产业集群的网络组织分析
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摘要
产业集群在提高区域竞争力中发挥着越来越重要的作用,其竞争优势来源于集群内部各行为主体(企业、当地政府、行业协会等)之间的协同效应。但许多产业集群由于缺乏有效的分工与协作而导致协同效应不明显,从而难以发挥集群的竞争优势,其发展也因此而出现了很多问题。基于这一点,深化对于产业集群的认识,从而全面提升集群创新能力、维系和提高集群竞争优势,是目前产业集群研究中所面临的重要问题。
产业集群是在分工基础上,由彼此之间存在分工与协作关系的企业以及与企业发生各种联系且具有不同职能分工的相关机构,在特定区域聚集所形成的一种网络组织形式。基于产业集群概念的这一界定,本文采用演绎推理、静态与动态分析以及案例的实证分析等方法,对产业集群进行网络组织方面的研究。为使研究更加系统,本文构建了产业集群的网络组织分析框架:形成、结构、属性与治理,这四个因素既各自独立又相互影响,构成了一个不可分割的整体。
产业集群的形成与分工有着密切的关系,其形成基础是分工协调形式由基本型——市场演变到衍生型——企业网络;在集聚区域以企业网络为核心的进一步扩展,也就是与其它行为主体建立各种联系,则最终形成了产业集群这一网络组织形式。产业集群的网络组织结构是复合分工网络,这一点包括两方面的涵义。就整体而言,产业集群是由集群企业网络和集群支持网络所共同构成,两者都是产业集群这一网络组织形式所不可缺少的组成部分,存在着不同的分工。就局部而言,集群企业网络又是由企业之间的纵向和横向分工交织而成,是产业集群的核心网络;集群支持网络是产业集群中其它行为主体在与企业的互动中所形成的网络,在其它行为主体间又存在着不同的职能分工,为企业网络提供资源、基础设施以及知识、技术、人力资源等生产要素的支持。产业集群这一网络组织形式不仅具有经济属性,而且还具有社会属性;也就是说,产业集群内的经济活动要受到集聚区域内社会因素的影响,具有嵌入性的特征。适度嵌入性可以增强产业集群这一网络组织形式的稳定性,使其具备更强的竞争优势。
基于产业集群的网络组织特征:形成、结构、属性的分析,从治理的基本概念出发,本文认为:作为一种网络组织形式,产业集群治理的内涵是以集群企业网络为核心并由集群内所有利益相关者都参与的共同治理,其目的通过最大化集群剩余而使得产业集群的竞争优势得以维系和提高。就产业集群的共同治理框架而言,以集群企业网络为核心,分为内部与外部治理,其中集群企业网络内部治理是产业集群治理的核心,而由支持网络成员参与的外部治理可以提高集群企业网络内部治理的效率,是集群治理中不可缺少的组成部分;产业集群网络组织的社会属性则会影响到企业的经济行为,因此在产业集群治理中发挥着重要的作用,从某种程度而言可以将之称为产业集群的社会资本治理。另一方面,集群企业网络的内部与外部治理之间具有互补性,需要进行适时的协调;以地方政府这一重要的治理主体为例,本文分别从静态与动态的角度分析了内外部治理的协调对于提高产业集群治理效率的重要性。
最后,本文通过选取典型案例,进一步验证了产业集群的网络组织分析中对相关问题的探讨,并对产业集群的发展提出了建议。总体而言,本文不仅仅将产业集群看作是企业及其它行为主体因为空间上的地理接近而出现的区域经济现象,更重要的是将其作为一种网络组织形式来分析。这在一定程度上拓宽了产业集群的研究视野,丰富了产业集群研究的内容,这是本文的理论意义;而就实践方面而言,则对产业集群竞争优势的维系与提高具有借鉴意义。
在已有研究成果的基础上,本文的创新点可以概括为以下几个方面:
第一,构建了产业集群的网络组织分析框架。产业集群是在分工基础上,由彼此之间存在分工与协作关系的企业以及与企业发生各种联系且具有不同职能分工的相关机构,在特定区域聚集所形成的一种网络组织形式。基于产业集群概念的这一界定,以分工理论、企业网络理论和嵌入性理论为基础对产业集群进行网络组织分析,一方面涉及产业集群的网络组织特征:也就是说,产业集群的网络组织是怎样形成的、产业集群内部的网络组织结构是什么、产业集群的网络组织属性有何特点。另一方面,一种组织能够以有序和可以预测的方式运行,必须有与之相适应的组织秩序对其进行维护,以解决组织运行与发展中存在的各种问题,而这就涉及到了产业集群这一网络组织形式的治理问题。由此,上述四点构成了本文产业集群的网络组织分析框架:形成、结构、属性与治理。
第二,提出了产业集群的网络组织结构模型。产业集群中的企业及相关机构在一定地域范围内既独立自主又彼此依赖,维持着一种长期的分工与协作关系,从而在结构上形成了一种具有多重联结的复合分工网络。这一点包括两方面的涵义,就整体而言,是由居于核心的集群企业网络和居于外围的集群支持网络构成;而就局部而言,在集群企业网络内部又存在着纵向分工和横向分工,在集群支持网络内部不同机构之间又有着职能上的分工。
第三,提出了基于网络组织的产业集群治理框架。作为一种网络组织形式,产业集群的治理基础是关系、互动与协同的三维治理逻辑,以协调集群内不同行为主体间的分工与协作;产业集群的网络组织内部缺少一个足够权威的治理主体充当集群的中心签约人的角色,因此其治理主体是集群内的所有行为主体;以集群企业网络为核心,分为内部与外部治理,其中集群企业网络内部治理是产业集群治理的核心,而由支持网络成员参与的外部治理可以提高集群企业网络内部治理的效率,是集群治理中不可缺少的组成部分;产业集群网络组织的社会属性则会影响到企业的经济行为,因此在产业集群治理中发挥着重要的作用,从某种程度而言可以将之称为产业集群的社会资本治理。
The role of industrial cluster is becoming more and more important in enhancing the competition of district, and the competitive advantage originates from the coordination effect which is based on interaction among different actors, such as enterprise, local government, industry association and so on inside industrial cluster. But many industry clusters' coordination effect isn't evident because of lack of effective division and collaboration, and many problems also begins to appear. Consequently, how to deepen the acquaintance of industrial cluster and enhance the innovation capability and competitive advantage of industrial cluster is becoming the key issue of industrial cluster's research presently.
Industrial cluster is a kind of network organization which is based on division of labor and is formed by enterprises with division of labor and collaboration by each other, correlative organ building all kinds of connections with enterprises to conglomerate in the location. Basing on the definition of industrial cluster, this dissertation takes deduction and reasoning, static and dynamic analysis and case empirical study as main method to analyze industrial cluster, a kind of network organization. In order to make the analysis more systemically, this dissertation establishes the analysis framework of industrial cluster's network organization, that is to say, formation, structure, attribute and governance. The four factors are independent of and at the same time affect each other, which composes the integration of not being divided.
