基于历史典籍双语平行语料库的术语对齐研究
|
摘要
中国历史典籍英译是中国传统文化走向世界的重要途径之一。其英译的难点主要包含两个方面：一是其中大量的术语的英译方式,二是整个文本的翻译风格的把握。
本文挖掘了中国历史典籍如《史记》、《汉书》、《左传》、《战国策》等百余年来英译与研究的数据,为中国历史典籍英译的实证研究以及构建中国历史典籍英译平行语料库奠定了重要基础。这对于面向古汉语的自然语言处理、典籍英译研究和中国历史研究都具有重要意义。
本文以《史记》英译为主线,较深入地分析了从20世纪中期开始到现在,美国两个大型的《史记》英译工程,Burton Watson和William H. Nienhauser, Jr.英译《史记》的差异性及各自的地位和价值。1961年由哥伦比亚大学出版社出版的Watson的《史记》节译本因其突出的文学成就成为世界文学经典译本,被列入联合国教科文组织的代表性著作选集：中国系列丛书,半个多世纪以来享誉汉学界,至今仍是英语国家中国研究专业学生的必读书。30多年后Nienhauser主导的《史记》全译工程以其秉承的西方传统汉学研究与翻译原则为标准,不断再现给读者一卷卷注释丰富、力图直译的、研究性的历史文献。本文以Nienhauser的《史记》译本为参照,对比分析了Watson的《史记》节译本在翻译风格上的特征及其动因,从而以实证的方式说明经典的英译也要受制于一定的社会历史文化语境、翻译工程的性质、翻译目的、译语中的翻译规范和诗学体系、译者个人的意识形态等因素。对Watson翻译观的形成过程的分析,也表明译者的翻译语言规范是在其社会化的过程中形成的。中国历史典籍英译是一种历史的建构。
关于不同性质的译本的分析也说明,中国历史典籍双语平行语料库的语料来源对于基于语料库的知识获取结果会产生重要影响。本文对《史记》术语英译的特征做了较深入的分析,发现历史典籍术语英译存在多元对应的现象。这种现象形成的原因有：术语指称含义的动态性、术语本身存在近义词、术语用作称谓语、术语词性活用、术语译文存在近义词、术语概念在英语中空缺、译者的认知及翻译风格差异等。这些发现对自然语言处理中术语翻译对自动对齐的研究提出了挑战。
本文以《史记》中的官称、谥号、机构等术语为例,结合其英译特征,如部分成分音译、译文多为2/3/4/5词的词组、词组中间常常使用连接词、官称英译中添加人名或用人名替代官称、原文术语干扰词的存在等,提出了共现频率与中心词扩展法、多策略相融合的术语翻译对对齐法等,就基于平行语料库的历史典籍术语英译对的对齐进行了实验。结果显示,前一种方法在含有音译的翻译对对齐中效果显著,而后者在含有音译的翻译对及普通名词性的术语翻译对对齐中取得的召回率和准确率都较突出,高于基本的互信息方法。
鉴于部分中国历史典籍存在多个权威译本的情况,为了深入分析、研究其中的术语英译的方式、传递中国传统文化的有效性、在译语文化中的接受效果等,本文强调在构建中国历史典籍平行语料库时,应该分文本,分译本分别对应,然后在各个对齐的双语语料库中运行术语对齐的算法,以分别对齐各个翻译对。各翻译对在传递中国文化方面的充分性和在译语中的可接受性的程度的鉴定,还需要依据语文学意义上的研究和BNC和COCA等英语国家的大型英语语料库中的相关信息来确定。这些语料库中的词频统计结果有助于对这些术语译文在措辞上的文体风格进行分类,如日常的现代英语用词、古雅的用词、生僻的用词等。这可以为筹建中国历史典籍术语英译检索系统或知识库、编辑机读或面向人工译员的中国历史典籍术语双语词典奠定基础。
本文的研究也发现,利用自然语言处理领域的术语对齐方法在实现历史典籍术语翻译对对齐方面还面临很多困难。同时,关于各译本依据的底本的对比研究也应该成为进一步深化该领域研究的一个重要层面。这在以后的研究中还需进一步深入探讨和分析。
Translating Chinese historical classics into English is one of the most effective ways to promote the reception of traditional Chinese culture in the world. The major challenges that lie ahead include finding appropriate strategies to handle the numerous historical terms and to strike a balance between transferring the original culture adequately and maintaining an acceptable degree of readability in the translations.
This paper presents a systematic survey about the English translations and studies of such monumental works as Shi Ji, Han Shu, Zuo Zhuan, Zhanguo Ce, etc., a basic but essential step for empirical translation studies on Chinese historical classics and bilingual parallel corpus construction in this field. It is also significant to classical Chinese-oriented natural language processing, translation studies on Chinese classics and ancient Chinese history research.
Two authoritative translations of Shi Ji in America, Records of the Grand Historian by Burton Watson and The Grand Scribe's Records by William H. Nienhauser, Jr., have been employed as case studies to explore the discrepancies on the textual, linguistic and stylistic levels as influenced by the manipulative factors behind a translation project within the framework of the manipulative school.
Burton Watson's translation, Records of the Grand Historian published by Columbia University Press in 1961, was well-known for its outstanding literary significance and achieved such a canonical status in world literary translation that it was accepted into the UNESCO Representative Works:Chinese Translation Series. It has remained popular ever since both as a reliable reference book about Han China studies and as an assigned textbook for undergraduate and graduate students majoring in China Studies at major universities of the English-speaking countries. About thirty years later, William H. Nienhauser, Jr. initiated a literally rendered, heavily annotated full English translation of Shi Ji, The Grand Scribe's Records for China Studies specialists, following the Sinological research traditions and translation principles.6 volumes of such high quality scholarly version have been published.
This paper takes Nienhauser's version as the control data and examines the translation patterns of Watson's version and the driving force behind his translation strategies. The results indicate that the translation of classics is also subject to the constraints enforced by a specific social, historical and cultural context, the nature and purpose of the translation project, the translation norms and poetic systems in the target language and culture, the translator's ideologies, etc. The analysis of the evolving process of Watson's translation critierion verifies the descriptive translation studies hypothesis that the acquisition and internalization of linguistic norms by a translator is materialized in the process of his/her socialization. It is proposed that translation of Chinese historical classics is a historical construct.
The data analysis of the English translations of Shi Ji demonstrates that the nature of the translations is a significant factor for the data source differences in a parallel corpus and the discrepancies between different translations would have a strong impact on the knowledge acquisition results of natural language processing. An in-depth examination of the English translations of Chinese historical terms reveals that Chinese historical terms have multiple English equivalents. The following aspects have been identified as contributive factors: dynamics of term designations, synonymy of terms, general-noun terms being used as addressing terms, flexibility of terms'part-of-speech, synonymy of term translations, lack of equivalent term concepts in English, translator's cognitive and translation style differences, etc. These findings exert a great challenge for parallel corpus-based automatic term translation pair alignment.
The terms to be tackled for alignment in this paper cover official titles, posthumous titles, institutions, etc. in Shi Ji. By integrating the English translation patterns of these terms, such as partial transliteration,2/3/4/5-word phrase translations frequently connected with conjuntions like "of, "of the", "on", "in", replacement of titles with title-holders'names, insertion of title-holders'names, translation ambiguity generated by the intervening words of source terms, this paper proposes co-occurrence frequency and head-word extension approach, MI-based hybrid approach for term translation pair alignment. The experiment results show the first approach is effective in aligning partially transliterated term pairs while the latter performs well in aligning both the partially transliterated term pairs and the general noun term translation pairs.
In view of the multiple authoritative English translations of Chinese canonized historical texts, this paper stresses that each version should be aligned with the source text independently so that different translation pairs might have a chance to be aligned automatically. Further validation and classification of the candidate translation pairs in terms of adequacy and acceptability might benefit from philological studies and the corresponding data generated from BNC and COCA. The frequency count data from these corpora might also help to define the translation styles of different term translations, such as everyday English wording or archaic and rare terms. All this is expected to lay a basic foundation for constructing a Chinese historical term translation pair retrieving system and a knowledge base as well as compiling a bilingual machine-readable or human-translator-oriented bilingual dictionary of Chinese historical terms.
The research also shows aligning historical term translation pairs based on a parallel corpus of Chinese historical classics and their English translation is still a challenging task for natural language processing. Investigations about the potential influences of the base texts on term translation would also help to carry the research forward.
本文挖掘了中国历史典籍如《史记》、《汉书》、《左传》、《战国策》等百余年来英译与研究的数据,为中国历史典籍英译的实证研究以及构建中国历史典籍英译平行语料库奠定了重要基础。这对于面向古汉语的自然语言处理、典籍英译研究和中国历史研究都具有重要意义。
本文以《史记》英译为主线,较深入地分析了从20世纪中期开始到现在,美国两个大型的《史记》英译工程,Burton Watson和William H. Nienhauser, Jr.英译《史记》的差异性及各自的地位和价值。1961年由哥伦比亚大学出版社出版的Watson的《史记》节译本因其突出的文学成就成为世界文学经典译本,被列入联合国教科文组织的代表性著作选集：中国系列丛书,半个多世纪以来享誉汉学界,至今仍是英语国家中国研究专业学生的必读书。30多年后Nienhauser主导的《史记》全译工程以其秉承的西方传统汉学研究与翻译原则为标准,不断再现给读者一卷卷注释丰富、力图直译的、研究性的历史文献。本文以Nienhauser的《史记》译本为参照,对比分析了Watson的《史记》节译本在翻译风格上的特征及其动因,从而以实证的方式说明经典的英译也要受制于一定的社会历史文化语境、翻译工程的性质、翻译目的、译语中的翻译规范和诗学体系、译者个人的意识形态等因素。对Watson翻译观的形成过程的分析,也表明译者的翻译语言规范是在其社会化的过程中形成的。中国历史典籍英译是一种历史的建构。
关于不同性质的译本的分析也说明,中国历史典籍双语平行语料库的语料来源对于基于语料库的知识获取结果会产生重要影响。本文对《史记》术语英译的特征做了较深入的分析,发现历史典籍术语英译存在多元对应的现象。这种现象形成的原因有：术语指称含义的动态性、术语本身存在近义词、术语用作称谓语、术语词性活用、术语译文存在近义词、术语概念在英语中空缺、译者的认知及翻译风格差异等。这些发现对自然语言处理中术语翻译对自动对齐的研究提出了挑战。
本文以《史记》中的官称、谥号、机构等术语为例,结合其英译特征,如部分成分音译、译文多为2/3/4/5词的词组、词组中间常常使用连接词、官称英译中添加人名或用人名替代官称、原文术语干扰词的存在等,提出了共现频率与中心词扩展法、多策略相融合的术语翻译对对齐法等,就基于平行语料库的历史典籍术语英译对的对齐进行了实验。结果显示,前一种方法在含有音译的翻译对对齐中效果显著,而后者在含有音译的翻译对及普通名词性的术语翻译对对齐中取得的召回率和准确率都较突出,高于基本的互信息方法。
鉴于部分中国历史典籍存在多个权威译本的情况,为了深入分析、研究其中的术语英译的方式、传递中国传统文化的有效性、在译语文化中的接受效果等,本文强调在构建中国历史典籍平行语料库时,应该分文本,分译本分别对应,然后在各个对齐的双语语料库中运行术语对齐的算法,以分别对齐各个翻译对。各翻译对在传递中国文化方面的充分性和在译语中的可接受性的程度的鉴定,还需要依据语文学意义上的研究和BNC和COCA等英语国家的大型英语语料库中的相关信息来确定。这些语料库中的词频统计结果有助于对这些术语译文在措辞上的文体风格进行分类,如日常的现代英语用词、古雅的用词、生僻的用词等。这可以为筹建中国历史典籍术语英译检索系统或知识库、编辑机读或面向人工译员的中国历史典籍术语双语词典奠定基础。
本文的研究也发现,利用自然语言处理领域的术语对齐方法在实现历史典籍术语翻译对对齐方面还面临很多困难。同时,关于各译本依据的底本的对比研究也应该成为进一步深化该领域研究的一个重要层面。这在以后的研究中还需进一步深入探讨和分析。
Translating Chinese historical classics into English is one of the most effective ways to promote the reception of traditional Chinese culture in the world. The major challenges that lie ahead include finding appropriate strategies to handle the numerous historical terms and to strike a balance between transferring the original culture adequately and maintaining an acceptable degree of readability in the translations.
