内部转移比外部转移更能促进农民增收。两种转移模式对农业发展的影响都是复杂的、正反面皆有的,内部转移在保证农业劳动力有效供给、促进土地资源的有效利用及农业科技推广、扩大农产品需求和保证农业基础设施建设及维护方面有积极的影响,但却不利于促进粮田、经济田的合理配置,目前,内部转移样本村中都明显存在粮田被经济田挤占,粮食生产副业化、口粮化的现象,这影响了粮食安全和农业的可持续发展;外部转移在增加农业生产投资、扩大农产品需求、保证粮田面积方面有着积极的影响,但在保证农业劳动力有效供给、促进农业科技推广和农业基础设施建设及维护方面却产生了十分消极的影响,三个外部转移样本村中虽然土地撂荒程度还不是很高,但是农业劳动力老龄化、女性化、农业后继者不足、粮食生产口粮化却是不争的事实。可见,无论是内部转移还是外部转移目前都对粮食生产造成了不利影响,长此以往,必然影响到我国的粮食安全。内部转移对农村非农产业的发展基本上都是正面的影响,外部转移对农村非农产业的发展则是正反面皆有的,主要表现在外部转移对增加农村非农产业资金投入和扩大农村非农产品需求具有正面影响,但对非农产业劳动力有效供给和非农产业比较优势发挥具有一定的反面影响,需要注意的是,这种反面影响随着农民工返乡创业潮的来临,可能会有转正的趋势,还需进一步的研究、验证。
     就劳动力转移对农村社会发展的影响而言,内部转移在对促进农民家庭和谐、村民团结、推进村民自治、治安良好和环境优美方面比外部转移的影响要好。但在对农村文化健康的影响方面,两者各有利弊,具体表现在,内部转移比外部转移更有利于促进优秀传统文化理念的传承,但却容易造成转移劳动力具有“小富即安”、“重男轻女”等落后封建思想;外部转移劳动力比内部转移劳动力更具有改革创新的精神、对子女性别的看法更加开明,但外部转移劳动力比内部转移劳动力更易抛弃重农爱农、节约资源等优秀传统思想。
     劳动力转移对农村发展的影响评价结果表明:内部转移模式比外部转移模式更有利于促进农村发展。基于上述研究结果,构建农村劳动力合理内部转移机制,以促进农村劳动力的合理内部转移。
In the process of Chinese reform and opening, due to convergence and collision of moralconcepts, value orientation and behavior choice, a large number of deep-seated problems areemerged, one of the most important problem is ‘three agricultural problems’, in which therural labor force transfer is the most prominent.
     Both the classic theory of rural labor force transfer, such as Lewis theory, Fei Jinghantheory, Ranis, Todaro theory and the empirical study by domestic and foreign scholar in thecurrent study of rural labor force transfer mainly paid attention to the influence of externaltransfer of rural labor on rural development, especially on rural economy. Moreover there arefew researches where the impacts of two kinds transfer mode on the rural development wereevaluated through the combination of qualitative and quantitatively analysis according thestandard of rural developing target. Therefore, the study aimed at this field which is arelatively weak study in academic circles, where the influence of rural labor force transfer onrural development was analyzed.
     The effects of the two transfer modes on rural economic and social development wereanalyzed and compared in this through the combination of theoretical analysis and empiricalresearch, based on the specific details about the historical process characteristics anddevelopment trend of two transfer modes of labor force sample villages in Shaanxi Province.Then reasons of different effects were found. By using to the assessment model for theinfluence of labor transfer on rural development was constructed with analytic hierarchyprocess (AHP) method. The effect of two transfer models on rural development wasempirically evaluated using the survey data sample villages.
     As for the effect of rural labor force transfer on rural economic development, whetherinternal or external transfer can increase the farmer’s income, in the case of sample villages,farmers in internal transfer villages increase more income than farmers in external transfervillages. Impacts of internal transfer and external transfer on the agricultural development arecomplex. There are positive and negative influences. In the mode of internal transfer, there arepositive influences in agricultural labor supply, effective use of land resources, promotion of agricultural science and technology, expansion of demand for agricultural products andagricultural infrastructure construction and negative influences in the reasonable configurationof grain and economic cropland. At present, there are evident phenomenon of grain croplandoccupied by economic cropland, avocation and ration of grain production in the internaltransfer samples, which could impact the food security and sustainable development ofagriculture. There are positive impacts in increasing agricultural production investment,expansion of demand for agricultural products, ensure the grain cropland scale, and negativeimpacts in ensuring the effective supply of rural labor force, promotion of agricultural scienceand technology and agricultural infrastructure construction and maintenance in externaltransfer mode. However, abandoned land level is not very high in three samples of externaltransfer, the problems of agricultural labor force aging, feminine, insufficient agriculturalsuccessor, ration of grain production have exist. So there are adverse effects on foodproduction ration in both internal and external transfer mode. If things go on like this, therewould be negative affect in the food security in china. There are basically positive effects onthe development of non-agricultural industries in internal transfer mode. There are positiveand negative effects on the development of non-agricultural industries in external transfermode. The certainly negative impact existed in the external transfer mode mainly are adverseeffect in non-agricultural labor supply and farming industry, noting that, there may be apositive trend in such negative impact, because the tide that more and more migrant workersreturn home for business, which need further investigation and verification. There is positiveinfluence of external transfer on rural non-agricultural industries to increase capitalinvestment and expand the rural non-agricultural products demand.
     As for the influence of labor force transfer on rural social development, internal transferhas better influence on promoting the farmer family harmony, the solidarity, the autonomy ofvillagers, the fine public security and beautiful environment than the external transfer.However, they both have advantages and disadvantages in the effects of rural cultural health,specifically, internal transfer has better ability than the external transfer can promote theinheritance of outstanding traditional culture idea, but it is easily to cause the transferred laborhas ‘Xiaofu is installed namely’,‘men are superior to women’ and other backward feudalideology. External labor force transfer has more spirit of reform and innovation than internaltransferred labor, who has enlightened perception of children gender, but external transferredlabor discard the excellent traditional thought of cherishing agriculture, conserving resourcesand so on easily.
     Based on the comparative analysis for the influence of two transfer models impact on therural development, the assessment model to evaluate influences of labor force transfer onrural development was constructed. The result shows that the influence of internal transfer onthe rural development is better than the external transfer. Based on these findings, themechanism of rural labor force transfer was constructed to promote the internal rural laborforce transfer.
引文
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