The formation of industrial cluster is connected with division of labor consanguineously, and the foundation of industrial cluster formation is that the elementary type of coordination of division of labor evolves to derivative type, that is to say, enterprise network; and in the conglomeration location, enterprise network expands further, building all kinds of connections with other actors, and finally industry cluster,a kind of network oeganization,comes into being. The network organization structure of industrial cluster is compounded division of labor network, and this includes two kinds of meanings. As far as the integration is concerned, industrial cluster is composed of cluster enterprise network and cluster supportive network, and they are indispensable composition of industrial cluster as a kind of networked economic organization. As far as the part is concerned, cluster enterprises network is composed of vertical and horizontal division of labor, which is the core network of industrial cluster; cluster supportive network is formed by the other actors interacting with enterprises which is with different function division of labor and provides resources, infrastructure and the productive factors of knowledge, technology and human resources .As networked organization, industrial cluster is not only with economic attribute, but with social attribute. That is to say, the economic actions among different actors inside industry cluster are affected by socital factor in the conglomeration location, with the characteristics of embeddedness. And moderate embeddedness adds the stability of industrial cluster and makes it possess stronger competitive advantage.
Based on the analysis of industry cluster's network organization characteristics: formation, structure, attribute, from the basic concept of governance, this dissertation considers that as a kind of network organization, the meaning of industrial cluster governance is the co-governance that all the actors take part in taking the industry enterprise network as the core, and the aim is to maintain and enhance industry cluster's competitive advantage by maximizing the cluster surplus. As far as the governance framework of industrial cluster, taking the cluster enterprise network as the core, there exists inside and outside governance. And the inside governance is the core of industry cluster governance, while the outside governance is able to enhance the efficiency of inside governance and is the indispensable part of cluster governance. And what's more, the inside governance is affected by the social attribute of industrial cluster's network organization. To some extent,it is the social capital governance of industry cluster. And on the other hand, the inside and outside governance is complementary each other and it is in need of coordination timely. Taking the important governance main body of local government as example, this dissertation analyzes the importance of enhancing the efficiency of industrial cluster by the coordination of inside and outside governance from the static and dynamic perspective.