This paper presents a systematic survey about the English translations and studies of such monumental works as Shi Ji, Han Shu, Zuo Zhuan, Zhanguo Ce, etc., a basic but essential step for empirical translation studies on Chinese historical classics and bilingual parallel corpus construction in this field. It is also significant to classical Chinese-oriented natural language processing, translation studies on Chinese classics and ancient Chinese history research.
Two authoritative translations of Shi Ji in America, Records of the Grand Historian by Burton Watson and The Grand Scribe's Records by William H. Nienhauser, Jr., have been employed as case studies to explore the discrepancies on the textual, linguistic and stylistic levels as influenced by the manipulative factors behind a translation project within the framework of the manipulative school.
Burton Watson's translation, Records of the Grand Historian published by Columbia University Press in 1961, was well-known for its outstanding literary significance and achieved such a canonical status in world literary translation that it was accepted into the UNESCO Representative Works:Chinese Translation Series. It has remained popular ever since both as a reliable reference book about Han China studies and as an assigned textbook for undergraduate and graduate students majoring in China Studies at major universities of the English-speaking countries. About thirty years later, William H. Nienhauser, Jr. initiated a literally rendered, heavily annotated full English translation of Shi Ji, The Grand Scribe's Records for China Studies specialists, following the Sinological research traditions and translation principles.6 volumes of such high quality scholarly version have been published.
This paper takes Nienhauser's version as the control data and examines the translation patterns of Watson's version and the driving force behind his translation strategies. The results indicate that the translation of classics is also subject to the constraints enforced by a specific social, historical and cultural context, the nature and purpose of the translation project, the translation norms and poetic systems in the target language and culture, the translator's ideologies, etc. The analysis of the evolving process of Watson's translation critierion verifies the descriptive translation studies hypothesis that the acquisition and internalization of linguistic norms by a translator is materialized in the process of his/her socialization. It is proposed that translation of Chinese historical classics is a historical construct.
The data analysis of the English translations of Shi Ji demonstrates that the nature of the translations is a significant factor for the data source differences in a parallel corpus and the discrepancies between different translations would have a strong impact on the knowledge acquisition results of natural language processing. An in-depth examination of the English translations of Chinese historical terms reveals that Chinese historical terms have multiple English equivalents. The following aspects have been identified as contributive factors: dynamics of term designations, synonymy of terms, general-noun terms being used as addressing terms, flexibility of terms'part-of-speech, synonymy of term translations, lack of equivalent term concepts in English, translator's cognitive and translation style differences, etc. These findings exert a great challenge for parallel corpus-based automatic term translation pair alignment.
The terms to be tackled for alignment in this paper cover official titles, posthumous titles, institutions, etc. in Shi Ji. By integrating the English translation patterns of these terms, such as partial transliteration,2/3/4/5-word phrase translations frequently connected with conjuntions like "of, "of the", "on", "in", replacement of titles with title-holders'names, insertion of title-holders'names, translation ambiguity generated by the intervening words of source terms, this paper proposes co-occurrence frequency and head-word extension approach, MI-based hybrid approach for term translation pair alignment. The experiment results show the first approach is effective in aligning partially transliterated term pairs while the latter performs well in aligning both the partially transliterated term pairs and the general noun term translation pairs.
In view of the multiple authoritative English translations of Chinese canonized historical texts, this paper stresses that each version should be aligned with the source text independently so that different translation pairs might have a chance to be aligned automatically. Further validation and classification of the candidate translation pairs in terms of adequacy and acceptability might benefit from philological studies and the corresponding data generated from BNC and COCA. The frequency count data from these corpora might also help to define the translation styles of different term translations, such as everyday English wording or archaic and rare terms. All this is expected to lay a basic foundation for constructing a Chinese historical term translation pair retrieving system and a knowledge base as well as compiling a bilingual machine-readable or human-translator-oriented bilingual dictionary of Chinese historical terms.
The research also shows aligning historical term translation pairs based on a parallel corpus of Chinese historical classics and their English translation is still a challenging task for natural language processing. Investigations about the potential influences of the base texts on term translation would also help to carry the research forward.
引文
[1]汪榕培.为中国典籍英译呐喊——在第三届全国典籍英译研讨会上的发言[J].中国外语,2006,1：66.
[2]王宏印.中国文化典籍英译[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2009。
[3]Nkwenti-Azeh, B. Term Banks [A]. In Baker, M. (eds.) Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies [C]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.2004:249-251.
[4]李秀英.术语与机器翻译——实验结果分析与术语数据库的构建[J].实验室研究与探索,2008,11：51-56。
[5]Hull, D. A. Automating the Construction of Bilingual Terminology Lexicons [J]. Terminology.1997, 4(2):225-244.
[6]Rondeau, G.[加].刘钢,刘健[译].术语学概论(Introduction A'La terminolgie) [M].北京：科学出版社,1985：19.
[7]全如碱.什么是术语[J].术语标准化与信息技术.2004,3：18.
[8]Sager, J C. Criteria for Measuring the Functional Efficacy of Terms [M]. Munchen:Unofoterm, 1981:196.
[9]Sager, J. C. Terminology:Applications, Standardization, Theory [A]. In Baker, M. (eds.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies[C]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004:251-261.
[10]Arnold, D., Balkan, L. Humphreys, R. L. et al. Machine Translation:An Introductory Guide [M]. Manchester & Oxford:NCC Blackwell,1994:108.
[11]Hutchins J.机器翻译系统及翻译工具的开发和使用[J].中文信息学报,1999,13：1-13.
[12]Somers, H. L. Machine Translation, applications, history, methodology [A]. In Baker, M. (eds.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies [C]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004:136-149.
[13]Somers, Harold. Corpora and Machine Translation [A]. Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbook. Vol.2[C]. Berlin. Mouton de Gruyter.2008:1175-1196.
[14]Melby, A. Machine Translation: The Translation Tripod [EB/OL].[2008,02,20] http://www.ttt.org/theory/mt4me/tripod.html.
[15]Fung, P. Compiling Bilingual Lexicon Entries From a Non-Parallel English-Chinese Corpus [A]. Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Very Large Corpora [C]. Boston Mass,1995:173-183.
[16]Melamed, I. D. Empirical Methods for MT Lexicon Development [A]. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas on Machine Translation and the Information Soup, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol.1529 [C].1998:18-30.
[17]Carl, M.& Langlais, P. An Intelligent Terminology Database as a Pre-processor for Statistical Machine Translation [A]. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Computational Terminology (COMPUTERM)'2002 [C]. Taipei, Taiwan,2002:15-21.
[18]Meyer, I. Knowledge Management for Terminology-intensive Applications:Needs and Tools [A]. Proceedings of the First SIGLEX Workshop on Lexical Semantics and Knowledge Representation[C].1991:21-37.
[19]冯志伟.现代术语学的主要流派[J].科技术语研究.2001,1：33-36.
[20]冯志伟.一个新兴的术语学科——计算术语学[J].术语标准化与信息技术.2008,52(4)：4-9.
[21]Bourigault, D., Jacquemin, C.& L'Homme, M. C. Recent Advances in Computational Terminology [M]. John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001.
[22]Feng Zhiwei. Analysis of Formation of Chinese Terms in Data Processing, Report in Fraunhofer Institute[R]. Stuttgart,1988.
[23]Dagan, I.& Church, K. Termight:Coordinating Humans and Machines in Bilingual Terminology Acquisition [J]. Machine Translation.1997,12:89-107.
[24]Justeson, J.& Katz, S. Technical Terminology:Some Linguistic Properties and an Algorithm for Identification in Text [J]. Natural Language Engineering.1995,1:9-28.
[25]Hippisley, A., Cheng, D.& Ahmad, K. The Head-modifier Principle and Multilingual Term Extraction [J]. Natural Language Engineering.2005,11(2):129-157.
[26]Dequan Zheng, Tiejun Zhao & Jing Yang. Research on Domain Term Extraction Based on Conditional Random Fields [A]. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computer Processing of Oriental Languages: Language Technology for the Knowledge-based Economy [C]. Hong Kong,2009:290-296.
[27]Narisong, Zhiwei Feng & Chunyu Kit. Automatic Chinese Multi-word Term Extraction [A]. Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Advanced Language Processing and Web Information Technology [C].2008:181-184.
[28]Miao Wan, Song Liu, Jian-yi Liu, et al. Automatic Technical Term Extraction Based on Term Association [A]. Proceedings of the 2008 Fifth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery[C].2008,2:19-23.
[29]Gale, W. A.,& Church, K. W. A Program for Aligning Sentences in Bilingual Corpora [J]. Computational Linguistics.1993,19(1):177-184.
[30]Wu Dekai. Aligning a Parallel English-Chinese Corpus Statistically with Lexical Criteria [A]. Proceedings of the 32nd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics[C]. Las Cruces, New Mexico,1994:80-87.
[31]Meyers, A., Kosaka, M.& Grishman, R. A Multilingual Procedure for Dictionary-Based Sentence Alignment [A]. Proceedings of AMTA'98, LNAI 1529[C].1998:187-198.
[32]Oakes, M. P. Preprocessing multilingual corpora [A]. In Ludeling, A.& Kyto, M.(eds.). Corpus Linguistics: an International Handbook [C]. Berlin:Walter de Gruyter,2009:685-705.
[33]Prochasson, E., Morin, E.& Kageura, K. Anchor Points for Bilingual Lexicon Extraction from Small Comparable Corpora [A]. Proceedings of the 12th Machine Translation Summit [C]. Ottawa, Canada,2009. Koehn, P. Statistical Machine Translation [M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.2010:81.
[34]Brown, P. F., Della Pietra, S. A., Della Pietra, V. J. et al. The Mathematics of Statistical Machine Translation:Parameter estimation [J]. Computational Linguistics.1993,19 (2):263-311.
[35]Och, F. J.& Ney, H. A Systematic Comparison of Various Statistical Alignment Models [J]. Computational Linguistics.2003,29(1):19-52.
[36]Vogel, S., Ney, H.& Tillmann, C. HMM-based Word Alignment in Statistical Translation [A]. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING)[C]. 1996,836-841.
[37]Foster, G. A Maximum Entropy/Minimum Divergence Translation Model [A]. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics (ACL)[C].2000:45-52.
[38]Kim, S., Yoon, J.& Song, M. Structural Feature Selectioin for English-Korean Statistical Machine Translation [A]. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING)[C]. Saarbrucken, Germany,2000:439-445.
[39]Melamed, I. D. A Word-to-word Model of Translational Equivalence [A]. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)[C].1997:490-497.
[40]Melamed, I. D. Models of Translational Equivalence Among Words [J]. Computational Linguistics, 2000,26 (2):221-249.
[41]Moore, R.C., Yih, W.T.& Bode, A. Improved Discriminative Bilingual Word Alignment [A]. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics [C].2006:513-520.
[42]Cherry, C.& Lin, D. Inversion Transduction Grammar for Joint Phrasal Translation Modeling [A]. Proceedings of SSST, NAACL-HLT 2007/AMTA Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation [C]. New York, Association for Computational Linguistics.2007:17-24.
[43]Blunsom, P.& Cohn, T. Discriminative Word Alignment with Conditional Random Fields[A]. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics [C]. Sydney, Australia, Association for Computational Linguistics,2006:65-72.
[44]Zens, R., Och, F. J.& Ney, H. Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation [A]. Advances in Artificial Intelligence 25. Annual German Conference on AI, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol.2479 [C].2002:18-32.
[45]Marcu, D., Wong, W. A Phrase-based Joint Probability Model for Statistical Machine Translation [A]. Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP'02) [C].2002:133-139.
[46]Koehn, P., Och, F. J.& Marcu, D. Statistical Phrase-based Translation [A]. Proceedings of the Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology (HLT-NACCL'03) [C].2003:48-54.
[47]Koehn, P., Hoang, H., Birch, A., Callison-Burch, C., et al. Moses: Open Source Toolkit for Statistical Machine Translation [A]. Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Demonstration Session (ACL'07) [C].2007:177-180.
[48]Wu, D., Xia, X. Learning an English-Chinese Lexicon from a Parallel Corpus [A]. Proceedings of the Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas[C].1994:206-213.
