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中国农村公共产品供给主体及其供给行为研究
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摘要
家庭承包制实施以后,我国农村公共产品供给体制逐渐由政府单一供给向政府、私人和社区及第三部门多元供给转变。依照公平和效率的标准,不同的供给主体之间作用的边界和范围是不同的。但是,目前在农村公共产品供给中存在着各供给主体之问边界模糊、供给主体的“缺位”和“错位”现象并存,以及由此导致的供给水平低、结构不合理、效率低下等问题。农村公共产品的有效供给不足不仅严重损害了农民和农村的可持续发展能力,也成为和谐社会建设的障碍之一。因此,研究农村公共产品各类供给主体供给中存在的问题,明晰各主体之间的合理边界,构建能兼顾公平和效率的公共产品供给体制,对增加农村公共产品的有效供给、缩小城乡差别、实现社会主义和谐社会的目标将起到积极的推动作用。
     本文首先对建国以来我国农村公共产品供给主体的演变历史进行了简要的考察,发现农村公共产品供给经历了从私人合作供给→政府单一供给→多元化供给的演进轨迹。接下来从不同的视角对农村公共产品的三类供给主体依次进行了分析和考察。通过对影响政府供给绩效的因素分析发现人口流动不仅降低了政府的农村物质资本支出效率,而且对政府的农村人力资本投资效率也有显著的负面影响。其原因在于因人口流动所产生的地区外部性降低了各地区对农村公共产品投资的效率,尤其是对农村人力资本投资的效率。因此,应提升农村人力资本投资主体的层次,中央财政应该加大对劳务净输出地的公共基础教育、人力资源开发及公共卫生服务方面的支持力度。而对私人供给的分析主要是侧重于从制度变迁的视角,通过案例来剖析私人供给这一诱致性制度变迁过程发生的机制,对私人供给的福利效应分析显示,农村公共产品所具有的自然垄断和正外部性的属性,使得以追求利润最大化为目的的私人供给会带来社会总福利上的损失。所以,政府要在强化对公共产品私人供给的价格和质量监管的同时,要从需求方面对涉及农民基本需求的公共产品实施补贴。社区供给分析的重点是家庭承包制实施以后,尤其是农村税费改革以来社区供给的“一事一议”筹资筹劳的制度安排所面临的“集体行动的困境”。通过两个来自湖北省的案例研究发现:强互惠者、外部资本以及小范围的或基于生产专业化组成的农民合作组织将成为农村社区公共产品供给的新的组织资源,在公共产品的社区供给中发挥越来越重要的作用。基于问卷调查基础上的实证分析显示村民的组织化程度和农业依赖度对村民的参与度有显著的正向影响。
     最后,概括性地介绍了公共产品供给主体选择的影响因素,并利用一个交易成本的分析范式从理论上对公共产品的供给主体的边界进行了界定。探讨了政府供给、私人供给、社区供给的合理边界,指出政府供给满足的是基本需求,私人供给满足的是超额需求;而政府供给和社区供给的边界则是基于内部交易成本和外部交易成本的比较。论文的最后,提出了构建“以政府供给为主导、以市场化运作为主体、以社区供给为补充”的农村公共产品供给新体制的设想。
After the establishment of the household responsibility system, the provider of the rural public goods has transferred from the government only to the multiple parties of the government, the private sector, the community and the third-party sectors. The border and scope of each provider's role is different according to the efficiency and fairness standard. However, there are many problems in the provision of the rural public goods currently, such as the vague border of the providers, and even the absence of the providers, which lead to the low-level, low efficiency and unreasonable structure of the provision. The insufficient effective supply of the rural public goods has seriously damaged the sustainable development of both the peasants and the rural areas, which has also been one of the obstacles to the construction of a harmonious society. Therefore, the study on the problems of different providers in the supply of the rural public goods and the reasonable border of them, so as to construct a new public provision pattern that is both fair and efficient, will impose positive impact on the improvement of the effective provision of the rural public goods, on the narrowness of the urban-rural income gap and on the realization of the harmonious socialist society.
     At first, a brief review of the history of the provision of the rural public goods is given, what discovers a track of the providers: cooperation of the individual peasants→government only→multiple parties. Then, the three kinds of providers are analyzed and inspected in different perspectives. An analysis on the performance of government provision shows that the population movement and the level of industrialization has significantly negative effect on the efficiency of the governmental expenditure on the physical capital, so does the population movement and the level of economic development on the governmental human capital investment in the rural areas. It can be explained by the externalities caused by the population movement, which results in the low efficiency of the investment on local rural public goods, especially on the human capital. Therefore, the level of the investor of the rural human capital should be enhanced, and the central government should intensify its support for the basically public education, the development of human resource and the public health service in the net-flow-out areas. The provision of the individual peasant is analyzed in the perspective of institutional transition, and the mechanism of this kind of induced change is examined by some cases. The welfare effect analysis shows that the attribute of the rural public goods is natural monopoly and positive externality, which will lead to the loss of the gross social welfare if it is provided by the profit-maximization individual peasant. So, the government should monitor the prices and qualities of the public goods provided by the individual peasant as well as subsidize the basic consumption of the public goods. The focus of the community provision is "the plight of the collective action" in the "discuss one thing at one time" policy after the establishment of the household responsibility system, especially after the reform of the rural taxes and fees. Two cases in Hubei province suggest that strong reciprocity, external capital and the rural cooperative organizations based on the professional production in a limited scope will be the new providers of the rural public goods, and they will play a more and more important role. Base on the farmers' survey, an empirical analysis shows that the farmers' organizations and the agricultural dependence have significantly positive impact on the participation of the farmers.
     Finally, the factors that affect the choice of the providers of the public goods have been introduced generally. An analysis paradigm of transactional cost has been adopted to define the border of the providers theoretically. A discussion about the reasonable border between the government and the individual peasant suggests that the government should meet the basic demand and the individual should meet the extra demand. The border of the provision between the government and the community is defined by the comparison of the internal and the external transactional costs. At the end of the dissertation, a vision of a new pattern of the rural public goods provision, that is "government-led, market as the main and community as the complement", is recommended.
引文
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