At last, by selecting typical case, this dissertation further validates the discussion of relative issues on analysis of industry cluster's network organization and puts forward the suggestions on industry cluster development. In a word, this dissertation not only takes industry cluster as region economic phenomena forming by enterprises and other actors because of space geographic adjacence, but also takes it as a kind of network organization to study. And this, to some extent, broadens research view of industry cluster and enriches research content of industry cluster; as far as the practice aspect is concerned, the research is with guidance effect to competitive advantage maintenance and elevation of industry cluster.
Based on the foundation of research fruit before, the innovation points of this dissertation can be generalized as follows:
Firstly, this dissertation constructs analysis framework of industrial cluster network's organization. Industrial cluster is a kind of network organization which is based on division of labor and is formed by enterprises with division of labor and collaboration by each other, correlative organ building all kinds of connections with enterprises to conglomerate in the location. Based on the definition industrial cluster, by the theory of division, enterprise network and embeddedness theory to analyze network organization of industrial clusters, on the one hand it is on industry clueter's network characteristic, that is to say, how the network organization of industry cluster is formed, what the network organization structure inside industry cluster is, what industry cluster's network organization attribute is. On the other hand, if organization can operation by the orderly and forecasting ways there exists organization order adaptive to it to maintain it, so as to solve all kinds of problems, and this deals with the governance issue of industry cluster. As mentioned above, the four points constitute the framework of industry cluster's network organization: formation, structure, attribute and governance.
Secondly, this dissertation puts forward the network organization structure model of industrial cluster. The network organization structure of industry cluster is a kind of compounded division of labor network. That is to say, as far as the integration is concerned, industrial cluster is composed of cluster enterprise network which is in the core and cluster supportive network which is in the periphery; as far as the part is concerned, cluster enterprises network is composed of vertical and horizontal division of labor, and cluster supportive network is formed by the other actors which is with different function division of labor.
Thirdly, this dissertation puts forward the governance framework of industrial cluster based on network organization. As a kind of network organization, the governance foundation of industrial cluster is the three-dimensional governance logic of relationship, interaction and synergy in order to coordinate the division of labor among different actors; taking the cluster enterprise network as the core, there exists inside and outside governance. And the inside governance is the core of industry cluster governance, while the outside governance is able to enhance the efficiency of inside governance and is the indispensable part of cluster governance. Inside the industry cluster's network organization, there is no governance body which is sufficiently authoritative to play the role of central contracting person, so the governance body is all the actors inside industry cluster. And what's more, the inside governance is affected by the social attribute of industrial cluster's network organization. To some extent it is the social capital governance of industry cluster.