[49]Piao, S. S. Word Alignment in English-Chinese Parallel Corpora [J]. Literary and Linguistic Computing.2002,17(2):207-230.
[50]Chiang, D. A Hierarchical Phrase-based Model for Statistical Machine Translation [A]. Proceedings of ACL 2005 [C].2005:263-270.
[51]Deng, Y.& Byrne, W. HMM Word and Phrase Alignment for Statistical Machine Translation[A]. In Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (HLT-EMNLP'05) [C].2005:169-176.
[52]Tseng, H., Chang, P., Andrew, G., et al. A Conditional Random Field Word Segmenter for SIGHAN Bakeoff 2005[A]. Proceedings of the 4th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing (SIGHAN'05) [C].2005:168-171.
[53]Moore, R.C., Yih, W.T.& Bode, A. Improved Discriminative Bilingual Word Alignment [A]. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics [C].2006:513-520.
[54]Ma, Y., Stroppa, N.& Way, A. Bootstrapping Word Alignment via Word Packing [A]. Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics [C]. Prague, Czech Republic. Association for Computational Linguistics.2007:304-311.
[55]Deng, Y., Gao, Y. Guiding Statistical Word Alignment Models with Prior Knowledge [A].Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics [C]. Prague, Czech Republic. Association for Computational Linguistics.2007:1-8.
[56]Zhang, R., Yasuda, K.& Sumita, E. Improved Statistical Machine Translation by Multiple Chinese Word Segmentation [A]. Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation (SMT'08) [C].2008:216-223.
[57]Ma, Y., Way, A. Bilingually motivated word segmentation for statistical machine translation [J]. ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing.2009,8 (2), Article 7:1-24.
[58]吕雅娟；李生；赵铁军等.基于双语语料库的翻译等价对自动抽取[J].高技术通讯.2003,5.
[59]Hull, A. H. Software Tools to Support the Construction of Bilingual Terminology Lexicons [A]. In Bourigault, D. et al. (eds.). Recent Advances in Computational Terminology [C]. Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001:223-244.
[60]Gaussier, E., Lange, J. M.& Eunier, F. Towards Bilingual Terminology [A]. Proceedings of the Joint ALLC/ACH Conference [C].1992:121-124.
[61]Gaussier E. Flow Network Models for Word Alignment and Terminology Extraction from Bilingual Corpora [A]. Proceedings of the Joint 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (COLING/ACL'98) [C]. 1998:444-450.
[62]Van der Eijk, P. Automating the Acquisition of Bilingual Terminology [A]. Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics [C]. Morristown, NJ, USA,1993:113-119.
[63]Daille, B., Gaussier, E.& Lang'e, J. M. Towards Automatic Extraction of Monolingual and Bilingual Terminology [A]. Proceedings of the 15th conference on Computational linguistics [C]. Kyoto, Japan,1994:515-521.
[64]Dagan, I., Church, K.,& Gale, W. Robust Bilingual Word Alignment for Machine Aided Translation [A]. Proceedings of the Workshop on Very Large Corpora: Academic and Industrial Perspectives [C]. Columbus, Ohio,1993:1-8.
[65]Fung, P. and Church, K. K-vec:a New Approach for Aligning Parallel Texts [A]. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics [C]. Kyoto, Japan, 1994:1096-1102.
[66]Fung, P. A Pattern Matching Method for Finding Noun and Proper Noun Translations from Noisy Parallel Corpora [A]. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics [C]. Cambridge, Mass.,1995:236-233.
[67]Fung, P.& McKeown, K. A Technical Word- and Term-Translation Aid Using Noisy Parallel Corpora across Language Groups [J]. Machine Translation.1997:12(1/2):53-87.
[68]Fung. P. A Statistical View on Bilingual Lexicon Extraction:From Parallel Corpora to Nonparallel Corpora [A]. In Farwell, D. Gerber L.& Hovy E. (eds.). Proceedings of the 3rd Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA'98)[C]. Langhorne, PA, USA. Springer,1998:1-16.
[69]Hull, A. H. Software Tools to Support the Construction of Bilingual Terminology Lexicons [A]. In Bourigault, D. et al. (eds.). Recent Advances in Computational Terminology [C]. Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company.2001:223-244.
[70]Hiemstra, D. Using Statistical Methods to Create a Bilingual Dictionary, Master's thesis [D: Master]. Universiteit Twente.1996.
[71]Kwong, Oi Yee, Tsou, B.K.& Lai, T.B.Y., Alignment and Extraction of Bilingual Legal from Context Profiles [J]. Terminology.2004,10:181-199.
[72]Nakagawa; H. Disambiguation of Single Noun Translations Extracted from Bilingual Comparable Corpora [J]. Terminology.2001,7:163-83.
[73]Morin, E.& Daille, B. Compositionality and Lexical Alignment of Multi-word Terms[J]. Language Resources and Evaluation.2010:44(1-2):79-95.
[74]安纪霞、李锡祚、宋冰等.服务于词典编纂的特定领域专业术语自动抽取[J].计算机与数字工程.2007,35：11.
[75]孙乐,金友兵,杜林等.平行语料库中双语术语词典的自动抽取[J].中文信息学报.2000,14(6)：33-39.
[76]常宝宝.基于统计的翻译等价词对抽取研究[J].计算机学报.2003(5)：616-621.
[77]Zan Hongying, Duan Guocheng, Fan Ming. Single Word Term Extraction Using a Bilingual Semantic Lexicon-Based Approach [A]. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Natural Computation [C].2007,5:451-456.
[78]Fang Gaolin, Yu Hao & Nishino Fumihito. Chinese-English Term Translation Mining Based on Semantic Prediction [A]. Proceedings of the COLING/ACL 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions [C]. Sydney,2006:199-206.
[79]Duan Jianyong, Lu Ruzhan, Wu Weilin, et al. A Bio-inspired Approach for Multi-Word Expression Extraction [A]. Proceedings of the COLING/ACL 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions [C]. Sydney,2006:176-182.
[80]Wei Kang & Zhifang Sui. Research on Automatic Chinese Multi-word Term Extraction Based on Term Component [A]. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computer Processing of Oriental Languages. Language Technology for the Knowledge-based Economy[C]. Hong Kong, 2009:57-67.
[81]杜利民,陈博兴.一种从双语语料库中自动抽取多词翻译等价单元的方法：中国,CN1567297[P].2005,01,19.
[821 鲁,Y.,高,J.,周,M.et al.来源于单语和可用双语语料库的搭配翻译：中国,CN101194253[P].2008,06,04.
[83]Pulleyblank, E. G. Review on A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China by Charles 0. Hucker [J]. Pacific Affairs,1987,60 (2):325-327.
[84]Dubs, H.H. The History of the Former Han Dynasty: A Critical Translation with Annotations [M]. Baltimore:Waverley Press,1938.1944.1955.
[85]Wang Yii-ch'uan. An Outline of the Central Government of the Former Han Dynasty [J]. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.1949,12(1/2):134-187.
[86]De Crespigny, R. Official Titles of the Former Han Dynasty [M]. Canberra: Centre of Oriental Studies in Association with Australian National University Press,1967.
[87]Loewe, M.1968. Review on Official Titles of the Former Han Dynasty [J]. Journal of the American Oriental Society 88 (2):387.
[88]Bielenstein, H. H. A. The Bureaucracy of Han Times [M]. Cambridge, New York:Cambridge University Press,1980.
[89]Dubs, H.H. Introduction to the "Tables of the Hundred Officials" In the Ch'ien Han- shu [EB/OL]. [2007,02,06]. http://libweb.uoregon.edu/ec/e-asia/read/Dubs_Vol_Ⅳ.pdf.
[90]Dull, Jack L. Official Titles of the Han Dynasty: A Tentative List [EB/OL]. [2007,02,06]. http://libweb.uoregon.edu/ec/e-asia/read/titles.pdf.
[91]Hucker, C.O. A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China [M]. Stanford University Press,1985.
[92]Loewe, M. A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods,221 B. C.-A. D. 24 [M]. Leiden:E. J. Brill,2000.
[93]Venuti, L. The Translation Studies Reader [M]. New York:Routledge,2000:11-21.
[94]Snell-Hornby, M. The Turns of Translation Studies [M]. Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2006:22,48.
[95]Hermans, T. The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation [M]. Palgrave Macmillan,1985:11.
[96]Toury, G. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1995/2001.
[97]Toury, G. A Rationale for Descriptive Translation Studies [A]. In Hermans, T. (eds.). The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation [C]. Palgrave Macmillan,1985:18-19.
[98]Toury, G. The Nature and Role of Norms in Literary Translation [A]. In Holmes, J.S, Lambert, J.& Van den Broeck, R. (eds.). Literature and Translation: New Perspectives in Literary Studies [C]. Leuven:ACCO,1978:83-100.
[99]Baker, M. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004:277-280.
[100]Lefevere, A. Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004:2,7.
[101]Bassnett, S., Lefevere, A. Constructing Cultures, Essays on Literary Translation [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[102]Lefevere, A. Translation/History/Culture: A Source Book [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
[103]Lefevere, A. Translating Literature: Practice and Theory in a Comparative Literature Context [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2006.
[104]Holmes, J.S. Translated! Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies [M]. Amsterdam and Atlanta:Rodopi,1988.
[105]Hermans, T. Translation in Systems: Descriptive and System-oriented Approaches Explained [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004:1.
[106]Toury, G. A Handful of Paragraphs on "Translation" and "Norms"[A]. In Schaffner, C. (eds.). Translation and Norms [C]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2007:9.
[107]Toury, G. In Search of a Theory of Translation [M]. Tel Aviv:Porter Institute,1980:47.
[108]Baker, M. Translation Studies: Critical Concepts in Linguistics [M]. London:Routledge,2009.
[109]Zlateva, P. Translation as Social Action: Russian and Bulgarian Perspectives [M]. London: Routledge.1993.
[110]Klaudy, K., Lambert, J.& Sohar, A. Translation Studies in Hungary [M]. Budapest, Scholastica.
[111]Kenny, D. Equivalence [A]. In Baker, M. (eds.) Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies [C]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004:77-80.
[112]Koller, W. The Concept of Equivalence and the Object of Translation Studies [J]. Target,1995,7 (2):191-222.
[113]Koller, W. Einfuhrung in die Ubersetzungswissenschaft,4th edn [M]. Heidelberg and Wiesbaden: Quelle und Meyer,1979/1992:187-191.
[114]Koller, W. Equivalence in Translation Theory [A]. In Chesterman, A. (eds.). Readings in Translation Theory [C]. Helsinki:Oy Finn Lectura Ab.1989:100-104.
[115]Kade, O. Zufall und Gesetzmaβigkeit in der Ubersetzung [M]. Leipzig:VEB Verlag Enzyklopadie, 1968.
[116]Arntz, R. Terminological Equivalence and Translation [A]. In Sonneveld, H. B.& Loening, K. (eds). Terminology: Applications in Interdisciplinary Communication [C]. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.1993.
[117]Hann, M. The Key to Technical Translation [M]. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1992.
[118]Morin, E. Daille, B.& Takeuchi, K. et al. Bilingual Terminology Mining-Using Brain, Not Brawn Comparable Corpora [A]. Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics [C]. Prague, Czech Republic,2007:664-671.
[119]Le Serrec, A. Automating the Compilation of Specialized Dictionaries:Use and Analysis of Term Extraction and Lexical Alignment [J]. Terminology.2010,16(1):77-106.
[120]Somers, H. Bilingual Parallel Corpora and Language Engineering. Anglo-Indian Workshop "Language Engineering for South-Asian Languages" (LESAL). Mumbai, April 2001 [EB/OL]. [2008,02,30]. http://www.emille.lancs.ac.uk/lesal/somers.pdf.
[121]Crump, J. I. Jr. Legends of the Warring States: Persuasions, Romances, and Stories from Chan-kuo Ts'e [M]. Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies, the University of Michigan,1998.
[122]Watson, B. The Tso Chuan—Selection from China's Oldest Narrative History [M]. New York: Columbia University Press,1989.
[123]Watson, B. Records of the Grand Historian of China [M]. New York:Columbia University Press, Vol Ⅰ[M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1961.
[124]Watson, B. Records of the Grand Historian of China [M]. New York:Columbia University Press, Vol Ⅱ[M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1961.