产业集群是在分工基础上,由彼此之间存在分工与协作关系的企业以及与企业发生各种联系且具有不同职能分工的相关机构,在特定区域聚集所形成的一种网络组织形式。基于产业集群概念的这一界定,本文采用演绎推理、静态与动态分析以及案例的实证分析等方法,对产业集群进行网络组织方面的研究。为使研究更加系统,本文构建了产业集群的网络组织分析框架:形成、结构、属性与治理,这四个因素既各自独立又相互影响,构成了一个不可分割的整体。
产业集群的形成与分工有着密切的关系,其形成基础是分工协调形式由基本型——市场演变到衍生型——企业网络;在集聚区域以企业网络为核心的进一步扩展,也就是与其它行为主体建立各种联系,则最终形成了产业集群这一网络组织形式。产业集群的网络组织结构是复合分工网络,这一点包括两方面的涵义。就整体而言,产业集群是由集群企业网络和集群支持网络所共同构成,两者都是产业集群这一网络组织形式所不可缺少的组成部分,存在着不同的分工。就局部而言,集群企业网络又是由企业之间的纵向和横向分工交织而成,是产业集群的核心网络;集群支持网络是产业集群中其它行为主体在与企业的互动中所形成的网络,在其它行为主体间又存在着不同的职能分工,为企业网络提供资源、基础设施以及知识、技术、人力资源等生产要素的支持。产业集群这一网络组织形式不仅具有经济属性,而且还具有社会属性;也就是说,产业集群内的经济活动要受到集聚区域内社会因素的影响,具有嵌入性的特征。适度嵌入性可以增强产业集群这一网络组织形式的稳定性,使其具备更强的竞争优势。
基于产业集群的网络组织特征:形成、结构、属性的分析,从治理的基本概念出发,本文认为:作为一种网络组织形式,产业集群治理的内涵是以集群企业网络为核心并由集群内所有利益相关者都参与的共同治理,其目的通过最大化集群剩余而使得产业集群的竞争优势得以维系和提高。就产业集群的共同治理框架而言,以集群企业网络为核心,分为内部与外部治理,其中集群企业网络内部治理是产业集群治理的核心,而由支持网络成员参与的外部治理可以提高集群企业网络内部治理的效率,是集群治理中不可缺少的组成部分;产业集群网络组织的社会属性则会影响到企业的经济行为,因此在产业集群治理中发挥着重要的作用,从某种程度而言可以将之称为产业集群的社会资本治理。另一方面,集群企业网络的内部与外部治理之间具有互补性,需要进行适时的协调;以地方政府这一重要的治理主体为例,本文分别从静态与动态的角度分析了内外部治理的协调对于提高产业集群治理效率的重要性。
最后,本文通过选取典型案例,进一步验证了产业集群的网络组织分析中对相关问题的探讨,并对产业集群的发展提出了建议。总体而言,本文不仅仅将产业集群看作是企业及其它行为主体因为空间上的地理接近而出现的区域经济现象,更重要的是将其作为一种网络组织形式来分析。这在一定程度上拓宽了产业集群的研究视野,丰富了产业集群研究的内容,这是本文的理论意义;而就实践方面而言,则对产业集群竞争优势的维系与提高具有借鉴意义。
在已有研究成果的基础上,本文的创新点可以概括为以下几个方面:
第一,构建了产业集群的网络组织分析框架。产业集群是在分工基础上,由彼此之间存在分工与协作关系的企业以及与企业发生各种联系且具有不同职能分工的相关机构,在特定区域聚集所形成的一种网络组织形式。基于产业集群概念的这一界定,以分工理论、企业网络理论和嵌入性理论为基础对产业集群进行网络组织分析,一方面涉及产业集群的网络组织特征:也就是说,产业集群的网络组织是怎样形成的、产业集群内部的网络组织结构是什么、产业集群的网络组织属性有何特点。另一方面,一种组织能够以有序和可以预测的方式运行,必须有与之相适应的组织秩序对其进行维护,以解决组织运行与发展中存在的各种问题,而这就涉及到了产业集群这一网络组织形式的治理问题。由此,上述四点构成了本文产业集群的网络组织分析框架:形成、结构、属性与治理。
第二,提出了产业集群的网络组织结构模型。产业集群中的企业及相关机构在一定地域范围内既独立自主又彼此依赖,维持着一种长期的分工与协作关系,从而在结构上形成了一种具有多重联结的复合分工网络。这一点包括两方面的涵义,就整体而言,是由居于核心的集群企业网络和居于外围的集群支持网络构成;而就局部而言,在集群企业网络内部又存在着纵向分工和横向分工,在集群支持网络内部不同机构之间又有着职能上的分工。
第三,提出了基于网络组织的产业集群治理框架。作为一种网络组织形式,产业集群的治理基础是关系、互动与协同的三维治理逻辑,以协调集群内不同行为主体间的分工与协作;产业集群的网络组织内部缺少一个足够权威的治理主体充当集群的中心签约人的角色,因此其治理主体是集群内的所有行为主体;以集群企业网络为核心,分为内部与外部治理,其中集群企业网络内部治理是产业集群治理的核心,而由支持网络成员参与的外部治理可以提高集群企业网络内部治理的效率,是集群治理中不可缺少的组成部分;产业集群网络组织的社会属性则会影响到企业的经济行为,因此在产业集群治理中发挥着重要的作用,从某种程度而言可以将之称为产业集群的社会资本治理。
The role of industrial cluster is becoming more and more important in enhancing the competition of district, and the competitive advantage originates from the coordination effect which is based on interaction among different actors, such as enterprise, local government, industry association and so on inside industrial cluster. But many industry clusters' coordination effect isn't evident because of lack of effective division and collaboration, and many problems also begins to appear. Consequently, how to deepen the acquaintance of industrial cluster and enhance the innovation capability and competitive advantage of industrial cluster is becoming the key issue of industrial cluster's research presently.