[125]Nienhauser, W. H. Jr (eds.).Tsai-fa Cheng, et. al. trans. The Grand Scribe's Records. Vol.Ⅰ[M]. Bloomington, Ind.:Indiana University Press,1994:ⅹⅷ-ⅹⅸ,179.
[126]杨宪益,戴乃迭(译).史记选[M].香港：商务印书馆,1974.
[127]Bonsall, B. S. Records of the Warring States [EB/OL]. [2007,09,26]. http://lib.hku.hk/bonsall/zhanguoce/indexl.html.
[128]Cutter, R. J., Crowell, W. G. Empresses and Consorts:Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States with Pei Songzhi's Commentary [M]. Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,1999.
[129]Crespigny, R. de. The Records of the Three Kingdoms [M]. Canberra:The Aus- tralian National University,1970.
[130]Legge, J. The Shu King, or Book of Historical Documents [M]. Hong Kong:Hong Kong University Press,1960.
[131]Karlgren, B. The Book of Documents [M]. The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, 1950.
[132]韩兆琦.史记笺证[M].南昌：江西人民出版社,2005：621.
[133]Jaeger, F. Der heutige Stand der Schi-ki-Forschung [J]. Asia Major.1933,9:21-33.
[134]Pokora, T. Bibliographies des Traductions du Che ki [J]. Oriens Extremus.1962,8:159-173.
[135]Pokora, T. Bibliographies des Traductions du Che ki [A]. In Chavannes, E. (eds.). Les Memoires historiques de Se-ma Ts'ien [M]. Paris:Adrien Maisonneuve,1969:113-146.
[136]Nienhauser, W. H. Jr. A Review of Recent Shih Chi Translations [J]. Asian Culture Quarterly.1991, 19(4):35-39.
[137]Nienhauser, W. H. Jr. Modern Translations of the Text [A]. In Nienhauser, W. H. Jr.(eds.).Tsai-fa Cheng, et. al. trans. The Grand Scribe's Records [M]. Volume Ⅰ. Bloomington, Ind.:Indiana University Press,1994:ⅹⅴ-ⅹⅶ.
[138]Nienhauser, W. H. Jr. A Century [1895-1995] of Shih chi Studies in the West [J]. Asian Culture Quarterly.1996,24(1):1-51.
[139]俞樟华,张新科.国外史记研究概述[J].陕西师范大学学报·哲社版.1990,3：103-106.
[140]刘正.海外汉学研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社.2002：116-119.
[141]马祖毅、任荣珍.汉籍外译史[M].武汉：湖北教育出版社.2003：116-118.
[142]陈才智.西文中国古典散文研究·文献资料[EB/OL].[2006,02,26]. www.cass.net.cn/Chinese/s15_wxs/Article.asp.
[143]李秀英.《史记》在西方：译介与研究[J].外语教学与研究.2006,4：303-308.
[144]Allen, H.J. Historical Records. Chapter I:Original Record of the Five Gods [J]. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.1894:278-295.
[145]Allen, H. J. The Yin Dynasty [J]. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.1895:601-615.
[146]Hirth, F. The Story of Chang K'ien, China's Pioneer in Western Asia, Translated from ch.123 of Shi-ki [J]. Journal of the American Oriental Society.1917,37:89-116.
[147]De Francis, J. Biography of the Marquis of Huai-Yin [J]. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.1947, 10:179-215.
[148]林语堂.孔子的智慧[M].纽约：蓝登书屋.1938：53-100.
[149]Bodde, D. China's First Unifier. A Study of the Ch'in Dynasty as Seen in the Life of Li Ssu (280?-208 B.C.) [M]. Leiden:E. J. Brill.1938.
[150]Bodde, D. Statesman, Patriot, and General in Ancient China. Three Shih Chi Biographies of the Ch'in Dynasty (255-206 B.C.) [J]. Journal of the American Oriental Society.1940,17:1-75.
[151]Rudolph, R. C. The Shih chi Biography of Wu Tzu-hsu [J]. Oriens Extremus.1962,9:105-120.
[152]Kierman, F. A. Jr. Ssu-ma Ch'ien's Historiographical Attitude As Reflected in Four Late Warring States Biographies [M]. Wiesbaden:Otto Harrassowitz,1962.
[153]Hulsewe, A. F. P. The Problem of the Authenticity of Shih-chi ch.123, The Memoir on Ta Yuan [J]. T'oung Pao.1975,61:83-147.
[154]Hulsewe, A. F. P. China in Central Asia, The Early Stage:125 B.C.-A.D.23 [M]. Leiden:E. J. Brill. 1979.
[155]Hulsewe, A. F. P. Founding Fathers And Yet Forgotten Men:A Closer Look at the Tables of the Nobility in the Shih Chi and the Han Shu [J]. T'oung Pao.1989,75:43-126.
[156]Goodrich, C.S. Ssu-ma Ch'ien's Biography of Wu Qi [J]. Monumenta Serica 35(1981-1983).1983: 197-233.
[157]Fuehere, B. The Court Scribe's Eikon Psyches:A Note on Sima Qian and His Letter to Ren An [J]. Asian and African Studies.1997,6:170-183.
[158]Chavannes, E. Les Memoires historiques de Se-ma Ts'ien [M]. Paris:Ernest Leroux,1895-1905,5 vols.; rpt. Paris:Adrien Maisonneuve,6 vols,1969.
[159]Watson, B. The Shih Chi and Ⅰ[J]. Chinese Literature:Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR).1995,12: 199-206.
[160]Watson, B. Ssu-ma Ch'ien:Grand Historian of China [M]. New York:Columbia University Press, 1958.
[161]Pulleyblank, E.G. Review on Ssu-ma Ch'ien:Grand Historian of China by Burton Watson [J]. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies.1959,22:379-381.
[162]De Bary, W. T. Sources of Chinese Tradition [M]. New York:Columbia University Press.1960.
[163]Watson, B. Records of the Grand Historian:Han Dynasty Ⅰ&Ⅱ[M]. Hong Kong & New York: Columbia University Press,1993.
[164]Watson, B. Records of the Historian [M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1969.
[165]Kishlansky, M. A. Sources of World History Vol.1 [M]. New York:HarperCollins College Publishers.1995.
[166]Watson, B. Records of the Grand Historian:Qin Dynasty [M]. Hong Kong & New York: Renditions—Columbia, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Columbia University Press,1993.
[167]Loewe, M. Review on Le Chapitre 117 du Che Ki: Biographic de Sseu-ma Siang-jou by Yves Hervouet [J]. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.1977,1:136.
[168]Yang, Liensheng. Review on Records of The Grand Historian of China by Burton Watson [J]. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (1960-1961).1961,23:212-214.
[169]Cole, A. B. Review on Records of the Grand Historian of China by Burton Watson [J]. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 341, Unconventional Warfare, 1962:144-145.
[170]Pokora, T. Review on Ssu-ma Ch'ien, Grand Historian of China & Records of the Grand Historian of China [J]. T'oung Pao,1963.50:294-322.
[171]Ho Ping Ti. Review on Records of China's Grand Historian: Some Problems of Translation [J]. Pacific Affairs.1963,36(2):171-182.
[172]Nienhauser, W. H. Jr (eds.). The Grand Scribe's Records. Vol.Ⅱ[M]. Bloomington, Ind.:Indiana University Press,2002:ⅹⅰ.
[173]Goodrich, C.S. A New Translation of the Shih-chi [J]. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 1962,82(2):190-202.
[174]Nienhauser, W. H. Jr.(eds.).Tsai-fa Cheng, et. al. trans. The Grand Scribe's Records. Volume Ⅶ [M]. Bloomington, Ind.:Indiana University Press,1994.
[175]Nienhauser, W. H. Jr. Weiguo Cao, et. al. trans. The Grand Scribe's Records. Vol.Ⅴ, The Hereditary Houses ofPre-han China, Part Ⅰ[M]. Bloomington, Ind.:Indiana University Press,2006.
[176]Nienhauser, W. H. Jr. Meghan Cai, et al. trans. The Grand Scribe's Records. Vol. Ⅷ, The Memoirs of Han China, Part Ⅰ[M]. Bloomington, Ind.:Indiana University Press,2008.
[177]Dolby, W., Scott, J. Sima Qian: Warlords. Translated with Twelve Stories from His Historical Records [M]. Edinburgh:Southside,1974.
[178]Dawson, R. Sima Qian: Historical Records. Translated with an Introduction and Notes [M]. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press,1994.
[179]杨宪益,戴乃迭(译).史记选[M].北京：中国文学出版社,外语教学与研究出版社,1999.
[180]杨宪益,戴乃迭(译).史记选[M].北京：外文出版社,2001.
[181]杨宪益,戴乃迭(译).史记选[M].北京：新世界出版社,2002.
[182]Pokora, T. Pan Ku and Recent Translations from the Han Shu [J]. Journal of the American Oriental Society.1978,98(4):451-460.
[183]Loewe, M. Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide [M]. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California,1993.
[184]李秀英.《汉书》在西方：译介与研究[J].外语教学与研究.2007,6：456-462..
[185]Shryock, J. K. Origin and Development of the State Cult of Confucius [M]. New York:The Century Co.1932.
[186]De Francis, J. Biography of the Marquis of Huaiyin [J]. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.1947, 10(2):179-215.
[187]Blue, R. C. The Argumentation of the Shih-Huo Chih:Chapters of the Han, Wei, and Sui Dynastic Histories [J]. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.1948,11(1/2):1-118.
[188]Swann, N. L. Food and Money in Ancient China:The Earliest Economic History of China to A.D. 25:Han shu 24, with Related Texts, Han shu 91 and Shih-chi 129 [M]. Princeton University Press, 1950.
[189]Hulsewe, A. F. P. Remnants of Han Law, Vol. Ⅰ:Introductory Studies and an Annotated Translation of Chapters 22 and 23 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty [M]. Leiden:E. J. Brill,1955.
[190]Hulsewe, A. F. P. Notes on the Historiography of the Han Period [A]. Beasley, W. G.& Pulleyblank, E. G. (eds.) Historians of China and Japan [C]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1961.
[191]Loewe, M. Some Recent Editions of the Ch'ien Han shu [J]. Asia Major.1963,10:162-172.
[192]Loewe, M. Records of Han Administration, Vol. Ⅰ[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1967.
[193]Loewe, M. Records of Han Administration, Vol. Ⅱ[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1975.
[194]Knechtges, D. R. The Han Shu Biography of Yang Xiong (53 B. C.-A. D.18) [M]. Center for Asian Studies, Arizona State University, Occasional Paper No.14, Arizona State University,1982.
[195]Wylie, A. History of the Heung-Noo in Their Relations with China:Translated from the Ts'een Han Shoo, Book 94, Shanghai Evening Courier [N].1873, May 21, Jun.10, Jul.31, Aug.12,15,25,29, Sept.4,13,14.
[196]Wylie, A. History of the Heung-Noo in Their Relations with China:Translated from the Ts'een Han Shoo, Book 94, Shanghai Evening Courier, Part Ⅰ[J].
[197]Wylie, A. History of the Heung-Noo in Their Relations with China:Translated from the Ts'een Han Shoo, Book 94, Shanghai Evening Courier, Part Ⅱ[J].
[198]Wylie, A. Ethnological Data from the Annals of the Elder Han [M]. Anthropological Society of London,1874.
[199]Wylie, A. The Subjugation of Chaou-Seen:Translated from the 95th Book of the Ts'een Han Shoo[A]. Proceedings of the 4th Congress of Orientalists [C]. Folorence, Italy,1878.
[200]Watson, B. Courtier and Commoner in Ancient China. Selections from the History of the Former Han by Pan Ku [M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1974.
[201]Liu, J. J. Y. The Chinese Knight-Errant [M]. Chicago:Chicago University Press,1967.
[202]王靖宇.美国的左传研究[J].中国文哲研究通讯,1993,3.
[203]李秀英,冯秋香.《左传》在西方的译介与研究综述[J].英语研究.2007,4：67-73.
[204]Legge, J. The Chinese Classics [M]. Hong Kong:Hong Kong University Press,1960-1961.
[205]Legge, J. The Ch'un Ts'ew with the Tso Chuen, the Chinese Classics Vol. V. [M]. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press,1960.
[206]Wang, J. C. Y.. Review on The Tso Chuan—Selection from China's Oldest Narrative History by Burton Watson [J]. Chinese Literature:Essays, Articles.1990,12:152-154.
[207]Crump, J. I. Jr. A Summary of Recent Articles on Chan-kuo Ts'e [J]. Early China.1975,1:15-16.
[208]Crump, J. I. Jr. Chan-kuo Ts'e [M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1970.
[209]Crump, J. I. Jr. Chan-kuo Ts'e [M]. San Francisco:Chinese Materials Center,1979.
[210]Mair, V. The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature [M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1994.
[211]Crump, J. I. Jr. Chan-kuo Ts'e [M]. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, the University of Michigan,1996.
[212]申丹.叙事学[J].外国文学,2003,3：60.
[213]浦安迪.中国叙事学[M].北京大学出版社,1995：55-60,29-30,9.
[214]杨义.中国叙事学的文化阐释[J].广东技术师范学院学报,2003,3：27-35.
[215]张利群.论作者传记批评的发端及其意义[J].中国民族大学学报(人文社会科学版),2003,3：137-141.
[216]李风亮.文学叙事与历史叙事比较的理论基点[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)2004,4：113-116.
[217]Hatim, B.& Mason, Ⅰ. Discourse and the Translator [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[218]Sinclair, J. Collins COBUILD English Dictionary [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2000.
[219]Wilss, W. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[220]Leech, G. N. & Short, M. H. Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1981/2001.
[221]Baker, M. In Other Words:A Coursebook on Translation [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1992/2001.
[222]Alvarez, R.& Carmen-Aferica Vidal, M. Translation, Power, Subversion [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1996/2007.
[223]Newmark, P. A Textbook of Translation [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[224]Xiuying Li. Writing Sima Qian's Rhetorical Style into English [J]. Intercultural Communication Studies ⅩⅦ,2008,2:275-286.
[225]De Bary, Wm. Th. Approaches to the Asian Classics: Asian Literature and Thought in General Education [M]. New York:Columbia University Press. Updated ed. of:Approaches to the Oriental classics,1959/1990.
[226]Venuti, L. American Tradition [A]. In Baker, M. (eds.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies [C]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004:305-315.
[227]Damrosch, D. What is World Literature?[M]. Princeton:Princeton University Press,2003.
[228]White, D. S. The General Education Movement and the Classics [J]. The Classical Journal.1948, 44 (2):85-94.
[229]Hallo, W. W. The Place of Oriental Studies in a University Curriculum:a Symposium [J]. The Journal of Higher Education.1956,27(1):11-16.
[230]De Bary, Wm. T. East Asian Studies:A Comprehensive Program [J]. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 1964,356:63-69.
[231]Venuti, L. The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1995/2004.
[232]De Bary, W. T. Foreword. In Watson, B. Records of the Grand Historian of China Vol Ⅰ[M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1961.
[233]Watson, B. The Pleasures of Translating [EB/OL]. [2008,04,09] http://www.donaldkeenecenter.org/sen/2001_text.html
[234]申丹.修辞学还是叙事学?经典还是后经典?[J].外国文学,2002,2：40-46.
[235]李秀英.华兹生英译《史记》的叙事结构特征[J].外语与外语教学,2006,9：52-55.
[236]Reiss, K. Translation Criticism: The Potentials & Limitations. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2000/2004.
[237]Watson, B. Some Remarks on Early Chinese Historical Works [A]. In G. Kao (eds.) The Translation of Things Past [C]. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1982:36.
[238]申丹.叙事结构与认知过程——认知叙事学评析[J].外语与外语教学,2004,9：1-8.
[239]李秀英.华兹生的汉学研究与译介[J].国外社会科学,2008,4：63-69.
[240]Frankel, H. H. The Columbia Book of Chinese Poetry: From Early Times to the Thirteenth Century by Burton Watson [J]. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.1986:46/1:288-295.
[241]Egan R.C. Review on The Tso Chuan: Selections from China's Oldest Narrative History by Burton Watson [J]. The Journal of Asian Studies.1990,49(1):144-145.
[242]Loewe, M. Review on Courtier and Commoner in Ancient China: Selections From The History of the Former Han by Pan Ku: Burton Watson [J]. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.1976,36: 300-301.
[243]李秀英.Burton Watson对历史典籍英译语言规范的习得与内化[J].大连理工大学学报(社科版),2008,2：84-88.
[244]Xiuying Li, Rongpei Wang. Writing Shi Ji into World Literature: On Burton Watson's Translation [J]. Across Languages and Cultures,2010.2:1-40 (online preview: www.akademiai.com/index/G066L8484Q583871.pdf)
[245]Besse, B. Terminological Definitions [A]. In Wright, S.E.& Budin, G. (eds.) Handbook of Terminology Management, Vol.] [C]. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company,1997.
[246]Champe, G.G. Project-integrated Terminology Management for Technical Writing and Translation [A]. In Wright, S.E.& Budin, G. (eds.) Handbook of Terminology Management, Vol.2 [C]. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001.
[247]Schmitz, K.D. Terminology and Terminological Databases [A]. In K. Brown (eds.) Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics [C]. Elsevier Ltd.2006:578-587.
[248]Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary online [EB/OL]. [2009,02,10]. http://dictionary.cambridge.org.
[249]李波.史记字频统计[M].商务印书馆,2006：59-61,82,98.
[250]古汉语常用字字典编写组.古汉语常用字字典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1978：339-340.
[251]Allen, J.R. An Introductory Study of Narrative Structure in the Shi Ji [J]. Chinese Literature:Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR),1981,3(1):31-66.
[252]Hirth, F. The Story of Chang Kien, China's Pioneer in Western Asia, Translated from Ch.123 of Shi-ki [J]. The Journal of American Oriental Society,1917,37:89-152.
[253]Ludeling, Anke & Kyto, Merja. Corpus Linguistics:An International Handbook, Vol.Ⅰ & Ⅱ[M]. Berlin & New York:Walter de Gruyter,2008.
[254]Olohan, Maeve. Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies [M]. London:Routledge,2004.
[255]Johansson, Stig. Seeing Through Multilingual Corpora:On the Use of Corpora in Contrastive Studies [M]. Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2007.
[256]王克非等.双语对应语料库：研制与应用[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2003。
[257]刘泽权.《红楼梦》中英文平行语料库的创建[J].当代语言学,2008,10(4)：329-339。
[258]刘泽权.《红楼梦》叙事标记语及其英译——基于语料库的对比分析[J].外语学刊,2009,1：107-110.
[259]刘泽权.多媒体计算机技术与语料库方法运用于翻译教学改革的尝试[J].外语与外语教学,2009,8：27-30。
[260]Somers, Harold. Corpora and Machine Translation [A]. In Ludeling, Anke and Kyto, Merja. (eds.) Corpus Linguistics:An International Handbook, Vol.Ⅰ & Ⅱ[C]. Berlin & New York:Walter de Gruyter,2008.
[261]Auger, A. & Barriere, C. Pattern-based Approaches to Semantic Relation Extraction [J]. Terminology.2008,14(1):1-19.
[262]Vasconcellos, M. Terminology and Machine Translation [A]. In Wright, S.E.& Budin, G. (eds.). Handbook of Terminology Management, Vol.2 [C]. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001:699.
[263]Bowker, L. Lexicography, Terminology and Translation: Text-based Studies in Honour of Ingrid Meyer [M]. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press,2006.
[264]Brown, P. F., Lai, J. C.& Mercer, R. L. Aligning Sentences in Parallel Corpora [A]. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the ACL [C]. Berkeley, California,1991:169-184.
[265]Dunning, T. Accurate Method for the Statistics of Surprise and Coincidence [J]. Computational Linguistics,1993,19:61-74.
[266]Li, X., Che, C., Han, L. and Liu, X. Extracting Historical Terms Based on Aligned Chinese-English Parallel Corpora [A]. In Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering [C]. Dalian, China,2009:296-301.
[267]Piao, S. S. Word Alignment in English-Chinese Parallel Corpora [J]. Literary and Linguistic Computing.2002,17,2:207-230.
[268]Haruno, M. & Yamazaki, T. High-performance Bilingual Text Alignment Using Statistical and Dictionary Information [A]. In Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics [C].1996:131-138.
[269]Lopez, A. Statistical Machine Translation [J]. ACM Computing Surveys.2008,40,3: 1-49.
[2]王宏印.中国文化典籍英译[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2009。
[3]Nkwenti-Azeh, B. Term Banks [A]. In Baker, M. (eds.) Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies [C]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.2004:249-251.
[4]李秀英.术语与机器翻译——实验结果分析与术语数据库的构建[J].实验室研究与探索,2008,11：51-56。
[5]Hull, D. A. Automating the Construction of Bilingual Terminology Lexicons [J]. Terminology.1997, 4(2):225-244.
[6]Rondeau, G.[加].刘钢,刘健[译].术语学概论(Introduction A'La terminolgie) [M].北京：科学出版社,1985：19.
[7]全如碱.什么是术语[J].术语标准化与信息技术.2004,3：18.
[8]Sager, J C. Criteria for Measuring the Functional Efficacy of Terms [M]. Munchen:Unofoterm, 1981:196.
[9]Sager, J. C. Terminology:Applications, Standardization, Theory [A]. In Baker, M. (eds.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies[C]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004:251-261.
[10]Arnold, D., Balkan, L. Humphreys, R. L. et al. Machine Translation:An Introductory Guide [M]. Manchester & Oxford:NCC Blackwell,1994:108.
[11]Hutchins J.机器翻译系统及翻译工具的开发和使用[J].中文信息学报,1999,13：1-13.
[12]Somers, H. L. Machine Translation, applications, history, methodology [A]. In Baker, M. (eds.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies [C]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004:136-149.
[13]Somers, Harold. Corpora and Machine Translation [A]. Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbook. Vol.2[C]. Berlin. Mouton de Gruyter.2008:1175-1196.
[14]Melby, A. Machine Translation: The Translation Tripod [EB/OL].[2008,02,20] http://www.ttt.org/theory/mt4me/tripod.html.
[15]Fung, P. Compiling Bilingual Lexicon Entries From a Non-Parallel English-Chinese Corpus [A]. Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Very Large Corpora [C]. Boston Mass,1995:173-183.
[16]Melamed, I. D. Empirical Methods for MT Lexicon Development [A]. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas on Machine Translation and the Information Soup, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol.1529 [C].1998:18-30.
[17]Carl, M.& Langlais, P. An Intelligent Terminology Database as a Pre-processor for Statistical Machine Translation [A]. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Computational Terminology (COMPUTERM)'2002 [C]. Taipei, Taiwan,2002:15-21.
[18]Meyer, I. Knowledge Management for Terminology-intensive Applications:Needs and Tools [A]. Proceedings of the First SIGLEX Workshop on Lexical Semantics and Knowledge Representation[C].1991:21-37.
[19]冯志伟.现代术语学的主要流派[J].科技术语研究.2001,1：33-36.
[20]冯志伟.一个新兴的术语学科——计算术语学[J].术语标准化与信息技术.2008,52(4)：4-9.
[21]Bourigault, D., Jacquemin, C.& L'Homme, M. C. Recent Advances in Computational Terminology [M]. John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001.
[22]Feng Zhiwei. Analysis of Formation of Chinese Terms in Data Processing, Report in Fraunhofer Institute[R]. Stuttgart,1988.
[23]Dagan, I.& Church, K. Termight:Coordinating Humans and Machines in Bilingual Terminology Acquisition [J]. Machine Translation.1997,12:89-107.
[24]Justeson, J.& Katz, S. Technical Terminology:Some Linguistic Properties and an Algorithm for Identification in Text [J]. Natural Language Engineering.1995,1:9-28.
[25]Hippisley, A., Cheng, D.& Ahmad, K. The Head-modifier Principle and Multilingual Term Extraction [J]. Natural Language Engineering.2005,11(2):129-157.
[26]Dequan Zheng, Tiejun Zhao & Jing Yang. Research on Domain Term Extraction Based on Conditional Random Fields [A]. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computer Processing of Oriental Languages: Language Technology for the Knowledge-based Economy [C]. Hong Kong,2009:290-296.
[27]Narisong, Zhiwei Feng & Chunyu Kit. Automatic Chinese Multi-word Term Extraction [A]. Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Advanced Language Processing and Web Information Technology [C].2008:181-184.