Industrial cluster is a kind of network organization which is based on division of labor and is formed by enterprises with division of labor and collaboration by each other, correlative organ building all kinds of connections with enterprises to conglomerate in the location. Basing on the definition of industrial cluster, this dissertation takes deduction and reasoning, static and dynamic analysis and case empirical study as main method to analyze industrial cluster, a kind of network organization. In order to make the analysis more systemically, this dissertation establishes the analysis framework of industrial cluster's network organization, that is to say, formation, structure, attribute and governance. The four factors are independent of and at the same time affect each other, which composes the integration of not being divided.
The formation of industrial cluster is connected with division of labor consanguineously, and the foundation of industrial cluster formation is that the elementary type of coordination of division of labor evolves to derivative type, that is to say, enterprise network; and in the conglomeration location, enterprise network expands further, building all kinds of connections with other actors, and finally industry cluster,a kind of network oeganization,comes into being. The network organization structure of industrial cluster is compounded division of labor network, and this includes two kinds of meanings. As far as the integration is concerned, industrial cluster is composed of cluster enterprise network and cluster supportive network, and they are indispensable composition of industrial cluster as a kind of networked economic organization. As far as the part is concerned, cluster enterprises network is composed of vertical and horizontal division of labor, which is the core network of industrial cluster; cluster supportive network is formed by the other actors interacting with enterprises which is with different function division of labor and provides resources, infrastructure and the productive factors of knowledge, technology and human resources .As networked organization, industrial cluster is not only with economic attribute, but with social attribute. That is to say, the economic actions among different actors inside industry cluster are affected by socital factor in the conglomeration location, with the characteristics of embeddedness. And moderate embeddedness adds the stability of industrial cluster and makes it possess stronger competitive advantage.
Based on the analysis of industry cluster's network organization characteristics: formation, structure, attribute, from the basic concept of governance, this dissertation considers that as a kind of network organization, the meaning of industrial cluster governance is the co-governance that all the actors take part in taking the industry enterprise network as the core, and the aim is to maintain and enhance industry cluster's competitive advantage by maximizing the cluster surplus. As far as the governance framework of industrial cluster, taking the cluster enterprise network as the core, there exists inside and outside governance. And the inside governance is the core of industry cluster governance, while the outside governance is able to enhance the efficiency of inside governance and is the indispensable part of cluster governance. And what's more, the inside governance is affected by the social attribute of industrial cluster's network organization. To some extent,it is the social capital governance of industry cluster. And on the other hand, the inside and outside governance is complementary each other and it is in need of coordination timely. Taking the important governance main body of local government as example, this dissertation analyzes the importance of enhancing the efficiency of industrial cluster by the coordination of inside and outside governance from the static and dynamic perspective.
At last, by selecting typical case, this dissertation further validates the discussion of relative issues on analysis of industry cluster's network organization and puts forward the suggestions on industry cluster development. In a word, this dissertation not only takes industry cluster as region economic phenomena forming by enterprises and other actors because of space geographic adjacence, but also takes it as a kind of network organization to study. And this, to some extent, broadens research view of industry cluster and enriches research content of industry cluster; as far as the practice aspect is concerned, the research is with guidance effect to competitive advantage maintenance and elevation of industry cluster.
Based on the foundation of research fruit before, the innovation points of this dissertation can be generalized as follows:
Firstly, this dissertation constructs analysis framework of industrial cluster network's organization. Industrial cluster is a kind of network organization which is based on division of labor and is formed by enterprises with division of labor and collaboration by each other, correlative organ building all kinds of connections with enterprises to conglomerate in the location. Based on the definition industrial cluster, by the theory of division, enterprise network and embeddedness theory to analyze network organization of industrial clusters, on the one hand it is on industry clueter's network characteristic, that is to say, how the network organization of industry cluster is formed, what the network organization structure inside industry cluster is, what industry cluster's network organization attribute is. On the other hand, if organization can operation by the orderly and forecasting ways there exists organization order adaptive to it to maintain it, so as to solve all kinds of problems, and this deals with the governance issue of industry cluster. As mentioned above, the four points constitute the framework of industry cluster's network organization: formation, structure, attribute and governance.