[28]Miao Wan, Song Liu, Jian-yi Liu, et al. Automatic Technical Term Extraction Based on Term Association [A]. Proceedings of the 2008 Fifth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery[C].2008,2:19-23.
[29]Gale, W. A.,& Church, K. W. A Program for Aligning Sentences in Bilingual Corpora [J]. Computational Linguistics.1993,19(1):177-184.
[30]Wu Dekai. Aligning a Parallel English-Chinese Corpus Statistically with Lexical Criteria [A]. Proceedings of the 32nd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics[C]. Las Cruces, New Mexico,1994:80-87.
[31]Meyers, A., Kosaka, M.& Grishman, R. A Multilingual Procedure for Dictionary-Based Sentence Alignment [A]. Proceedings of AMTA'98, LNAI 1529[C].1998:187-198.
[32]Oakes, M. P. Preprocessing multilingual corpora [A]. In Ludeling, A.& Kyto, M.(eds.). Corpus Linguistics: an International Handbook [C]. Berlin:Walter de Gruyter,2009:685-705.
[33]Prochasson, E., Morin, E.& Kageura, K. Anchor Points for Bilingual Lexicon Extraction from Small Comparable Corpora [A]. Proceedings of the 12th Machine Translation Summit [C]. Ottawa, Canada,2009. Koehn, P. Statistical Machine Translation [M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.2010:81.
[34]Brown, P. F., Della Pietra, S. A., Della Pietra, V. J. et al. The Mathematics of Statistical Machine Translation:Parameter estimation [J]. Computational Linguistics.1993,19 (2):263-311.
[35]Och, F. J.& Ney, H. A Systematic Comparison of Various Statistical Alignment Models [J]. Computational Linguistics.2003,29(1):19-52.
[36]Vogel, S., Ney, H.& Tillmann, C. HMM-based Word Alignment in Statistical Translation [A]. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING)[C]. 1996,836-841.
[37]Foster, G. A Maximum Entropy/Minimum Divergence Translation Model [A]. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics (ACL)[C].2000:45-52.
[38]Kim, S., Yoon, J.& Song, M. Structural Feature Selectioin for English-Korean Statistical Machine Translation [A]. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING)[C]. Saarbrucken, Germany,2000:439-445.
[39]Melamed, I. D. A Word-to-word Model of Translational Equivalence [A]. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)[C].1997:490-497.
[40]Melamed, I. D. Models of Translational Equivalence Among Words [J]. Computational Linguistics, 2000,26 (2):221-249.
[41]Moore, R.C., Yih, W.T.& Bode, A. Improved Discriminative Bilingual Word Alignment [A]. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics [C].2006:513-520.
[42]Cherry, C.& Lin, D. Inversion Transduction Grammar for Joint Phrasal Translation Modeling [A]. Proceedings of SSST, NAACL-HLT 2007/AMTA Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Translation [C]. New York, Association for Computational Linguistics.2007:17-24.
[43]Blunsom, P.& Cohn, T. Discriminative Word Alignment with Conditional Random Fields[A]. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics [C]. Sydney, Australia, Association for Computational Linguistics,2006:65-72.
[44]Zens, R., Och, F. J.& Ney, H. Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation [A]. Advances in Artificial Intelligence 25. Annual German Conference on AI, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol.2479 [C].2002:18-32.
[45]Marcu, D., Wong, W. A Phrase-based Joint Probability Model for Statistical Machine Translation [A]. Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP'02) [C].2002:133-139.
[46]Koehn, P., Och, F. J.& Marcu, D. Statistical Phrase-based Translation [A]. Proceedings of the Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology (HLT-NACCL'03) [C].2003:48-54.
[47]Koehn, P., Hoang, H., Birch, A., Callison-Burch, C., et al. Moses: Open Source Toolkit for Statistical Machine Translation [A]. Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Demonstration Session (ACL'07) [C].2007:177-180.
[48]Wu, D., Xia, X. Learning an English-Chinese Lexicon from a Parallel Corpus [A]. Proceedings of the Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas[C].1994:206-213.
[49]Piao, S. S. Word Alignment in English-Chinese Parallel Corpora [J]. Literary and Linguistic Computing.2002,17(2):207-230.
[50]Chiang, D. A Hierarchical Phrase-based Model for Statistical Machine Translation [A]. Proceedings of ACL 2005 [C].2005:263-270.
[51]Deng, Y.& Byrne, W. HMM Word and Phrase Alignment for Statistical Machine Translation[A]. In Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (HLT-EMNLP'05) [C].2005:169-176.
[52]Tseng, H., Chang, P., Andrew, G., et al. A Conditional Random Field Word Segmenter for SIGHAN Bakeoff 2005[A]. Proceedings of the 4th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing (SIGHAN'05) [C].2005:168-171.
[53]Moore, R.C., Yih, W.T.& Bode, A. Improved Discriminative Bilingual Word Alignment [A]. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics [C].2006:513-520.
[54]Ma, Y., Stroppa, N.& Way, A. Bootstrapping Word Alignment via Word Packing [A]. Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics [C]. Prague, Czech Republic. Association for Computational Linguistics.2007:304-311.
[55]Deng, Y., Gao, Y. Guiding Statistical Word Alignment Models with Prior Knowledge [A].Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics [C]. Prague, Czech Republic. Association for Computational Linguistics.2007:1-8.
[56]Zhang, R., Yasuda, K.& Sumita, E. Improved Statistical Machine Translation by Multiple Chinese Word Segmentation [A]. Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation (SMT'08) [C].2008:216-223.
[57]Ma, Y., Way, A. Bilingually motivated word segmentation for statistical machine translation [J]. ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing.2009,8 (2), Article 7:1-24.
[58]吕雅娟；李生；赵铁军等.基于双语语料库的翻译等价对自动抽取[J].高技术通讯.2003,5.
[59]Hull, A. H. Software Tools to Support the Construction of Bilingual Terminology Lexicons [A]. In Bourigault, D. et al. (eds.). Recent Advances in Computational Terminology [C]. Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001:223-244.
[60]Gaussier, E., Lange, J. M.& Eunier, F. Towards Bilingual Terminology [A]. Proceedings of the Joint ALLC/ACH Conference [C].1992:121-124.
[61]Gaussier E. Flow Network Models for Word Alignment and Terminology Extraction from Bilingual Corpora [A]. Proceedings of the Joint 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (COLING/ACL'98) [C]. 1998:444-450.
[62]Van der Eijk, P. Automating the Acquisition of Bilingual Terminology [A]. Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics [C]. Morristown, NJ, USA,1993:113-119.
[63]Daille, B., Gaussier, E.& Lang'e, J. M. Towards Automatic Extraction of Monolingual and Bilingual Terminology [A]. Proceedings of the 15th conference on Computational linguistics [C]. Kyoto, Japan,1994:515-521.
[64]Dagan, I., Church, K.,& Gale, W. Robust Bilingual Word Alignment for Machine Aided Translation [A]. Proceedings of the Workshop on Very Large Corpora: Academic and Industrial Perspectives [C]. Columbus, Ohio,1993:1-8.
[65]Fung, P. and Church, K. K-vec:a New Approach for Aligning Parallel Texts [A]. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics [C]. Kyoto, Japan, 1994:1096-1102.
[66]Fung, P. A Pattern Matching Method for Finding Noun and Proper Noun Translations from Noisy Parallel Corpora [A]. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics [C]. Cambridge, Mass.,1995:236-233.
[67]Fung, P.& McKeown, K. A Technical Word- and Term-Translation Aid Using Noisy Parallel Corpora across Language Groups [J]. Machine Translation.1997:12(1/2):53-87.
[68]Fung. P. A Statistical View on Bilingual Lexicon Extraction:From Parallel Corpora to Nonparallel Corpora [A]. In Farwell, D. Gerber L.& Hovy E. (eds.). Proceedings of the 3rd Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA'98)[C]. Langhorne, PA, USA. Springer,1998:1-16.
[69]Hull, A. H. Software Tools to Support the Construction of Bilingual Terminology Lexicons [A]. In Bourigault, D. et al. (eds.). Recent Advances in Computational Terminology [C]. Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company.2001:223-244.
[70]Hiemstra, D. Using Statistical Methods to Create a Bilingual Dictionary, Master's thesis [D: Master]. Universiteit Twente.1996.
[71]Kwong, Oi Yee, Tsou, B.K.& Lai, T.B.Y., Alignment and Extraction of Bilingual Legal from Context Profiles [J]. Terminology.2004,10:181-199.
[72]Nakagawa; H. Disambiguation of Single Noun Translations Extracted from Bilingual Comparable Corpora [J]. Terminology.2001,7:163-83.
[73]Morin, E.& Daille, B. Compositionality and Lexical Alignment of Multi-word Terms[J]. Language Resources and Evaluation.2010:44(1-2):79-95.
[74]安纪霞、李锡祚、宋冰等.服务于词典编纂的特定领域专业术语自动抽取[J].计算机与数字工程.2007,35：11.
[75]孙乐,金友兵,杜林等.平行语料库中双语术语词典的自动抽取[J].中文信息学报.2000,14(6)：33-39.
[76]常宝宝.基于统计的翻译等价词对抽取研究[J].计算机学报.2003(5)：616-621.
[77]Zan Hongying, Duan Guocheng, Fan Ming. Single Word Term Extraction Using a Bilingual Semantic Lexicon-Based Approach [A]. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Natural Computation [C].2007,5:451-456.
[78]Fang Gaolin, Yu Hao & Nishino Fumihito. Chinese-English Term Translation Mining Based on Semantic Prediction [A]. Proceedings of the COLING/ACL 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions [C]. Sydney,2006:199-206.
[79]Duan Jianyong, Lu Ruzhan, Wu Weilin, et al. A Bio-inspired Approach for Multi-Word Expression Extraction [A]. Proceedings of the COLING/ACL 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions [C]. Sydney,2006:176-182.
[80]Wei Kang & Zhifang Sui. Research on Automatic Chinese Multi-word Term Extraction Based on Term Component [A]. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computer Processing of Oriental Languages. Language Technology for the Knowledge-based Economy[C]. Hong Kong, 2009:57-67.
[81]杜利民,陈博兴.一种从双语语料库中自动抽取多词翻译等价单元的方法：中国,CN1567297[P].2005,01,19.
[821 鲁,Y.,高,J.,周,M.et al.来源于单语和可用双语语料库的搭配翻译：中国,CN101194253[P].2008,06,04.
[83]Pulleyblank, E. G. Review on A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China by Charles 0. Hucker [J]. Pacific Affairs,1987,60 (2):325-327.
[84]Dubs, H.H. The History of the Former Han Dynasty: A Critical Translation with Annotations [M]. Baltimore:Waverley Press,1938.1944.1955.
[85]Wang Yii-ch'uan. An Outline of the Central Government of the Former Han Dynasty [J]. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.1949,12(1/2):134-187.
[86]De Crespigny, R. Official Titles of the Former Han Dynasty [M]. Canberra: Centre of Oriental Studies in Association with Australian National University Press,1967.
[87]Loewe, M.1968. Review on Official Titles of the Former Han Dynasty [J]. Journal of the American Oriental Society 88 (2):387.
[88]Bielenstein, H. H. A. The Bureaucracy of Han Times [M]. Cambridge, New York:Cambridge University Press,1980.
[89]Dubs, H.H. Introduction to the "Tables of the Hundred Officials" In the Ch'ien Han- shu [EB/OL]. [2007,02,06]. http://libweb.uoregon.edu/ec/e-asia/read/Dubs_Vol_Ⅳ.pdf.
[90]Dull, Jack L. Official Titles of the Han Dynasty: A Tentative List [EB/OL]. [2007,02,06]. http://libweb.uoregon.edu/ec/e-asia/read/titles.pdf.
[91]Hucker, C.O. A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China [M]. Stanford University Press,1985.
[92]Loewe, M. A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods,221 B. C.-A. D. 24 [M]. Leiden:E. J. Brill,2000.
[93]Venuti, L. The Translation Studies Reader [M]. New York:Routledge,2000:11-21.
[94]Snell-Hornby, M. The Turns of Translation Studies [M]. Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2006:22,48.
[95]Hermans, T. The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation [M]. Palgrave Macmillan,1985:11.