Secondly, this dissertation puts forward the network organization structure model of industrial cluster. The network organization structure of industry cluster is a kind of compounded division of labor network. That is to say, as far as the integration is concerned, industrial cluster is composed of cluster enterprise network which is in the core and cluster supportive network which is in the periphery; as far as the part is concerned, cluster enterprises network is composed of vertical and horizontal division of labor, and cluster supportive network is formed by the other actors which is with different function division of labor.
Thirdly, this dissertation puts forward the governance framework of industrial cluster based on network organization. As a kind of network organization, the governance foundation of industrial cluster is the three-dimensional governance logic of relationship, interaction and synergy in order to coordinate the division of labor among different actors; taking the cluster enterprise network as the core, there exists inside and outside governance. And the inside governance is the core of industry cluster governance, while the outside governance is able to enhance the efficiency of inside governance and is the indispensable part of cluster governance. Inside the industry cluster's network organization, there is no governance body which is sufficiently authoritative to play the role of central contracting person, so the governance body is all the actors inside industry cluster. And what's more, the inside governance is affected by the social attribute of industrial cluster's network organization. To some extent it is the social capital governance of industry cluster.
引文
[1]马歇尔:《经济学原理》(中译本),华夏出版社,2005年版,第225页。
[1]具体如查波罗什工程(1930-1934)、乌拉尔—库兹涅茨大型综合工程(1932-1936)、贝加尔沿岸综合工程(1934-1936)等。
[2]和马歇尔略显不同的是,克鲁格曼在分析中更加强调金钱外部经济,而基本忽视了基于技术和知识溢出的外部经济效应,他甚至将技术外部经济看作是“难以捉摸的”。 经济组织(陈赤平等,2009)。见《产业经济研究》(2009.3)中“基于中间性组织视角的产业集群三层次治理模式”一文。
[1]亚当·斯密:《国富论》(中译本),商务印书馆,1972年版,第5页。
[2]马克思:《资本论》,人民出版社,1975年版,第1卷,第389页。
[3]马克思:《资本论》,人民出版社,1975年版,第1卷,第393页。
[4]马歇尔:《经济学原理》,华夏出版社,2005年版,第206页。
[5]马歇尔:《经济学原理》,华夏出版社,2005年版,第206-207页。
[1]马克思也表达了类似的观点。关于分工提高劳动生产力,马克思并没有局限于提高劳动熟练程度、节省劳动时间、机器发明与运用的一般分析上,而是更强调分工组织产生的协作力(王拓,2003)。
[2]施蒂格勒:《产业组织》(中译本),上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,2006年版,第183页。
[3]图见下一页。
[1]Coase,R.H.The Nature of the Firm.Economica,1937,4:386-405。
[2]在威廉姆森的分析框架中,资产专用性在决定经济组织形式的选择过程中的重要性要远远高于其它两个维度(不确定性、交易频率)。因此,市场、企业和企业网络的选择过程事实上更多的表现为资产专用性的函数。
[3]图见下一页。
[1]“经济组织及其不同的经济特征一直是学术界尤其是新制度经济学关心的重要议题。”对此的详细分析可以参见罗必良《经济组织的制度逻辑》,山西财经出版社,2000年版。
[1]以上关系性嵌入和结构性嵌入的具体解释见王仲智:《产业集群:网络视角的观察》,2007年版,第56页。
[2]马歇尔:《经济学原理》(中译本),华夏出版社,2005年版,第229页。
[1]有学者甚至把产业集群直接称为“产业群落”,详细分析见史晋川等著《制度变迁与经济发展:温州模式研究》中第五章“温州产业群落及其演进”,第113页。
[1]图见下一页。
[2]此处分析来源于波特(1998)的《簇群与新竞争经济学》,译文可见《经济社会体制比较》2000年第2期,第22页。
[1]夏兰、周钟山:《基于网络结构视角的产业集群演化和创新》,中国市场出版社,2006年版,第59-60页。
[2]图见下一页。
[1]在此借用了物理学中“耦合”的概念,指两个或两个以上的体系或两种运动形式通过相互作用而彼此影响以至联合起来的现象。
[2]马克思、恩格斯:《马克思恩格斯全集》,人民出版社,1972年版,第23卷,第362页。
[1]马克思:《资本论》,人民出版社,1975年版,第1卷,第403页。
[1]波特在《竞争论》中对中介组织在产业集群中的角色作了充分的肯定。
[2]1、2、3、4处分析参考了王春宇《分工、专业化与产业集群》[D],辽宁大学,2006。
[3]图见下一页。
[1]杨蕙馨和冯文娜:《中间性组织研究》,经济科学出版社,2008年版,第9页。
[1]有关产业集群治理内涵至今还没有一个清晰的、可以被学术界广泛接受的表述(刘芹,2009)。
[2]转引自俞可平主编:《治理与善治》,中国社会科学文献出版社,2000年版,第4页。
[1]JM模型更重要的是提出了网络组织的治理逻辑:关系与互动。
[2]治理逻辑是进行治理框架分析的基础,以公司治理为例,存在着两种不同的治理逻辑取向:“股东至上”的治理逻辑和“利益相关者”的治理逻辑。
[1]案例描述来自《“浙江现象”产业集群与区域经济发展》,盛世豪、郑燕伟著,清华大学出版社,2004年版。
[2]图见下一页。
[1]详细描述可见盛世豪等《“浙江现象”产业集群与区域经济发展》,清华大学出版社,第147页。
[2]对治理机制的详细分析可见“6.1.2对促进产业集群发展的启示”,在此不再展开分析。
[1]我国的行业协会正处于迅速发展期,一些较为成熟的行业协会已在行业自律、市场治理及其对同业企业的服务方面发挥着日益重要的作用,受到了社会各界的关注,其集体行动对市场和社会的影响也日益放大(周立群等,2008)。
[2]1999年11月5日成立了诸暨市袜业协会,协会下属大唐、草塔、城南、牌头四个袜业分会。
[1]根据不完全统计,在相关文献中,涉及到网络组织的具体机制多达20多个,而且具有明显的重叠与交叉(李维安,2005)。因此,本文在此主要针对产业集群这一网络组织形式的特点,有针对性的选取比较有代表性的治理机制进行分析。
[2]弗兰西斯·福山:《信任:社会道德与繁荣的创造》(中译本),远方出版社,1998年版,第175页。
[1]波特在《竞争论》中对中介组织在产业集群中的角色作了充分的肯定。
[1]资料来源:http://www.mxskzx.com/article/17/564/2006/2006072746869.html。
[1]资料来源:世界科学城一个不甚成功的案例——日本筑波科学城,《科学时报》,2001.6.18
[2]在此仅仅是对筑波科学城发展过程中出现的问题进行分析,而并不涉及其后来的实际发展状况。
[3]表见下一页。
[1]详细分析见杨蕙馨和冯文娜:《中间性组织研究》,经济科学出版社,2008年版,第18、33、44页。
[2]表见下一页。
[1]经济组织是多种多样的,具有不同的作用范围。市场组织和等级组织是两个最基本的经济组织形态,而其它经济组织形式都可以看成是它们二者的结合或变体(石大立,2007)。
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[1]具体如查波罗什工程(1930-1934)、乌拉尔—库兹涅茨大型综合工程(1932-1936)、贝加尔沿岸综合工程(1934-1936)等。
[2]和马歇尔略显不同的是,克鲁格曼在分析中更加强调金钱外部经济,而基本忽视了基于技术和知识溢出的外部经济效应,他甚至将技术外部经济看作是“难以捉摸的”。 经济组织(陈赤平等,2009)。见《产业经济研究》(2009.3)中“基于中间性组织视角的产业集群三层次治理模式”一文。
[1]亚当·斯密:《国富论》(中译本),商务印书馆,1972年版,第5页。