[96]Toury, G. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1995/2001.
[97]Toury, G. A Rationale for Descriptive Translation Studies [A]. In Hermans, T. (eds.). The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation [C]. Palgrave Macmillan,1985:18-19.
[98]Toury, G. The Nature and Role of Norms in Literary Translation [A]. In Holmes, J.S, Lambert, J.& Van den Broeck, R. (eds.). Literature and Translation: New Perspectives in Literary Studies [C]. Leuven:ACCO,1978:83-100.
[99]Baker, M. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004:277-280.
[100]Lefevere, A. Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004:2,7.
[101]Bassnett, S., Lefevere, A. Constructing Cultures, Essays on Literary Translation [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[102]Lefevere, A. Translation/History/Culture: A Source Book [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
[103]Lefevere, A. Translating Literature: Practice and Theory in a Comparative Literature Context [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2006.
[104]Holmes, J.S. Translated! Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies [M]. Amsterdam and Atlanta:Rodopi,1988.
[105]Hermans, T. Translation in Systems: Descriptive and System-oriented Approaches Explained [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004:1.
[106]Toury, G. A Handful of Paragraphs on "Translation" and "Norms"[A]. In Schaffner, C. (eds.). Translation and Norms [C]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2007:9.
[107]Toury, G. In Search of a Theory of Translation [M]. Tel Aviv:Porter Institute,1980:47.
[108]Baker, M. Translation Studies: Critical Concepts in Linguistics [M]. London:Routledge,2009.
[109]Zlateva, P. Translation as Social Action: Russian and Bulgarian Perspectives [M]. London: Routledge.1993.
[110]Klaudy, K., Lambert, J.& Sohar, A. Translation Studies in Hungary [M]. Budapest, Scholastica.
[111]Kenny, D. Equivalence [A]. In Baker, M. (eds.) Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies [C]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004:77-80.
[112]Koller, W. The Concept of Equivalence and the Object of Translation Studies [J]. Target,1995,7 (2):191-222.
[113]Koller, W. Einfuhrung in die Ubersetzungswissenschaft,4th edn [M]. Heidelberg and Wiesbaden: Quelle und Meyer,1979/1992:187-191.
[114]Koller, W. Equivalence in Translation Theory [A]. In Chesterman, A. (eds.). Readings in Translation Theory [C]. Helsinki:Oy Finn Lectura Ab.1989:100-104.
[115]Kade, O. Zufall und Gesetzmaβigkeit in der Ubersetzung [M]. Leipzig:VEB Verlag Enzyklopadie, 1968.
[116]Arntz, R. Terminological Equivalence and Translation [A]. In Sonneveld, H. B.& Loening, K. (eds). Terminology: Applications in Interdisciplinary Communication [C]. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.1993.
[117]Hann, M. The Key to Technical Translation [M]. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1992.
[118]Morin, E. Daille, B.& Takeuchi, K. et al. Bilingual Terminology Mining-Using Brain, Not Brawn Comparable Corpora [A]. Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics [C]. Prague, Czech Republic,2007:664-671.
[119]Le Serrec, A. Automating the Compilation of Specialized Dictionaries:Use and Analysis of Term Extraction and Lexical Alignment [J]. Terminology.2010,16(1):77-106.
[120]Somers, H. Bilingual Parallel Corpora and Language Engineering. Anglo-Indian Workshop "Language Engineering for South-Asian Languages" (LESAL). Mumbai, April 2001 [EB/OL]. [2008,02,30]. http://www.emille.lancs.ac.uk/lesal/somers.pdf.
[121]Crump, J. I. Jr. Legends of the Warring States: Persuasions, Romances, and Stories from Chan-kuo Ts'e [M]. Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies, the University of Michigan,1998.
[122]Watson, B. The Tso Chuan—Selection from China's Oldest Narrative History [M]. New York: Columbia University Press,1989.
[123]Watson, B. Records of the Grand Historian of China [M]. New York:Columbia University Press, Vol Ⅰ[M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1961.
[124]Watson, B. Records of the Grand Historian of China [M]. New York:Columbia University Press, Vol Ⅱ[M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1961.
[125]Nienhauser, W. H. Jr (eds.).Tsai-fa Cheng, et. al. trans. The Grand Scribe's Records. Vol.Ⅰ[M]. Bloomington, Ind.:Indiana University Press,1994:ⅹⅷ-ⅹⅸ,179.
[126]杨宪益,戴乃迭(译).史记选[M].香港：商务印书馆,1974.
[127]Bonsall, B. S. Records of the Warring States [EB/OL]. [2007,09,26]. http://lib.hku.hk/bonsall/zhanguoce/indexl.html.
[128]Cutter, R. J., Crowell, W. G. Empresses and Consorts:Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States with Pei Songzhi's Commentary [M]. Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,1999.
[129]Crespigny, R. de. The Records of the Three Kingdoms [M]. Canberra:The Aus- tralian National University,1970.
[130]Legge, J. The Shu King, or Book of Historical Documents [M]. Hong Kong:Hong Kong University Press,1960.
[131]Karlgren, B. The Book of Documents [M]. The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, 1950.
[132]韩兆琦.史记笺证[M].南昌：江西人民出版社,2005：621.
[133]Jaeger, F. Der heutige Stand der Schi-ki-Forschung [J]. Asia Major.1933,9:21-33.
[134]Pokora, T. Bibliographies des Traductions du Che ki [J]. Oriens Extremus.1962,8:159-173.
[135]Pokora, T. Bibliographies des Traductions du Che ki [A]. In Chavannes, E. (eds.). Les Memoires historiques de Se-ma Ts'ien [M]. Paris:Adrien Maisonneuve,1969:113-146.
[136]Nienhauser, W. H. Jr. A Review of Recent Shih Chi Translations [J]. Asian Culture Quarterly.1991, 19(4):35-39.
[137]Nienhauser, W. H. Jr. Modern Translations of the Text [A]. In Nienhauser, W. H. Jr.(eds.).Tsai-fa Cheng, et. al. trans. The Grand Scribe's Records [M]. Volume Ⅰ. Bloomington, Ind.:Indiana University Press,1994:ⅹⅴ-ⅹⅶ.
[138]Nienhauser, W. H. Jr. A Century [1895-1995] of Shih chi Studies in the West [J]. Asian Culture Quarterly.1996,24(1):1-51.
[139]俞樟华,张新科.国外史记研究概述[J].陕西师范大学学报·哲社版.1990,3：103-106.
[140]刘正.海外汉学研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社.2002：116-119.
[141]马祖毅、任荣珍.汉籍外译史[M].武汉：湖北教育出版社.2003：116-118.
[142]陈才智.西文中国古典散文研究·文献资料[EB/OL].[2006,02,26]. www.cass.net.cn/Chinese/s15_wxs/Article.asp.
[143]李秀英.《史记》在西方：译介与研究[J].外语教学与研究.2006,4：303-308.
[144]Allen, H.J. Historical Records. Chapter I:Original Record of the Five Gods [J]. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.1894:278-295.
[145]Allen, H. J. The Yin Dynasty [J]. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.1895:601-615.
[146]Hirth, F. The Story of Chang K'ien, China's Pioneer in Western Asia, Translated from ch.123 of Shi-ki [J]. Journal of the American Oriental Society.1917,37:89-116.
[147]De Francis, J. Biography of the Marquis of Huai-Yin [J]. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.1947, 10:179-215.
[148]林语堂.孔子的智慧[M].纽约：蓝登书屋.1938：53-100.
[149]Bodde, D. China's First Unifier. A Study of the Ch'in Dynasty as Seen in the Life of Li Ssu (280?-208 B.C.) [M]. Leiden:E. J. Brill.1938.
[150]Bodde, D. Statesman, Patriot, and General in Ancient China. Three Shih Chi Biographies of the Ch'in Dynasty (255-206 B.C.) [J]. Journal of the American Oriental Society.1940,17:1-75.
[151]Rudolph, R. C. The Shih chi Biography of Wu Tzu-hsu [J]. Oriens Extremus.1962,9:105-120.
[152]Kierman, F. A. Jr. Ssu-ma Ch'ien's Historiographical Attitude As Reflected in Four Late Warring States Biographies [M]. Wiesbaden:Otto Harrassowitz,1962.
[153]Hulsewe, A. F. P. The Problem of the Authenticity of Shih-chi ch.123, The Memoir on Ta Yuan [J]. T'oung Pao.1975,61:83-147.
[154]Hulsewe, A. F. P. China in Central Asia, The Early Stage:125 B.C.-A.D.23 [M]. Leiden:E. J. Brill. 1979.
[155]Hulsewe, A. F. P. Founding Fathers And Yet Forgotten Men:A Closer Look at the Tables of the Nobility in the Shih Chi and the Han Shu [J]. T'oung Pao.1989,75:43-126.
[156]Goodrich, C.S. Ssu-ma Ch'ien's Biography of Wu Qi [J]. Monumenta Serica 35(1981-1983).1983: 197-233.
[157]Fuehere, B. The Court Scribe's Eikon Psyches:A Note on Sima Qian and His Letter to Ren An [J]. Asian and African Studies.1997,6:170-183.
[158]Chavannes, E. Les Memoires historiques de Se-ma Ts'ien [M]. Paris:Ernest Leroux,1895-1905,5 vols.; rpt. Paris:Adrien Maisonneuve,6 vols,1969.
[159]Watson, B. The Shih Chi and Ⅰ[J]. Chinese Literature:Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR).1995,12: 199-206.
[160]Watson, B. Ssu-ma Ch'ien:Grand Historian of China [M]. New York:Columbia University Press, 1958.
[161]Pulleyblank, E.G. Review on Ssu-ma Ch'ien:Grand Historian of China by Burton Watson [J]. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies.1959,22:379-381.
[162]De Bary, W. T. Sources of Chinese Tradition [M]. New York:Columbia University Press.1960.
[163]Watson, B. Records of the Grand Historian:Han Dynasty Ⅰ&Ⅱ[M]. Hong Kong & New York: Columbia University Press,1993.
[164]Watson, B. Records of the Historian [M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1969.
[165]Kishlansky, M. A. Sources of World History Vol.1 [M]. New York:HarperCollins College Publishers.1995.
[166]Watson, B. Records of the Grand Historian:Qin Dynasty [M]. Hong Kong & New York: Renditions—Columbia, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Columbia University Press,1993.
[167]Loewe, M. Review on Le Chapitre 117 du Che Ki: Biographic de Sseu-ma Siang-jou by Yves Hervouet [J]. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.1977,1:136.
[168]Yang, Liensheng. Review on Records of The Grand Historian of China by Burton Watson [J]. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (1960-1961).1961,23:212-214.
[169]Cole, A. B. Review on Records of the Grand Historian of China by Burton Watson [J]. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 341, Unconventional Warfare, 1962:144-145.
[170]Pokora, T. Review on Ssu-ma Ch'ien, Grand Historian of China & Records of the Grand Historian of China [J]. T'oung Pao,1963.50:294-322.
[171]Ho Ping Ti. Review on Records of China's Grand Historian: Some Problems of Translation [J]. Pacific Affairs.1963,36(2):171-182.
[172]Nienhauser, W. H. Jr (eds.). The Grand Scribe's Records. Vol.Ⅱ[M]. Bloomington, Ind.:Indiana University Press,2002:ⅹⅰ.
[173]Goodrich, C.S. A New Translation of the Shih-chi [J]. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 1962,82(2):190-202.
[174]Nienhauser, W. H. Jr.(eds.).Tsai-fa Cheng, et. al. trans. The Grand Scribe's Records. Volume Ⅶ [M]. Bloomington, Ind.:Indiana University Press,1994.
[175]Nienhauser, W. H. Jr. Weiguo Cao, et. al. trans. The Grand Scribe's Records. Vol.Ⅴ, The Hereditary Houses ofPre-han China, Part Ⅰ[M]. Bloomington, Ind.:Indiana University Press,2006.
[176]Nienhauser, W. H. Jr. Meghan Cai, et al. trans. The Grand Scribe's Records. Vol. Ⅷ, The Memoirs of Han China, Part Ⅰ[M]. Bloomington, Ind.:Indiana University Press,2008.
[177]Dolby, W., Scott, J. Sima Qian: Warlords. Translated with Twelve Stories from His Historical Records [M]. Edinburgh:Southside,1974.