[2]马克思:《资本论》,人民出版社,1975年版,第1卷,第389页。
[3]马克思:《资本论》,人民出版社,1975年版,第1卷,第393页。
[4]马歇尔:《经济学原理》,华夏出版社,2005年版,第206页。
[5]马歇尔:《经济学原理》,华夏出版社,2005年版,第206-207页。
[1]马克思也表达了类似的观点。关于分工提高劳动生产力,马克思并没有局限于提高劳动熟练程度、节省劳动时间、机器发明与运用的一般分析上,而是更强调分工组织产生的协作力(王拓,2003)。
[2]施蒂格勒:《产业组织》(中译本),上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,2006年版,第183页。
[3]图见下一页。
[1]Coase,R.H.The Nature of the Firm.Economica,1937,4:386-405。
[2]在威廉姆森的分析框架中,资产专用性在决定经济组织形式的选择过程中的重要性要远远高于其它两个维度(不确定性、交易频率)。因此,市场、企业和企业网络的选择过程事实上更多的表现为资产专用性的函数。
[3]图见下一页。
[1]“经济组织及其不同的经济特征一直是学术界尤其是新制度经济学关心的重要议题。”对此的详细分析可以参见罗必良《经济组织的制度逻辑》,山西财经出版社,2000年版。
[1]以上关系性嵌入和结构性嵌入的具体解释见王仲智:《产业集群:网络视角的观察》,2007年版,第56页。
[2]马歇尔:《经济学原理》(中译本),华夏出版社,2005年版,第229页。
[1]有学者甚至把产业集群直接称为“产业群落”,详细分析见史晋川等著《制度变迁与经济发展:温州模式研究》中第五章“温州产业群落及其演进”,第113页。
[1]图见下一页。
[2]此处分析来源于波特(1998)的《簇群与新竞争经济学》,译文可见《经济社会体制比较》2000年第2期,第22页。
[1]夏兰、周钟山:《基于网络结构视角的产业集群演化和创新》,中国市场出版社,2006年版,第59-60页。
[2]图见下一页。
[1]在此借用了物理学中“耦合”的概念,指两个或两个以上的体系或两种运动形式通过相互作用而彼此影响以至联合起来的现象。
[2]马克思、恩格斯:《马克思恩格斯全集》,人民出版社,1972年版,第23卷,第362页。
[1]马克思:《资本论》,人民出版社,1975年版,第1卷,第403页。
[1]波特在《竞争论》中对中介组织在产业集群中的角色作了充分的肯定。
[2]1、2、3、4处分析参考了王春宇《分工、专业化与产业集群》[D],辽宁大学,2006。
[3]图见下一页。
[1]杨蕙馨和冯文娜:《中间性组织研究》,经济科学出版社,2008年版,第9页。
[1]有关产业集群治理内涵至今还没有一个清晰的、可以被学术界广泛接受的表述(刘芹,2009)。
[2]转引自俞可平主编:《治理与善治》,中国社会科学文献出版社,2000年版,第4页。
[1]JM模型更重要的是提出了网络组织的治理逻辑:关系与互动。
[2]治理逻辑是进行治理框架分析的基础,以公司治理为例,存在着两种不同的治理逻辑取向:“股东至上”的治理逻辑和“利益相关者”的治理逻辑。
[1]案例描述来自《“浙江现象”产业集群与区域经济发展》,盛世豪、郑燕伟著,清华大学出版社,2004年版。
[2]图见下一页。
[1]详细描述可见盛世豪等《“浙江现象”产业集群与区域经济发展》,清华大学出版社,第147页。
[2]对治理机制的详细分析可见“6.1.2对促进产业集群发展的启示”,在此不再展开分析。
[1]我国的行业协会正处于迅速发展期,一些较为成熟的行业协会已在行业自律、市场治理及其对同业企业的服务方面发挥着日益重要的作用,受到了社会各界的关注,其集体行动对市场和社会的影响也日益放大(周立群等,2008)。
[2]1999年11月5日成立了诸暨市袜业协会,协会下属大唐、草塔、城南、牌头四个袜业分会。
[1]根据不完全统计,在相关文献中,涉及到网络组织的具体机制多达20多个,而且具有明显的重叠与交叉(李维安,2005)。因此,本文在此主要针对产业集群这一网络组织形式的特点,有针对性的选取比较有代表性的治理机制进行分析。
[2]弗兰西斯·福山:《信任:社会道德与繁荣的创造》(中译本),远方出版社,1998年版,第175页。
[1]波特在《竞争论》中对中介组织在产业集群中的角色作了充分的肯定。
[1]资料来源:http://www.mxskzx.com/article/17/564/2006/2006072746869.html。
[1]资料来源:世界科学城一个不甚成功的案例——日本筑波科学城,《科学时报》,2001.6.18
[2]在此仅仅是对筑波科学城发展过程中出现的问题进行分析,而并不涉及其后来的实际发展状况。
[3]表见下一页。
[1]详细分析见杨蕙馨和冯文娜:《中间性组织研究》,经济科学出版社,2008年版,第18、33、44页。
[2]表见下一页。
[1]经济组织是多种多样的,具有不同的作用范围。市场组织和等级组织是两个最基本的经济组织形态,而其它经济组织形式都可以看成是它们二者的结合或变体(石大立,2007)。
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