[178]Dawson, R. Sima Qian: Historical Records. Translated with an Introduction and Notes [M]. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press,1994.
[179]杨宪益,戴乃迭(译).史记选[M].北京：中国文学出版社,外语教学与研究出版社,1999.
[180]杨宪益,戴乃迭(译).史记选[M].北京：外文出版社,2001.
[181]杨宪益,戴乃迭(译).史记选[M].北京：新世界出版社,2002.
[182]Pokora, T. Pan Ku and Recent Translations from the Han Shu [J]. Journal of the American Oriental Society.1978,98(4):451-460.
[183]Loewe, M. Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide [M]. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California,1993.
[184]李秀英.《汉书》在西方：译介与研究[J].外语教学与研究.2007,6：456-462..
[185]Shryock, J. K. Origin and Development of the State Cult of Confucius [M]. New York:The Century Co.1932.
[186]De Francis, J. Biography of the Marquis of Huaiyin [J]. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.1947, 10(2):179-215.
[187]Blue, R. C. The Argumentation of the Shih-Huo Chih:Chapters of the Han, Wei, and Sui Dynastic Histories [J]. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.1948,11(1/2):1-118.
[188]Swann, N. L. Food and Money in Ancient China:The Earliest Economic History of China to A.D. 25:Han shu 24, with Related Texts, Han shu 91 and Shih-chi 129 [M]. Princeton University Press, 1950.
[189]Hulsewe, A. F. P. Remnants of Han Law, Vol. Ⅰ:Introductory Studies and an Annotated Translation of Chapters 22 and 23 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty [M]. Leiden:E. J. Brill,1955.
[190]Hulsewe, A. F. P. Notes on the Historiography of the Han Period [A]. Beasley, W. G.& Pulleyblank, E. G. (eds.) Historians of China and Japan [C]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1961.
[191]Loewe, M. Some Recent Editions of the Ch'ien Han shu [J]. Asia Major.1963,10:162-172.
[192]Loewe, M. Records of Han Administration, Vol. Ⅰ[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1967.
[193]Loewe, M. Records of Han Administration, Vol. Ⅱ[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1975.
[194]Knechtges, D. R. The Han Shu Biography of Yang Xiong (53 B. C.-A. D.18) [M]. Center for Asian Studies, Arizona State University, Occasional Paper No.14, Arizona State University,1982.
[195]Wylie, A. History of the Heung-Noo in Their Relations with China:Translated from the Ts'een Han Shoo, Book 94, Shanghai Evening Courier [N].1873, May 21, Jun.10, Jul.31, Aug.12,15,25,29, Sept.4,13,14.
[196]Wylie, A. History of the Heung-Noo in Their Relations with China:Translated from the Ts'een Han Shoo, Book 94, Shanghai Evening Courier, Part Ⅰ[J].
[197]Wylie, A. History of the Heung-Noo in Their Relations with China:Translated from the Ts'een Han Shoo, Book 94, Shanghai Evening Courier, Part Ⅱ[J].
[198]Wylie, A. Ethnological Data from the Annals of the Elder Han [M]. Anthropological Society of London,1874.
[199]Wylie, A. The Subjugation of Chaou-Seen:Translated from the 95th Book of the Ts'een Han Shoo[A]. Proceedings of the 4th Congress of Orientalists [C]. Folorence, Italy,1878.
[200]Watson, B. Courtier and Commoner in Ancient China. Selections from the History of the Former Han by Pan Ku [M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1974.
[201]Liu, J. J. Y. The Chinese Knight-Errant [M]. Chicago:Chicago University Press,1967.
[202]王靖宇.美国的左传研究[J].中国文哲研究通讯,1993,3.
[203]李秀英,冯秋香.《左传》在西方的译介与研究综述[J].英语研究.2007,4：67-73.
[204]Legge, J. The Chinese Classics [M]. Hong Kong:Hong Kong University Press,1960-1961.
[205]Legge, J. The Ch'un Ts'ew with the Tso Chuen, the Chinese Classics Vol. V. [M]. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press,1960.
[206]Wang, J. C. Y.. Review on The Tso Chuan—Selection from China's Oldest Narrative History by Burton Watson [J]. Chinese Literature:Essays, Articles.1990,12:152-154.
[207]Crump, J. I. Jr. A Summary of Recent Articles on Chan-kuo Ts'e [J]. Early China.1975,1:15-16.
[208]Crump, J. I. Jr. Chan-kuo Ts'e [M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1970.
[209]Crump, J. I. Jr. Chan-kuo Ts'e [M]. San Francisco:Chinese Materials Center,1979.
[210]Mair, V. The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature [M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1994.
[211]Crump, J. I. Jr. Chan-kuo Ts'e [M]. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, the University of Michigan,1996.
[212]申丹.叙事学[J].外国文学,2003,3：60.
[213]浦安迪.中国叙事学[M].北京大学出版社,1995：55-60,29-30,9.
[214]杨义.中国叙事学的文化阐释[J].广东技术师范学院学报,2003,3：27-35.
[215]张利群.论作者传记批评的发端及其意义[J].中国民族大学学报(人文社会科学版),2003,3：137-141.
[216]李风亮.文学叙事与历史叙事比较的理论基点[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)2004,4：113-116.
[217]Hatim, B.& Mason, Ⅰ. Discourse and the Translator [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[218]Sinclair, J. Collins COBUILD English Dictionary [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2000.
[219]Wilss, W. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[220]Leech, G. N. & Short, M. H. Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1981/2001.
[221]Baker, M. In Other Words:A Coursebook on Translation [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1992/2001.
[222]Alvarez, R.& Carmen-Aferica Vidal, M. Translation, Power, Subversion [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1996/2007.
[223]Newmark, P. A Textbook of Translation [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[224]Xiuying Li. Writing Sima Qian's Rhetorical Style into English [J]. Intercultural Communication Studies ⅩⅦ,2008,2:275-286.
[225]De Bary, Wm. Th. Approaches to the Asian Classics: Asian Literature and Thought in General Education [M]. New York:Columbia University Press. Updated ed. of:Approaches to the Oriental classics,1959/1990.
[226]Venuti, L. American Tradition [A]. In Baker, M. (eds.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies [C]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004:305-315.
[227]Damrosch, D. What is World Literature?[M]. Princeton:Princeton University Press,2003.
[228]White, D. S. The General Education Movement and the Classics [J]. The Classical Journal.1948, 44 (2):85-94.
[229]Hallo, W. W. The Place of Oriental Studies in a University Curriculum:a Symposium [J]. The Journal of Higher Education.1956,27(1):11-16.
[230]De Bary, Wm. T. East Asian Studies:A Comprehensive Program [J]. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 1964,356:63-69.
[231]Venuti, L. The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1995/2004.
[232]De Bary, W. T. Foreword. In Watson, B. Records of the Grand Historian of China Vol Ⅰ[M]. New York:Columbia University Press,1961.
[233]Watson, B. The Pleasures of Translating [EB/OL]. [2008,04,09] http://www.donaldkeenecenter.org/sen/2001_text.html
[234]申丹.修辞学还是叙事学?经典还是后经典?[J].外国文学,2002,2：40-46.
[235]李秀英.华兹生英译《史记》的叙事结构特征[J].外语与外语教学,2006,9：52-55.
[236]Reiss, K. Translation Criticism: The Potentials & Limitations. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2000/2004.
[237]Watson, B. Some Remarks on Early Chinese Historical Works [A]. In G. Kao (eds.) The Translation of Things Past [C]. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1982:36.
[238]申丹.叙事结构与认知过程——认知叙事学评析[J].外语与外语教学,2004,9：1-8.
[239]李秀英.华兹生的汉学研究与译介[J].国外社会科学,2008,4：63-69.
[240]Frankel, H. H. The Columbia Book of Chinese Poetry: From Early Times to the Thirteenth Century by Burton Watson [J]. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.1986:46/1:288-295.
[241]Egan R.C. Review on The Tso Chuan: Selections from China's Oldest Narrative History by Burton Watson [J]. The Journal of Asian Studies.1990,49(1):144-145.
[242]Loewe, M. Review on Courtier and Commoner in Ancient China: Selections From The History of the Former Han by Pan Ku: Burton Watson [J]. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.1976,36: 300-301.
[243]李秀英.Burton Watson对历史典籍英译语言规范的习得与内化[J].大连理工大学学报(社科版),2008,2：84-88.
[244]Xiuying Li, Rongpei Wang. Writing Shi Ji into World Literature: On Burton Watson's Translation [J]. Across Languages and Cultures,2010.2:1-40 (online preview: www.akademiai.com/index/G066L8484Q583871.pdf)
[245]Besse, B. Terminological Definitions [A]. In Wright, S.E.& Budin, G. (eds.) Handbook of Terminology Management, Vol.] [C]. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company,1997.
[246]Champe, G.G. Project-integrated Terminology Management for Technical Writing and Translation [A]. In Wright, S.E.& Budin, G. (eds.) Handbook of Terminology Management, Vol.2 [C]. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001.
[247]Schmitz, K.D. Terminology and Terminological Databases [A]. In K. Brown (eds.) Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics [C]. Elsevier Ltd.2006:578-587.
[248]Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary online [EB/OL]. [2009,02,10]. http://dictionary.cambridge.org.
[249]李波.史记字频统计[M].商务印书馆,2006：59-61,82,98.
[250]古汉语常用字字典编写组.古汉语常用字字典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1978：339-340.
[251]Allen, J.R. An Introductory Study of Narrative Structure in the Shi Ji [J]. Chinese Literature:Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR),1981,3(1):31-66.
[252]Hirth, F. The Story of Chang Kien, China's Pioneer in Western Asia, Translated from Ch.123 of Shi-ki [J]. The Journal of American Oriental Society,1917,37:89-152.
[253]Ludeling, Anke & Kyto, Merja. Corpus Linguistics:An International Handbook, Vol.Ⅰ & Ⅱ[M]. Berlin & New York:Walter de Gruyter,2008.
[254]Olohan, Maeve. Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies [M]. London:Routledge,2004.
[255]Johansson, Stig. Seeing Through Multilingual Corpora:On the Use of Corpora in Contrastive Studies [M]. Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2007.
[256]王克非等.双语对应语料库：研制与应用[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2003。
[257]刘泽权.《红楼梦》中英文平行语料库的创建[J].当代语言学,2008,10(4)：329-339。
[258]刘泽权.《红楼梦》叙事标记语及其英译——基于语料库的对比分析[J].外语学刊,2009,1：107-110.
[259]刘泽权.多媒体计算机技术与语料库方法运用于翻译教学改革的尝试[J].外语与外语教学,2009,8：27-30。
[260]Somers, Harold. Corpora and Machine Translation [A]. In Ludeling, Anke and Kyto, Merja. (eds.) Corpus Linguistics:An International Handbook, Vol.Ⅰ & Ⅱ[C]. Berlin & New York:Walter de Gruyter,2008.
[261]Auger, A. & Barriere, C. Pattern-based Approaches to Semantic Relation Extraction [J]. Terminology.2008,14(1):1-19.
[262]Vasconcellos, M. Terminology and Machine Translation [A]. In Wright, S.E.& Budin, G. (eds.). Handbook of Terminology Management, Vol.2 [C]. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001:699.
[263]Bowker, L. Lexicography, Terminology and Translation: Text-based Studies in Honour of Ingrid Meyer [M]. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press,2006.
[264]Brown, P. F., Lai, J. C.& Mercer, R. L. Aligning Sentences in Parallel Corpora [A]. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the ACL [C]. Berkeley, California,1991:169-184.
[265]Dunning, T. Accurate Method for the Statistics of Surprise and Coincidence [J]. Computational Linguistics,1993,19:61-74.
[266]Li, X., Che, C., Han, L. and Liu, X. Extracting Historical Terms Based on Aligned Chinese-English Parallel Corpora [A]. In Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering [C]. Dalian, China,2009:296-301.
[267]Piao, S. S. Word Alignment in English-Chinese Parallel Corpora [J]. Literary and Linguistic Computing.2002,17,2:207-230.
[268]Haruno, M. & Yamazaki, T. High-performance Bilingual Text Alignment Using Statistical and Dictionary Information [A]. In Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics [C].1996:131-138.
[269]Lopez, A. Statistical Machine Translation [J]. ACM Computing Surveys.2008,40,3: 1-49.